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Curriculum vitae Fieldwork Labwork: The world evolutionary radiation of the cosmopolitan genus Myotis : biogeographic and temporal origins (M 2) Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet (M 1)
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Page 1: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Curriculum vitae

• Fieldwork

• Labwork:

The world evolutionary radiation of the

cosmopolitan genus Myotis : biogeographic and

temporal origins (M 2)

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet (M 1)

Page 2: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogeny & evolution of bats:

evolution of diet

Presented by : Yann Gager

Supervised by : Emmanuel Douzery

Page 3: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Page 4: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World

Page 5: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World

• ~ 160 species described (55 genus) :

More than 10% of Bats =

2nd Order in number of species after Rodents

Page 6: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World

• ~ 160 species described (55 genus) :

More than 10% of Bats =

2nd Order in number of species after Rodents

• Great diversity of life-history traits :

Family of Mammals with the biggest number

of diet

Page 7: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood

Page 8: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants

Page 9: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods

Page 10: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods Vertebrates

Page 11: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Goals of the study

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Page 12: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Goals of the study

• Reliable phylogenetic tree:

important sampling of species

and molecular data

Page 13: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Goals of the study

• Reliable phylogenetic tree:

important sampling of species

and molecular data

• Preliminary to the study of the evolution of

dietdiet

Page 14: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Samplings

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Page 15: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Samplings

• 120 species + 3 outgroups

Page 16: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Samplings

• 120 species + 3 outgroups

• Compilation & concatenation of genes* :

Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides

*( GenBank )

Page 17: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Samplings

• 120 species + 3 outgroups

• Compilation & concatenation of genes* :

Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides

12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2

*( GenBank )

12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2

Species 1 X ? X ? X

Species 2 X X X X X

Species 3 X X X ? X

Species n X X X X X

Page 18: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogenetic analyses

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Page 19: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

Page 20: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

P ,MP ,M

Page 21: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

• Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)

Page 22: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

• Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)

• Inference of diet : Trophic levels of the

panTHERIA project*

*( Jones et al. 2009 )

1

Phytophagy

2

Omnivory

3

Animalivory

Page 23: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Page 24: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

Species 1

Species 2

?

Species 3

?

Page 25: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

Page 26: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

Species 1

Species 2

Species 3

Page 27: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

all changes different

Page 28: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

all changes different

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R2

Omnivory R3 NA R4

Animalivory R5 R6 NA

Page 29: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Page 30: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Page 31: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Page 32: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Page 33: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Page 34: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory

– Food completion

Page 35: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory

– Food completion

– Survival when the favorite food is rare

Page 36: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Page 37: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

Page 38: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

1) More taxa

Page 39: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

1) More taxa

2) More genes

Page 40: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

1) More taxa

2) More genes

3) Both !

Page 41: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Page 42: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Life-history

traits

Artibeus sp.

Page 43: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Systematics

Cistugo sp.

Page 44: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Biogeography

Myotis spp.

Page 45: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Conservation

Craseonycteris thonglongyai

Page 46: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Acknowledgments

• Team Molecular phylogeny and Evolution:

E. Douzery, F. Botero, M. Ballenghien, P.

Gayral, C. Delsol

• Funding: ANR Mitosys 2006-2010

• Presentation design: M. David• Presentation design: M. David

Page 47: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Thank you !

Page 48: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
Page 49: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Supermatrix

• Drawbacks: Missing data

e.g. artefacts

• Benefits: Contribution for a phylogenetic

signalsignal

e.g ½ of 7kb = 3.5 kb !

Page 50: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Supermatrix

100

75

47

97

10099

100

100

100100

100

100

86

46

29

73

85

7395

67

85

97

Page 51: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

General Time Reversible ( GTR )

A C G T

A - a∏C b∏G c∏T

C a∏A - d∏G e∏T

• Base frequencies ∏, substitution rates (from a

to f) and branch lengths

G b∏A d∏C - f∏T

T c∏A e∏C f∏G -

Page 52: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

• Nucleotide model of evolution

• General Time Reversible (GTR) with a gamma

distribution of rate variation (Γ) and a

proportion of invariant sites (INV)

General Time Reversible + Γ + INV

proportion of invariant sites (INV)

Page 53: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Matrix of rates of change of trophic level state

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA 2,50 0

Omnivory 0,71 NA 0,69

Animalivory 0 0 NA

Page 54: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Rate change of trophic level

• ER = Equal rates

• SR = Synonym rates

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R1

Omnivory R1 NA R1

Animalivory R1 R1 NA

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

• ARD = All rates different

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R2

Omnivory R1 NA R3

Animalivory R2 R3 NA

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R2

Omnivory R3 NA R4

Animalivory R5 R6 NA

Page 55: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

OrderChiroptera

Jones and Teeling, 2006

Chiroptera

Page 56: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood

Page 57: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants

Page 58: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods

Page 59: Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods Vertebrates