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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
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Flexion
a movement in the sagittal
plane that decreases the
angle of the joint and
brings two bones closertogether
ex. bending of knee or
elbow
bending forward at the
hip
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Extension
Movement thatincreases the angle or
the distance between
two bones or parts of
the body
Ex. Straightening of the
knee or elbow
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Hyperextension
If extension is greaterthan 180
chin points toward the
ceiling
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Abduction
Moving a limb awayfrom the midline or
median plane of the
body
Fanning or movement
of the fingers or toes
when they spread apart
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Adduction
Opposite of abduction
Moving/movement of alimb toward the body
midline
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Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Rotation
Movement of a bonearound its longitudinal
axis
Common movement of
ball and socket joint
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Body Movements
Circumduction
Combination of flexion,extension, abduction
and adduction
Commonly seen in balland socket joints
Proximal end is
stationary and distalend moves in circles
Figure 6.13d
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Body Movements
Supination
Opposite of pronation
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Inversion
Turning the sole of thefoot so that if faces
medially
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Eversion
opposite of inversion
turning the sole of the
foot so that if faces
laterally
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Dorsiflexion
movement of the anklethat moves the instep of
the foot up
Standing on your heels
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Plantar flexion
Straightens the ankle joint causing the toes to
point downward
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Types of Muscles Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a
certain movement
ex. Pectoralis majorErector spinae – extends the back
Brachialis – flexes elbow
Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
Ex. Triceps brachii- extend forearm biceps brachii- antagonist
Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement
and helps prevent rotation
ex. Brachioradialis-brachialis (flex forearm)
Pronator teres – assist Brachialis in flexing the forearm
Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Direction of muscle fibers
Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle
Example: maximus (largest)
minimus (small)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle
Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis, deltoid )
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)
biceps ( two heads)
quadriceps ( four heads)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
Example: sternocleidomastoid
Shape of the muscle
Example: deltoid (triangular)
Action of the muscle
Example: flexor and extensor (flexes orextends a bone)
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Origin
Point of attachment whichis more proximal and
more fixed
Insertion
more distal and moremovable (flexible) point
of attachment
Belly Fleshy or middle part of a
muscle
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Epicranius-
•
Frontalis
Origin
cranial aponeurosis
(galea aponeurotica)
Insertion
skin of eyebrows
Action
Draws scalp anteriorly
Raises eyebrows
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Epicranius-
•
OccipitalisOrigin
Mastoid and occipital
bone
Insertion
Margin of Cranial
aponeurosis (galea
aponeurotica)
Action
Wrinkles forehead
Draws scalp posteriorly
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Orbicularis oculi
Origin
Orbit
Insertion
Circular path of orbit
Action
Closes eye
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Zygomaticus
major
Origin
Zygomatic bone
Insertion
Angle of the mouth
Action
Raises angle of the
mouth as in smiling
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Zygomaticus
minorOrigin
Zygomatic bone
Insertion
upper lip
Action
Elevates upper lip
Exposes maxillary teeth
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Buccinator
(trumpeter’smuscle)
Origin
Maxilla and mandible
Insertion
Angle of mouthAction
Compresses cheek as in
whistling and blowing
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Orbicularis oris
(kissing muscle)Origin
Mandible and maxilla
Insertion Angle of the mouth
Action
Closes and puckers thelips
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Levator labii
superiorisOrigin
Maxilla
Insertion
Angle of the mouth
Action
Elevates upper lip
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Depressor
anguliorisOrigin
Mandible
Insertion
Angle of the mouth
Action
Depresses angle of mouth
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Masseter
Origin
Zygomatic arch
Insertion Mandible
Action
Raises the jawMasseter
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Temporalis
Origin
Temporal bone
Insertion Mandible
Action
Closes the jaw
Elevates mandible
Temporalis
HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD/NECK MUSCLES
Sternocleidomastoid
(prayer muscle)Origin
Sternum and clavicle
Insertion
Temporal bone(mastoid process)
Action
Both muscles:
- Flexes head,
One muscle:
- rotates head toward
opposite shoulder
Sternocleidomastoid
HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
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HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
Trapezius
Origin
Skull, vertebral column
Insertion Scapula
Action
Extends head and neck
Trapezius
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Erector Spinae
IliocostalisLongissimus
SpinalisOrigin
Vertebrae and pelvisInsertion
Superior vertebrae, ribs
Action
Maintains erect posture
of vertebral column
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
External
IntercostalsOrigin
Ribs
Insertion Next rib
Action
expands thorax
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Internal
IntercostalsOrigin
Ribs
Insertion Next rib
Action
compress thorax
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Rectus abdominis
Origin
Pubis
Insertion
Sternum and fifth and
seventh ribs
Action
Flexes vertebral
column increases
pressure of abdomen
Rectus abdominis
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
External oblique
Origin
Last 8 ribs
Insertion
Iliac crest
Action
Compresses abdomen
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Internal oblique
Origin
Iliac crest
Insertion
Last three ribs
Action
Compresses abdomen
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Transversus
abdominis
Origin
Last 5 or 6 ribs
Insertion
Pubis
Action
Compresses abdomen
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Trapezius
Origin
Skull, vertebral column
Insertion
Scapula
Action
Extends head and rotates
scapula
Trapezius
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Rhomboideus
Origin Vertebrae
Insertion
Scapula
Action
Retracts scapula
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Levator scapula
Origin Vertebrae
Insertion
Scapula
Action
Raises scapula
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Serratus anterior
Origin
Ribs
Insertion
Scapula
Action
Protracts scapula
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Pectoralis major
Origin
Sternum, clavicle and
first six ribs
Insertion
Greater tubercle ofhumerus
Action
Prime mover of arm
flexion Adducts and medially
rotates arm
Pectoralis major
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Pectoralis minor
Origin
Ribs
Insertion
Scapula
Action
Depresses scapula
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Teres major
Origin
Scapula
Insertion
Humerus
Action
Extends shoulders
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Latissimus dorsi
(swimmers’s muscle)Origin
Vertebrae
Insertion Humerus
Action
Extends shoulder andadducts arm
Latissimus
dorsi
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Supraspinatus
Origin
Scapula
Insertion
Humerus
Action
Abducts the arm
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
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MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Infraspinatus
Origin
Scapula
Insertion
Humerus
Action
Extends and rotates arm
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Deltoid
Origin
Scapular spine and clavicle
Insertion
Humerus (deltoid
tuberosity)
Action
Abducts the arm
Flexes and extends
shoulder
Deltoid
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Biceps brachii
Origin
Coracoid process of
scapula
Insertion
Proximal radius
Action
Flexes elbow andsupinates forearm
Biceps brachii
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Brachialis
Origin
Humerus
Insertion Proximal ulna (coronoid
process)
Action
Flexes arm
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Brachioradialis
Origin
Humerus
Insertion Styloid process of
radius
Action
Flexes forearm(synergist of brachialis)
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Pronator teres
Origin
Humerus and coronoid
process of ulna
Insertion
Radius
Action
Pronates forearm
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Flexor carpi radialis
Origin
Humerus (medial
epicondyle)
Insertion
2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Action
Flexes wrist and abductshand
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Palmaris longus
Origin
Humerus (medial
epicondyle)
Insertion
Flexor retinaculum and
palmar aponeurosis
Action Weakly flexes hand at
wrist joint
Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin
Humerus (medial
epicondyle) and ulna
Insertion
Pisiform, hamate and 5th
metacarpals
Action Flexes and adducts hand at
wrist joint
Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Triceps brachii
Origin
Humerus and glenoid
fossa
Insertion
Olecranon process of
ulna
Action Extends forearm
(antagonist of biceps
brachii)
Triceps
brachii
Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Origin
Humerus
Insertion
2nd and 3rd metacarpal
Action
Extends and abducts
wrist
Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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pp
Extensor digitorum
Origin
Humerus (lateral
epicondyle)
Insertion
Distal phalanges of 2nd to
5th digits
Action Extends fingers, flare
and adduct fingers
Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities
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Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Origin
Humerus (lateralepicondyle)
Insertion
5th metacarpal
Action
Extends and adducts
wrist
Antero-Medial Muscles of Hip and LowerE t iti
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Extremities
Sartorius
Origin
Iliac spine
Insertion
Tibia
Insertion
Flexes thigh andlaterally rotates it
Flexes knee
n ero- e a usc es o p an owerExtremities
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Extremities• Adductors
(magnus, longus,)
Origin
Ischial and pubic
rami,pubis, body of pubis
Insertion
Linea aspera of femur
Action
Adducts, flexes and
laterally rotates thigh
(synergist with thigh
extension)
Antero-Medial Muscles of Hip and LowerE t iti
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Extremities
Quadriceps group
Origin Vastus lateralis – greater
trochanter of femur
Rectus femoris – pelvis
V. medialis, intermedius-femur
Insertion
Tibial tuberosity via
patellar ligament
Action
All extends knee, rectus
femoris also flexes thigh
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Extremities
Tibialis anterior
Origin
Tibia
Insertion
First cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Action
Dorsiflexes foot(primemover); inverts
foot
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Extremities Extensor digitorum
longus
Origin
Tibia and fibula
Insertion Distal phalanges
Action
Dorsiflexes foot
n ero- e a usc es o p an owerExtremities
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Extremities Peroneus (Fibularis)
Origin fibula
Insertion
Tarsals and metatarsals
Action
Plantar flexes and everts
foot
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Gluteus maximus
Origin Sacrum and ilium and
coccyx
Insertion
Greater trochanter of
femur
Action
Extends thigh and laterallyrotates thigh
Gluteus maximus
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Gluteus medius
Origin Ilium
Insertion
Greater trochanter offemur
Action
Abduct thigh and medially
rotates thigh
Gluteus medius
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Tensor fasciae latae
Origin Iliac crest
Insertion
Tibia
Action
Flexes and abducts thigh
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Hamstring Group
Biceps femoris
Origin
Ishial tuberosity and
femurInsertion
Head of the fibula
Action Extends thigh
Flex knee
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Hamstring Group
SemitendinosusSemimembranosus
Origin
Ischial tuberosity
Insertion
Proximal tibia
Action Extends thigh
Flexes knee
Rotates leg medially
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Gastrocnemius
Origin Distal femur
Insertion
Calcaneus (heel viacalcaneal tendon)
Action
Plantar flexes foot
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities
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Soleus
Origin
Tibia and fibula
Insertion
Calcaneus
Action
Plantar flexes foot
Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum
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Superficial
transverseperineus
Origin
Ischial tuberosity
Insertion
Central tendon of
perineum
Action Stabilize central
tendon of perineum
Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum
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Bulbospongiosus
Origin Central tendon of perineum
Insertion
Male- corpus spongiosum of
penis
Female – pubic arch and clitoris
Action
Male-aids in urine and semen
expulsion
Female- constricts vaginalorifice, assists in erection of
clitoris
Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum
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Ischiocavernosus
Origin Ischial tuberosity
Insertion
Penis or clitorisAction
Erection
Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum
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Levator ani
PubococcygeusOrigin
Pubis
Insertion
Coccyx, anal canal
urethra, central
tendon of perineum
Action
Constrict anus,
urethra and vagina Resists intra-abdominal
pressure
Supports fetal head
during childbirth
Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum
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Levator ani
IliococcygeusOrigin
Iliac spine
Insertion
CoccyxAction
Constrict anus,
urethra and vagina
Supports fetalhead
during childbirth
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