1 For geological background see Ercüment 1998. GEoFFrEy D. SummErS Phrygian Expansion to the East Evidence of Cult from Kerkenes Dağ ThE BaCKGrounD on the northern edge of the rolling plains of Cappadocia one of the most promi- nent of a series of granite batholiths, the Kerkenes Dağ 1 , was chosen as the loca- tion for the foundation of an extraordinary new Iron age capital in, it would seem, the latter part of the seventh or the very early sixth century B.C. Kerkenes lies in the province of yozgat some 15 kilometres to the southeast of Sorgun. It dominates the skyline from almost every direction while itself affording stunning views over the undulating landscape. Françoise and myself remember with great fondness the visits of uwe, together with his colleagues and students, both to Kerkenes and to the project office in mETu (middle East Technical university). our understanding of the cultural background to the establishment, growth and destruction of this Iron age city continues to evolve as new evidence is produced. uwe has been witness to some of these developments, and we hope that this discussion of but one aspect of Phryg- ian cult at Kerkenes will remind him of the stimulating times we had together in Turkey, Tübingen and alsace. KErKEnES Dağ: ThE CaPPaDoCIa GaTE The seven kilometre circuit of mighty stone defences at Kerkenes is pierced by seven strong gates. one of these city gates, that at the southeast, is called by us the Cappadocia Gate because a broad, gently inclined Iron age road leads across the plateau towards the snow-capped peak of Erciyes Dağ hanging above the summer haze on the far horizon. Clearance of this gate was begun in 2000 and contin- ued over three seasons with additional work in the gate passage in 2005. During
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Phrygian Expansion to the East: Evidence of Cult from Kerkenes Dağ
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1 ForgeologicalbackgroundseeErcüment1998.
GEoFFrEyD.SummErS
PhrygianExpansiontotheEast
EvidenceofCultfromKerkenesDağ
ThEBaCKGrounD
onthenorthernedgeoftherollingplainsofCappadociaoneofthemostpromi-nentofaseriesofgranitebatholiths,theKerkenesDağ1,waschosenastheloca-tion for the foundation of an extraordinary new Iron age capital in, it wouldseem,thelatterpartoftheseventhortheveryearlysixthcenturyB.C.Kerkenesliesintheprovinceofyozgatsome15kilometrestothesoutheastofSorgun.Itdominatestheskylinefromalmosteverydirectionwhileitselfaffordingstunningviewsovertheundulatinglandscape.
Iconographicrepresentationsofthisorsimilaridolswerecrudelycutintothefaceof twoadjacent sandstoneblocks in theotherwisegranitemasonryat thefrontcorneroftheglacisonthesouth-easternsideoftheCappadociaGate(Taf.2a).Sandstonewaspresumablyusedinthispositionbecauseoftheeasewithwhichitcouldbecuttofitthecornerwiththecorrectslopeoftheglacis.advantagewasthentakenofthesofterstonetoscratch,sometimesdeeplyandinclearlydifferenthands,graffitiofsteleandothermarks,includingperhapsoldPhrygianletters(Taf.2b–c).
The STepped MonuMenT
atotalofthreestepswereexposedbyexcavation.Thesteps,exceptforthetop-most,arebuiltfromunshaped,small,angular,granitestones.Therewasanarrowgap,nomorethanthesizeofafist,betweenthestepsandthefaceofthetowerwall. mud mortar may have been used in the construction, and would indeedhavebeenadvantageousinholdingthepoorlyfittedstonesinplace,butnonere-mained.Therewasconsiderableevidenceofintenseburningwhichhadblackenedthesurfacesofthestonesandcreatedacertainamountofash.Whetherthestepswereprovidedwithwoodentreadsandperhapsrisers,orwhethercombustiblematerialhadfallenontothemonument fromsometimberstructure isunclear,
4 rock-cut stepped monuments in the highlands of Phrygia have been conveniently collected anddiscussedbySivas1999andBerndt-Ersöz2003.SeealsoBerndt2002.
untilnownofreestandingidolsofthistypehavebeendiscoveredin situ,al-thoughonesmallexamplewasfoundinthesamegateasthe ‘Kybele’statueathattusa13.oneidolfromTumulusBatGordionwasfoundonthestonesightinglineorguidewallbeneath the tumulus,although itwas immediatelyobscuredbytheguidewallitselfsothatitspresencemaynothavesignificance14.Thattheinclusionofthisidolintheguidewallmighthavebeenfortuitousisstrengthenedbytherecoveryof threesimilar idols,onecarrying theschematicdepictionofaface,inthemantelofthesametumulus15.othersuchidolswerefoundintheCommonCemeteryatGordionbutarethoughttohavebeenassociatedwithdo-mesticcultactivitiesinthesettlementonthenortheastridge16.Twosuchidols,bothofsandstone,havealsobeenfoundinIronagecontextsatBoğazköy17.
Itbecomesclearthatallaniconicorsemi-iconicrepresentationsofthisgeneraltypearefoundwithin‘GreaterPhrygia’,thatisfromthePhrygianhighlandseast-wardstotheKanaksuBasin(i.e.theKerkenesregion).ThisdistributionpatternisverysimilartothedistributionofinscriptionsandgraffitiintheoldPhrygianlanguage18.rock-cutdepictionsontheotherhandare,likearchitecturalfaçades,restricted to the Phrygian highlands. only one representation of such an idolcarvedinreliefisreportedfromeastoftheKızılırmak,onastoneintheIronagedefensivewallatBüyükkale19.Withregardtothefreestandingidolsitmaybeob-servedthattheonlytwofoundin situ,atKerkenesandBoğazköy,stoodinmonu-mentalgates.althoughitfacedawayfromthecitynottowardsit,thesteleintheCappadociaGatecouldnothavebeenseenuntiltheinnerendofthegatepassage
10 Susanne Berndt-Ersöz 2003 passim; Berndt-Ersöz 2004 and Berndt-Ersöz in print. I am gratefultoSusanneBerndt-Ersözforsharingherdeepknowledgeandinsightswithusaswellasprovidingadvancedcopiesofseveralpapers.
BoththeKerkenessteleitselfandthegraffitiofsimilaraniconicidolspostdatetheconstructionoftheCappadociaGateandpredatethedestructionoftheIronagecapital.IftheidentificationofKerkeneswithPteriaiscorrect,asseemsincreas-ingly probable, the destruction would have been associated with events in themid-sixthcenturyB.C.connectedwiththePersianinvasionofCyrustheGreat.There isnogoodreason to think that the foundationof thecity,and thus theconstructionofthedefences,shouldbedatedmuchearlierthanthelateseventhcentury.
ThelocationoftheKerkenessteleandgraffitiisyetanotherexampleofalongandwidespreadassociationbetweenstonerepresentationsofdeitiesandcitygatesinanatolia.Intheirpreciseform,andthereforeintheirsymbolismoriconography,theseKerkenes images are thoroughlyPhrygian.Thegraffitidemonstrate thatappreciationoftheiconographywasnotrestrictedtoarulingelite.ThediscoveryofthissteppedmonumentandtheaniconicstelethatitsupportedisevidenceofPhrygiancultatKerkeneswhichbearswitnesstosomelevelofPhrygianculture.Ifthegraffitidoincludetherepeatedscratchingoftheletterm,formatar,theearlierPhrygianversionofKybele,itwoulddemonstrateaconsiderabledepthofPhrygianculture.Ifnot,wemightbewitnesstoalevelofPhrygianisation,intheadoptionofadistinctiveaniconicorsemi-iconicstyleofrepresentation,ofsomeotherperhapsmore localdeity.Thisechoesbroaderquestionsof theextent towhichKerkenes,veryprobablyPteria,wasaPhrygianfoundation,andthedegreetowhichtheurbanpopulation,presumablyPterians,werethemselvesPhrygianorPhrygianised.IthighlightsasituationinwhichPteria,notpartofthePhrygianstate,wasneverthelessinsomewayPhrygian.Lastly,itdemonstrateshowlittleisunderstoodofthesixthcenturyB.C.ontheCentralanatolianPlateau,therebyunderscoringthecrucialroleofarchaeologyinilluminatingimportantandunex-pectedaspectsofthepast.
aBSTraCT
Kerkenes, an Ironage capital in centralanatolia, isprobably tobe identifiedwithancientPteria.ThecityappearstohavebeenanewfoundationofthelateseventhcenturyB.C.Itwassackedandburntinthemid-sixthcentury,probablybyCroesus,kingofLydia.recentexcavationsatoneofsevencitygates,whichwehavecalledtheCappadociaGate,hasrevealedevidenceforPhrygiancultintheformofasemi-aniconicsteleofwellknownPhrygiantypesetontopofabuiltsteppedmonument (Taf.1).Thestele itselfandthe topmoststep intowhich itwassetwerecutfromasoftlimestonewhilethelowersteps,whichhavenotbeencompletelyexposed,werebuiltofangulargranitefieldstones.Thismonumentstoodintherearofthegate.atthefrontofthegatepassagegraffiticutintotwosandstoneblocksseemtodepictsimilarsemi-aniconicidolsandperhapscharac-tersfromtheoldPhrygianalphabet(Taf.2).
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