Holden Härtl & Sven Kotowski Universität Kassel holden.haertl|[email protected] Phrasal vs. compound structure building: Two separate cognitive routes?
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Hold
en H
ärtl
& S
ven K
oto
wsk
iU
niv
ersi
tät
Kas
sel
hold
en.h
aert
l|s.k
oto
wsk
i@uni-kas
sel.de
Phra
salvs
. co
mpound
stru
cture
buildin
g:
Tw
ose
par
ate
cognit
ive
route
s?
Intr
oduc
tion
2
M
any
rese
arch
ers h
ave
argu
ed th
at c
ompo
unds
are
mor
e pr
one
to b
e le
xica
lized
as
nam
es in
Ger
man
.
O
n th
e ot
her h
and,
we
know
that
phr
ase-
like
expr
essi
ons
can
also
fu
nctio
n as
nam
es a
nd a
re a
s su
ch in
clud
ed in
our
lexi
cal i
nven
tory
:
blau
er B
rief,
grün
er T
ee, r
oter
Wein
,Man
n vo
n W
elt
[see
i.a.
Bar
z 19
96, B
ooij
2009
, Büc
king
201
0; G
unke
l & Z
ifonu
n 20
09;
Schl
ücke
r & P
lag
2011
, Zim
mer
197
1]
Que
stio
ns
3
D
o co
mpo
unds
, com
pare
d to
phr
ases
, sho
w a
pre
fere
nce
to b
e le
xica
lized
as
nam
es?
H
ow c
an th
is le
xica
l affi
nity
be
expl
aine
d?
Is
the
com
poun
ds’ l
exic
al a
ffini
ty re
flect
ed c
ogni
tivel
y?
A
re p
oten
tial e
ffect
s in
deed
rela
ted
to th
e di
ffer
ence
bet
wee
n co
mpo
unds
(“
mor
phol
ogy”
) and
phr
ases
(“sy
ntax
”)?
O
r are
ther
e sy
stem
atic
ally
con
foun
ding
fact
ors
that
we
have
to c
onsi
der?
Roa
dmap
4
1D
iffe
renc
es in
sem
antic
com
posi
tiona
lity
3Su
mm
ary
2C
ogni
tive
diff
eren
ces
and
expe
rim
enta
l stu
dies
Sem
antic
com
posi
tiona
lity
5
Hyp
othe
sis:
Nov
el c
ompo
unds
lose
des
crip
tive
prop
ertie
s at
thei
r for
mat
ion
and
begi
n to
sp
ecia
lize
in m
eani
ng im
med
iate
ly.
Kind
refer
ence
A
-N c
ompo
unds
allo
w k
ind
read
ing
with
out p
revi
ous
lexi
caliz
atio
n
(1)
a. ??
Die
schw
arze
Hyä
neist
ausg
esto
rben
. b.
Die
Schw
arzh
yäne
istau
sges
torb
en.
Inte
rsec
tiven
ess
A
-N c
ompo
unds
allo
w n
on-in
ters
ectiv
e re
adin
gs o
nly
(2)
a. ei
nsc
höne
rTän
zer
→in
ters
ectiv
e: s
b. w
ho is
bea
utifu
l→
non-
inte
rsec
tive:
sb.
who
dan
ces
beau
tiful
ly
b. ei
nSc
hönt
änze
r→
non-
inte
rsec
tive:
sb.
who
dan
ces
beau
tiful
ly
[see
Bar
z 19
96; B
ooij
2010
; Büc
king
201
0; E
gg 2
006;
Sch
äfer
201
1; S
chlü
cker
201
2]
Sem
antic
com
posi
tiona
lity
6
Tem
pora
l diss
ocia
tion
C
ompo
unds
, in
cont
rast
to p
hras
es, a
llow
a te
mpo
ral d
isso
ciat
ion
of th
e pr
edic
ativ
e be
tter,
see
(2):
(1)
a. ??
Nur
einer
der R
entn
erist
einBa
by.
b. N
urein
erde
r Ren
tner
istein
Alet
e-Ba
by.
(2)
a. ??
Nur
einer
der P
rofes
sore
nist
einSc
hüler
mit
Best
note
n.b.
Nur
einer
der P
rofes
sore
nist
einBe
stno
tens
chül
er.
In a
nut
shel
l:
N
ovel
phr
ases
and
com
poun
ds d
iffer
in th
eir s
eman
tic c
ompo
sitio
nalit
y.
Th
ese
diffe
renc
es c
an b
e as
soci
ated
with
the
nam
ing
func
tion
of c
ompo
unds
.
[see
Rap
p 20
13]
Cog
nitiv
e di
ffer
ence
s
7
Que
stio
ns
A
re n
ovel
com
poun
ds p
roce
ssed
dif
fere
ntly
in c
ompa
riso
n to
phr
ases
?
A
re p
oten
tial e
ffect
s du
e to
a c
ateg
oria
l dif
fere
nce
betw
een
mor
phol
ogic
al
and
phra
sal p
rodu
cts?
W
hat c
onfo
undi
ngfa
ctor
s do
we
have
to c
onsi
der?
Mem
oriz
atio
n st
udy
8
Mem
oriz
atio
n of
pic
ture
labe
ls
Lear
ning
pha
se: s
ubje
cts
wer
e as
ked
to m
emor
ize
unko
nwn
pict
ure
labe
ls o
ver
thre
e da
ys (1
, 4 &
8)
Rec
all p
hase
: sub
ject
s w
ere
aske
d to
dec
ide
on c
orre
ct /
inco
rrec
t lab
els
[see
Kot
owsk
i et a
l. 20
12, B
öer e
t al.
2012
]
Mem
oriz
atio
n st
udy
9
Resu
lts
Nei
ther
type
is m
emor
ized
bet
ter o
ver t
ime
(p <
.26)
.
ITEM
TYPE
×D
AY
inte
ract
ion
(not
sign
ifica
nt)
860
910
960
1010
1060
1110
Sess
ion
1Se
ssio
n 2
Sess
ion
3
Com
poun
ds
Phra
ses
REACTIONTIME
10
st
rong
er e
ffect
of m
emor
izat
ion
for c
ompo
unds
(p <
.001
)
no
t lea
rned
com
poun
ds ta
ke lo
nger
to d
ecid
e th
an p
hras
es (p
< .0
01)
th
is d
iffer
ence
dis
appe
ars w
hen
the
com
poun
ds a
re le
arne
d (p
< .6
7)
Resu
lts
Mor
e pr
onou
nced
lear
ning
effe
ct fo
r com
poun
ds:
LEA
RNED
×IT
EMTY
PEin
tera
ctio
n (p
< .0
9)
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
Phra
ses
Com
poun
ds
Not
lear
ned
Lear
ned
RT
Mem
oriz
atio
n st
udy
11
Resu
lts
Mem
oriz
atio
n st
udy
LEA
RNED
×IT
EMTY
PEin
tera
ctio
n (p
< .0
01)
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,8
4,9
5,0
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
Not
lear
ned
Lear
nedCom
poun
dsPh
rase
s
CORRECT
ANSWERS
co
mpo
unds
prof
itfr
om le
arni
ng, p
hras
es d
on’t
(p <
.75)
co
mpo
unds
are
dec
ided
as
corr
ectly
as
phra
ses
whe
n le
arne
d(p
< .9
9)
The
effe
ct is
als
o re
flect
ed in
the
erro
r rat
es:
A c
ateg
oria
l dif
fere
nce?
12
Are
thes
e ef
fect
s in
deed
a m
anife
stat
ion
of a
cat
egor
ial a
nd fu
nctio
nal
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
com
poun
ds a
nd p
hras
es?
Or a
re th
ey b
ette
r exp
lain
ed b
y pr
oble
ms
of le
xica
l seg
men
tatio
n / a
cces
s?
Read
ing
time s
tudy
Non
-tran
spar
ent c
ompo
unds
requ
ire
long
er re
adin
g tim
es th
an n
on-tr
ansp
aren
t ph
rase
s (p
rese
nted
in c
onte
xts
like
Der
Weit
lehre
r für
chte
t Ina
... )
… W
eitle
hrer
…
… ti
efe
Arzt
…
… st
arke
Schm
ied
…
TRAN
SPAR
ENT
NO
N-T
RAN
SPAR
ENT
… L
angl
äufe
r…
13
Sent
ence
s co
ntai
ning
psy
chol
ogic
al v
erbs
and
cau
sal s
ente
nces
:
(2)
Phra
se-S
tim:
Die
flac
heSä
gebe
geist
ertC
hrist
oph,
weil
…
Com
p-St
im:
Joha
nna
schä
tzt d
as S
chm
alm
esse
r, w
eil …
(1)
Exp-
Stim
ver
b:M
ax b
eneid
et d
ie D
irek
tori
n, w
eil s
ie/ ? e
r…
Stim
-Exp
ver
b:D
ie D
irek
tori
n fa
szin
iert M
ax, w
eil s
ie/ ? e
r…
Effe
cts
with
in s
ente
nces
Que
stio
nnai
re st
udy
Do
nove
l AN
-com
poun
ds m
odul
ate
cont
ext e
ffect
s of
impl
icit
verb
cau
salit
y?
Resu
ltsM
ore
caus
al a
ttrib
utio
ns to
Stim
if it
is a
nov
el c
ompo
und,
com
pare
d to
phr
ases
:
14
Com
poun
ds a
nd k
inds
We
hypo
thes
ize
a lin
k be
twee
n th
e lin
guis
tic m
arke
dnes
s of
nov
el A
N-
com
poun
ds a
nd th
eir a
ffini
ty to
exp
ress
kin
ds.
Resu
ltsM
ain
effe
ct (p
< .0
001)
com
poun
ds v
s. p
hras
es
Que
stio
nnai
re st
udy
Suita
bilit
y ra
tings
for c
ontr
adic
tory
AA
N-c
ompl
exes
:
012345
Com
poun
dsPh
rase
s
Ratin
g
[see
Bar
z 19
98]
Sum
mar
y
Expe
rim
enta
lly, w
e ha
ve fo
und
indi
catio
ns fo
r
15
Com
poun
ds h
ave
a na
min
g fu
nctio
n, w
hich
is re
flect
ed in
thei
r sem
antic
co
mpo
sitio
nalit
y. [s
lides
5 −
6]
Con
foun
ding
fact
ors
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith s
egm
enta
tion
prob
lem
s [1
2] a
s w
ell a
s lin
guis
tic m
arke
dnes
s. [1
4]
Gen
eral
ly, o
ur re
sults
are
com
patib
le w
ith a
“se
para
tist”
vie
w to
war
ds
mor
phol
ogic
al s
truc
ture
bui
ldin
g.
Than
kyo
u.
•a
stro
nger
mem
oriz
atio
n ef
fect
for n
ovel
com
poun
ds, [
8 −
11]
•en
hanc
ed im
pact
of i
mpl
icit
verb
cau
salit
y w
ith n
ovel
com
poun
ds, [
13]
•im
prov
ed a
ccep
tabi
lity
for c
ontr
adic
tory
AA
N-c
ompo
unds
. [14
]
The
latte
r req
uire
s fu
rthe
r inv
estig
atio
n: Is
ling
uist
ic m
arke
dnes
ssi
mpl
y a
by-p
rodu
ct o
f wor
d-fo
rmat
ion
or ra
ther
a c
onst
itutiv
e fe
atur
e?
16
Part
s oft
his
pape
rhav
ebe
endo
nein
col
labo
ratio
nw
ithK
atja
Böe
rand
Pete
r Sch
öppe
rle
(see
Kot
owsk
iet a
l. 20
13; B
öere
t al.
2012
), to
who
mm
any
than
ksar
edu
e fo
rdis
cuss
ion
and
valu
able
help
. W
ear
eal
so g
rate
fult
oO
xana
Lap
teva
fort
hete
chni
cals
uppo
rt.
Ack
now
ledg
emen
ts/ L
itera
ture
Acke
ma,
Pet
er &
Nee
lem
an, A
d (2
010)
. The
Rol
e of
Syn
tax
and
Mor
phol
ogy
in C
ompo
undi
ng. I
n: C
ross
-Disc
iplin
ary
Issue
s in
Com
poun
ding
. Ser
gio
Scal
isean
d Ire
ne V
ogel
(eds
.). A
mst
erda
m /
Phila
delp
hia:
John
Ben
jam
ins,
21-
36.
Baay
en, R
. Har
ald;
Kupe
rman
, Vic
tor &
Ber
tram
, Ray
mon
d (2
010)
. Fre
quen
cy E
ffect
s in
Com
poun
d Pr
oces
sing.
In: C
ross
-Disc
iplin
ary
Issue
s in
Com
poun
ding
. Ser
gio
Scal
isean
d Ire
ne V
ogel
(eds
.). A
mst
erda
m /
Phila
delp
hia:
John
Ben
jam
ins,
257
-270
.Ba
rz, I
rmhi
ld (1
996)
. Kom
posit
ion
und
Kollo
katio
n. In
: Nom
inat
ion
–fa
chsp
rach
lich
und
gem
eins
prac
hlich
. Cle
men
s Kno
bloc
h an
dBu
rkha
rd S
chae
der
(eds
.). O
plad
en: W
estd
euts
cher
Ver
lag,
127
-146
. Ba
rz, I
rmhi
ld (1
998)
. Zum
Neu
heits
effe
kt v
on W
ortb
ildun
gen.
In:N
eolo
gie
und
Korp
us. W
olfg
ang
Teub
ert(
ed.).
Tüb
inge
n: N
arr,
11-3
0.Be
ll, M
elan
ie (2
011)
. At t
he B
ound
ary
of M
orph
olog
y an
d Sy
ntax
.In:
Mor
phol
ogy
and
Its In
terf
aces
. Ale
xand
ra G
alan
i, Gl
yn H
icks
and
Geo
rge
Tsou
los
(eds
.). A
mst
erda
m /
Phila
delp
hia:
John
Ben
jam
ins.
Böer
, Kat
ja,;K
otow
ski,
Sven
& H
olde
n Hä
rtl (
2012
). N
omin
al C
ompo
sitio
n an
d th
e De
mar
catio
n be
twee
n M
orph
olog
y an
d Sy
ntax
: Gra
mm
atic
al,
Varia
tiona
l, an
d Co
gniti
ve F
acto
rs. I
n: A
nglis
tent
ag20
11 –
Proc
. Mon
ika
Flud
erni
kan
dBe
njam
in K
ohlm
ann
(eds
.). T
rier:
Wiss
ensc
haft
l. Ve
rlag,
63-
74.
Booi
j, Ge
ert (
2009
). Ph
rasa
l Nam
es: A
Con
stru
ctio
nist
Ana
lysis
. Wor
d St
ruct
ure
2, 2
19-2
40.
Booi
j, Ge
ert (
2010
). Co
nstr
uctio
n M
orph
olog
y. O
xfor
d, N
Y: O
UP.
Bück
ing,
Seb
astia
n (2
009)
. How
Do
Phra
sal a
nd L
exic
al M
odifi
catio
n Di
ffer?
Con
tras
ting
Adje
ctiv
e-N
oun
Com
bina
tions
in G
erm
an, W
ord
Stru
ctur
e2(
2),
184-
204.
Bück
ing,
Seb
astia
n (2
010)
. Ger
man
Nom
inal
Com
poun
ds a
s Und
ersp
ecifi
ed N
ames
for K
inds
. In:
New
Impu
lses i
n W
ord-
Form
atio
n. S
usan
Olse
n (e
d.).
Ham
burg
: Bus
ke, 2
53-2
81.
Carls
on, G
reg
(197
7). A
Uni
fied
Anal
ysis
of th
e En
glish
Bar
e Pl
ural
. Lin
guist
ics a
nd P
hilo
soph
y 1(
3), 4
13-4
58.
Dow
ning
, Pam
ela
(197
7). O
n th
e Cr
eatio
n an
d U
se o
f Eng
lish
Com
poun
d N
ouns
. Lan
guag
e53
(4),
810-
842.
Egg,
Mar
kus (
2006
). An
ti-Ik
onizi
täta
n de
r Syn
tax-
Sem
antik
-Sch
nitt
stel
le. Z
eits
chrif
t für
Spr
achw
issen
scha
ft25
(1),
1-38
.Gu
nkel
, Lut
z & G
isela
Zifo
nun
(200
9). C
lass
ifyin
g M
odifi
ers i
n Co
mm
on N
ames
. Wor
d St
ruct
ure
2(2)
, 205
-218
. Ko
tow
ski,
Sven
; Böe
r, Ka
tja&
Hol
den
Härt
l (20
12).
Com
poun
ds v
s. P
hras
es: T
he C
ogni
tive
Stat
us o
f Mor
phol
ogic
al P
rodu
cts.
App
ears
in a
spec
ial v
olum
e of
Cur
rent
Issu
es in
Ling
uist
ic T
heor
y. B
enja
min
s: A
mst
erda
m.
Jesp
erse
n, O
tto
(194
2). A
Mod
ern
Engl
ish G
ram
mar
. Par
t VI,
Mor
phol
ogy.
Cop
enha
gen:
Ejn
arM
unks
gaar
d.
Krifk
a, M
anfr
ed; P
elle
tier;
Fran
cis J
.; Ca
rlson
, Gre
gory
N.;
Ter M
eule
n,Al
ice;
Chi
erch
ia, G
enna
ro &
Lin
k , G
odeh
ard
(199
5). G
ener
icity
: an
intr
oduc
tion.
In
:The
Gen
eric
Boo
k.Gr
eg N
. Car
lson
& F
ranc
is J.
Pelle
tier (
eds.
). Ch
icag
o / L
ondo
n: U
nive
rsity
of C
hica
go P
ress
, 1-1
24.
Mot
sch,
Wol
fgan
g (2
004)
.Deu
tsch
e W
ortb
ildun
g in
Gru
ndzü
gen.
Ber
lin/N
ew Y
ork:
Wal
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