PHP Can Ban [Black Art]

8/2/2019 PHP Can Ban [Black Art]

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Hng dn v PHP

Tc gi: Black Art gi trong din n hackervn.net

1. Php l g?PHP l mt ngn ng lp trnh kiu script , chy trn Server v tr v m HTML cho trnhduyt.VD:

Example

2. 3. echo ("some editors (like FrontPage) don'tlike processing instructions");4. Cch 1 ch c th s dng nu nhng tag ngn c cho php s dng. C th sashort_open_tag trong cu hnh ca php hoc bin dch file php vi la chn cho php dngcc tag ngn.Tng t nh vy, cch th 4 ch c tc dng nu asp_tag c t trong file cu hnh caPHPPHP cho php h tr cc kiu ch thch ca c C, C++ v Unix shell.VD:2. Cc kiu d liu:2.1S nguyn : c khai bo v s dng gi tr giing vi C:VD: $a = 1234; # decimal number$a = -123; # a negative number$a = 0123; # octal number (equivalent to 83 decimal)


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$a = 0x12; # hexadecimal number (equivalent to 18 decimal)2.2 S thc:VD :$a = 1.234; $a = 1.2e3;Ch : Khi s dng cc s thc tnh ton , c th s lm mt gi tr ca n. V vy, nns dng cc hm ton hc trong th vin chun tnh ton.

2.3 Xu :C 2 cch xc nh 1 xu: t gia 2 du ngoc kp (") hoc gia 2 du ngoc n ('.

Ch : Cc bin gi tr s khng c khai trin trong xu gia 2 du ngoc n.

2.4 : Mng :Mng thc cht l gm 2 bng : bng ch s v bng lin kt.a. Mng 1 chiu : C th dng hm : list() hoc array() hoc lit k cc gi tr ca tng phni trong mng to mng . C th thm cc gi tr vo mng to thnh 1 mng. -->Dng ging trong CC th dng cc hm asort(), arsort(), ksort(), rsort(), sort(), uasort(), usort(), and uksort() sp xp mng. Tu thuc vo vic bn nh sp xp theo kiu g.b. Mng nhiu chiu: Tng t C. bn c th dng nh VD sau:$a[1] = $f; # one dimensional examples$a["foo"] = $f;$a[1][0] = $f; # two dimensional

$a["foo"][2] = $f; # (you can mix numeric and associative indices)$a[3]["bar"] = $f; # (you can mix numeric and associative indices)PHP3 khng th tham chiu tr tip t mt mng nhiu chiu khi bn trong 1 xu:VD :$a[3]['bar'] = 'Bob';echo "This won't work: $a[3][bar]";Kt qu tr ra s l: This won't work: Array[bar].Nhng vi VD sau s chy ng:$a[3]['bar'] = 'Bob';echo "This will work: " . $a[3][bar];Vi PHP4, vn sc gi quyt bng cch cho mng vo gia 2 du ngoc mc { }VD : $a[3]['bar'] = 'Bob';echo "This will work: {$a[3][bar]}";

PHP khng yu cu phi khai bo trc kiu d liu cho cc bin, Kiu d liu ca bin sph thuc vo kiu d liu m bn gn cho n,VD :$foo = "0"; // $foo l k t ASCII 48$foo++; // $foo is xu "1" (ASCII 49)$foo += 1; // $foo l s nguyn (2)$foo = $foo + 1.3; // $foo l s thc (3.3)$foo = 5 + "10 Little Piggies"; // $foo l s nguyn (15)

3. Bin - gi tr:PHP quy nh mt bin c biu din bt u bng du $, sau l mt ch ci hoc dugch di.

3.1 Mt s bin c to sn :argv : Mng tham s truyn cho script. Khi on script chy bng dng lnh, tham s ny sc dng ging nh C truy nhp cc tham s trn dng lnh.argc : s cc tham soc truyn. Dgn vi argv;

PHP_SELF : tn ca on m script ang thc hin. Nu PHP ang c chy t dng lnhth tham s ny khng c gi trj.

HTTP_COOKIE_VARS: mt mng cc gi trc truyn ti script hin ti bng HTTPcookie. Ch c tc dng nu "track_vars" trong cu hnh c t hoc ch dn


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HTTP_GET_VARS: Mng cc gi tr truyn ti script thng qua phng thc HTTP GET.Ch c tc dng nu "track_vars" trong cu hnh c t hoc ch dn

HTTP_POST_VARS:

3.2 Phm vi gi tr:PHP coi 1 bin c mt gii hn. xc nh mt bin ton cc (global) c tc dng trongmt hm , ta cn khai bo li. Nu khng gi tr ca bin sc coi nh l cc b trong

hm.VD :$a = 1;$b = 2;

Function Sum () {global $a, $b;

$b = $a + $b;}

Sum ();echo $b;

Khi c khai bo global trn, $a v $b c cho bit l nhng bin ton cc. Nu khngc khai bo global, $a v $b chc coi l cc bin bn trong hm Sum(). iu ny khcvi CMt cch khc dng bin ton cc trong 1 hm l ta dung mng $GLOBAL ca PHPVD trn s c th vit nh sau:$a = 1;$b = 2;

Function Sum () {$GLOBALS["b"] = $GLOBALS["a"] + $GLOBALS["b"];}

Sum ();echo $b;

Mt ch khc l khai bo static. Vi khai bo ny bn trong mt hm vi 1 bin cc b, gitr ca bin cc b s khng b mt i khi ra khi hm.VD :Function Test () {static $a = 0;echo $a;$a++;}Vi khai bo nh trn , $a s khng mt i gi tr sau khi thc hin li gi hm Test() m $asc tng ln 1 sau mi ln gi hm Test().

3.3 Tn bin:Mt bin c th gn vi 1 ci tn .VD:$a = "hello";$$a = "world";==> $hello = "world"

vecho "$a ${$a}"; echo "$a $hello";


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Kt qu ra s l : hello world

Ch : bn c th gp phi trng hp khng r rng khi s dng cch ny vi mng . VD :$$a[1] s hiu l bn mun dng $a[1] nh 1 bin hay dng $$a nh 1 bin vi [1] l chs? trnh trng hp ny , cn c su phn bit r bng du { }. VD :${$a[1]} hoc ${$a}[1].

3.4 Cc gi tr bn ngoi phm vi PHP

HTML Form : khi 1 form gn vi 1 file php qua phng thc POSTVD:Name:

PHP s to 1 bin $name bao gm mi gi tr trong trung Name ca Form.PHP c th hiu c mt mng mt chiu gm cc gi tr trong 1 form. V vy, bn c thnhm nhng gi tr lin quan li vi nhau hoc s dng c tnh ny nhn cc gi tr t 1u vo tu chn.(multi select input)Khi tnh cht track_vars c t trong cu hnh hoc c ch dn . ccgi trc submit c ly ra qua phng thc GET v POST c th ly t 2 mng ton

cc $HTTP_POST_VARS v $HTTP_GET_VARS

IMAGE SUBMIT:Khi dng 1 image thc hin submit, c th dng tag nh sau:

Khi ngi dng click chut trn nh, form tng ng sc gi ti server km theo 2 gitr thm vo : sub_x v sub_y. Nhng bin ny s lu gi to m ngi dng clickchut trn nh. Ngi lp trnh c kinh nghim s thy rng trn thc t, trnh duyt gi ccgi tr c chu k thi gian nhng PHP to cm gic gn nh vic gi cc gi tr l lintc.

HTTP Cookies :

PHP h tr HTTP cookies theo nh dng ca Netscape. Cookies file lu gi thng tin cacc trnh duyt t xa v qua c th theo di hay nhn bit ngi s dng. C th dngCookies bng hm SetCookie(). Hm ny cn c gi trc khi thng tin c gi ti trnhduyt. Bt k cookie no gi ti bn t my khch (client) s tng chuyn thnh d liuca phng thc GET v POST.Nu bn mun c nhiu gi tr trong 1 cookie, ch cn thm vo du [ ] vi tn ca cookie.VD :SetCookie ("MyCookie[]", "Testing", time()+3600);Ch rng cookie s thay th cho cookie cng tn, tr trg hp khc ng dn hocmin.

BIN MI TRNG:PHP tng to bin cho cc bin mi trng nh 1 bin bnh thng ca PHP

VD :echo $HOME; /* Shows the HOME environment variable, if set. */

V thng tin ti qua cc phng thc GET, POST , Cookie cng tng to cc bin PHP,thnh thong bn nn c 1 bin t mi trng chc chn rng bn c ng version. Hmgetenv() v putenv() gip bn c v ghi vi cc bin mi trng.

DU CHM TRONG TN BIN:Bnh thng, PHP khng thay i tn bin khi bin c truyn vo on script. Tuynhin, nn ch rng du chm (.) khng phi l mt k hiu hp l trong tn bin i viPHP. V vy, PHP s tng thay th cc du chm bng du gch di.(_)


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4. CONSTANTSPHP nh ngha sn mt vi hng s:_FILE_ : tn ca script file ang c thc hin._LINE_ : s dng ca m script ang c thc hin trong script file hin ti._PHP_VERSION_ : version ca PHP_PHP_ : tn hiu hnh m PHP ang chyTRUEFALSE

E_ERROR : bo hiu c liE_PARSE : bo li sai khi bin dchE_NOTICE : Mt vi s kin c th l li hoc khng.E_ALL :

C thnh ngha mt hng s bng hm define()VD :

5. BIU THC

Biu thc l mt phn quan trng trong PHP. Phn ln mi th ban vit u c coi nh 1biu thc. iu ny c ngha l mi thu c 1 gi tr.Mt dng c bn nht ca biu thc bao gmcc bin v hng s.PHP h tr 3 kiu gi tr c bn nht: s nguyn, s thc, v xu. Ngoi ra cn c mng vi tng. Mi kiu gi tr ny c th gn cho cc bin hay lm gi tr tr ra ca cc hm.Bn c th thao tc vi cc bin trong PHP ging nh vi trong C.VD$b = $a = 5; /* assign the value five into the variable $a and $b */$c = $a++; /* post-increment, assign original value of $a(5) to $c */$e = $d = ++$b; /* pre-increment, assign the incremented value of$b (6) to $d and $e */

/* at this point, both $d and $e are equal to 6 */

$f = double($d++); /* assign twice the value of $d beforethe increment, 2*6 = 12 to $f */$g = double(++$e); /* assign twice the value of $e afterthe increment, 2*7 = 14 to $g */$h = $g += 10; /* first, $g is incremented by 10 and ends with thevalue of 24. the value of the assignment (24) isthen assigned into $h, and $h ends with the valueof 24 as well. */

6.CC CU TRC LNH:6.1 If ....else....else if:

if (iu kin) { do something; }elseif ( iu kin ) { do something;}else { do something;}

6.2 Vng lp :while ( DK) { ...}do { .....} white ( DK );for (bieuthuc1; bieuthuc2; bieu thuc3) {.....}PHP 4 only :foreach(array_expression as $value) statementforeach(array_expression as $key => $value) statement6.3 break v continue:


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break : thot ra khi vng lp hin thicontinue : b qua vng lp hin ti, tip tc vng tip theo.

6.4 switchswitch (tn bin) {case trng hp 1: ..... break;case trng hp 2: ..... break;case trng hp 3: ..... break;

default :}

7 HM:Dng ging vi C++. Ngoi tr bn khng cn phi khai bo kiu cho tham s ca hm:7.1 Tham tr :VD:function takes_array($input) {echo "$input[0] + $input[1] = ", $input[0]+$input[1];}

7.2 Tham bin:function add_some_extra(&$string) {

$string .= 'and something extra.';}

7.3 Tham s c gi tr mc nh:function makecoffee ($type = "cappucino") {return "Making a cup of $type.\n";}Ch : khi s dng hm c i s c gi tr mc nh, cc bin ny s phi nm v pha phinht trong danh sch i s.VD : Saifunction makeyogurt ($type = "acidophilus", $flavour) {return "Making a bowl of $type $flavour.\n";}

ng ;function makeyogurt ($flavour, $type = "acidophilus") {return "Making a bowl of $type $flavour.\n";}

7.4 Gi tr tr li ca hm:C th l bt k gi tr no, Tuy vy, khng th tr li nhiu gi tr ring l nhng c th trli mt mng cc gi tr.VDfunction small_numbers() {return array (0, 1, 2);}

tr li mt tham tr, bn cn c du & c khai bo ca hm cng nh gi tr tr li.VD :function &returns_reference() {return &$someref;}

$newref = &returns_reference();

7.5 Hm bin:PHP cho php s dng hm gi tr Ngha l khi mt bin c goi c km theo du ngocn , PHP s tm hm c cng tn vi gi tr bin v thc hin


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VD

8. CC TON T:PHP c cc ton t cho cc php s hc : + - * / %Cc ton t logic : and or xor ! && ||Ton t thao tc vi bit : & | ^ ~ >Ton t so snh : ==, != ,< ,> ,=, ==== (bng va cng kiu - PHP4 only), !== (khc

hoc khc kiu - PHP4 only)Ton tiu khin li : @ - khi ng trc 1 biu thc th cc li ca biu thc s b b quav lu trong $php_errormsgVD:


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Lp Cart y l mt kiu d liu, v vy bn c th to mt bin c kiu ny vi ton tnewVD:$cart = new Cart;$cart->add_item("10", 1);

Lp c thc m rng bng nhng lp khc. Lp mi thu c c tt c nhng bin v

hm ca c lp thnh phn. Thc hin vic tha k ny bng t kho "extends". Ch : ktha nhiu lp 1 lc khng c chp nhn.VD :class Named_Cart extends Cart {var $owner;

function set_owner ($name) {$this->owner = $name;}}

Cc hm khi to ca lp c gi tng khi bn gi ton t new.Tuy nhin, cc hmkhi to ca lp cha s khng c gi khi hm khi to ca lp con

c gi. Hm khi to c th c i s hoc khng,

10. THAM CHIU:Tham chiu trong PHP c ngha l ly cng 1 gi tr bng nhiu tn bin khc nhau. Khcvi con tr trong C, tham chiu l mt bng cc b danh. Ch : trong PHP, tn bin v nidung ca bin l khc nhau. V vy, cng 1 ni dugn c th c nhiu tn khc nhau.Tham chiu PHP cho php bn to 2 bin c cng ni dung.VD :$a = & $b; -- > $a, $b tr ti cng 1 gi tr.Tham chiu truen gi tr bng tham chiu. Thc hin vic ny bng cch to mt hm ccb v truyn gi trc tham chiuVD:function foo (&$var) {

$var++;}

$a=5;foo ($a);--> Kt qu : $a = 6;Gi tr tr li ca mt hm bng tham chiu rt tin khi bn mun s dng hm tm 1 gitr trong 1 phm vi no .VD :function &find_var ($param) {...code...return $found_var;}

$foo =& find_var ($bar);

Khi bn mun loi b mi lin kt gia tn bin v gi tr ca bin, s dng hm unset()VD :$a = 1;$b =& $a;unset ($a);

11. THAO TC VI NH:PHP khng b gii hn vi m HTML c tr li cho trnh duyt. V vy, c th dng PHP to v thao tc vi cc file nh c nh dng khc nhau, bao gm :gif, png, jpg, wbmp,


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and xpm. PHP c tha cc file nh trc tip n cc trnh duyt. Bn s cn bin dchPHP vi th vin GD bao gm cc hm thao tc vi nh. GD v PHP c th s cn c thm1 s th vin khc, tu thuc vo nh dng ca file nh cn dng.VD : To nh GIF vi PHP

gi s VD trn trong file button.php . KHi , s dng ta dng tag : . ,

12. MySQL v PHP connect ti 1 CSDL trn MySQL server rt n gin. Bn ch cn dng hmmysql_connect(host, user, password) m 1 kt ni ti MYSQL server vi kt qu l gi tr

tr v ca hm (Gi s l bin $db).Sau , dng hm mysql_select_db(database_name, link_id) chn CSDL bn mun ktni. thc hin mt cu lnh truy vn, dng hm mysql_query(query, link_ID). Gi tr tr li cahm l kt qu ca cu truy vn. Nu b qua link_ID th kt ni cui cng ti MySQL serversc thc hin.Bn c th xem v d sau s hiu r hn.

Ngoi cch dng hm mysql_result() ly kt qu thc hin , bn c th dng cc hmkhc : mysql_fetch_row(), mysql_fetch_array(), and mysql_fetch_object().* mysql_fetch_row($result) : tr v mt mng cc d liu ly t 1 dng trong CSDL. Nu cui CSDL, gi tr tr v l false. Bn phi dng ch s ca cc trng trong CSDL numun ly d liu,VD :


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* mysql_fetch_array (int result [, int result_type]) : tr v mt mng cha d liu ly t 1dng trong CSDL. Tng t nh mysql_fetch_row() nhng bn c th ly trc tip tntrng ly d liu.VD : Cng mt CSDL nh trn, bn c th thy s khc bit

*mysql_fetch_object : chuyn kt qu thnh mt i tng vi cc trng l cc trngtrong CSDL.VD :

0. Tiu chun ca HTML

i vi bt c mt vn g, lun lun c nhng lut tun theo. Tht may mn, viHTML nhng lut ny rt t v nhng g m HTML cung cp th rt l ln...

Mc ch

y ch l s gii thiu v mt vi khi nim lin quan n HTML. Sau bi hc ny bn cth:


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Din t phn quan trng ca nhng tiu chun HTML. Nhn bit c s khc nhau gia HTML 2.0 v HTML 3.0

Bi hc

HTML, hayHyperText Markup Language, l mt snh dng Web browser hin th

nhng ti liu multimedia. Bn thn nhng ti liu ch l nhng tp tin vn bn n gin(ASCII) vi nhng tag hoc nhng on m c bit m mt Web browser bit cch thngdch v hin th n trn mn hnh ca bn.

Gii thiu v nhng tiu chun

World Wide Web tht l th v- N khp mi ni.

Hy nh rng nhng th to ra Web (v Internet ni chung) l ph hp vi nhng lut ccng nhn hu ht loi my tnh c th giao tip v chia x thng tin vi nhau.

u c th tm thy nhng tiu chun HTML c sdngy?

Tt c nhng g m chng ta s hc trong ti liu ny l s tr gip to ra nhng ti liuph hp vi HTML standards.. Khi s dng HTML tiu chun, cc bi lm ca bn s "chiaxc" (share-able) mt cch rng ri trong s pht trin nhanh chng ca mng trongtng lai. Tiu chun c s dng hin nay l HTML 2.0c h tr bi hu ht cc Webbrowser.

Hin nay, sau khi NetScape v Microsoft gii thiu v mt vi c im c coi nh lvt xa hn nhng tiu chun chung ca HTML trc , mt sc im phc tp hn sc a vo phin bn HTML 3.2. Nhng c im ny ch c thc h tr bi mt sWeb browser nht nh.

iu ny c ngha l g ? Nu bn tnh n chuyn lm cho trang Web ca bn trng thy c

sc thu ht mnh m trong Netscape hoc Explorer, th nhng trang Web ny c th tr nnc v rt ti trong nhng Web browser khc. Hy nh rng nhng ngi c trang Web cabn c th khng nhng ang s dng mt loi Web browser khc m kch c mn hnh vphng ch cng c th khng ging nh trn h thng m bn s dng thit k cc trangweb.

Sau cng, c th khng phi ch c mt mnh bn xem nhng trang Web m bn mtnhiu thi gian thit k ra! iu quan trng y l lm mt th g cho mi ngicng xem. V th phn u tin ca nhng bi hc sa bn lt qua nhng c im caHTML c chp nhn rng ri. T, bn c th quyt nh s dng nhng c im"tt nht".

Nhng vn cn c xem li

1. HTML l g?2. Ti sao ta phi quan tm n s khc nhau trong nhng tiu chun HTML?

i n bi tip theo....

n lc bt u vit nhng trang Web u tin! Bn sn sng cha? Trong bi hc ktip bn s bit lm th no s dng ba ca s vit nhng dng HTML u tin. Hybt u ...

1. To ti liu HTML u tin


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Bn sp bc vo mt cuc hnh trnh s bin bn t mt Internet Surfertr thnh mtInternet Author of Multimedia!

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny bn s c th:

Nhn ra ngha v mc ch ca nhng tag HTML. M ra mt Workspace cho vic to nhng ti liu HTML. S dng mt trnh son tho vn bn to cu trc HTML n gin cho bt k

trang Web no. Chn nhng li ch thch khng c hin th vo trong cc tp tin HTML. M ti liu ca bn bng Web browser thy n c hin th nh th no.

Bi hc

By gi bn bit HTML l g, chng ta hy bt u s dng n.

Tag HTML l g ?

Khi mt Web browser hin th mt trang chng hn nh trang bn ang xem y, Webbrowser sc t mt file vn bn n gin v tm kim nhng on m c bit hay nhngtag c nh du bi k hiu < v > . Dng chung ca mt tag HTML l :

string of textLy v d, tiu ca phn ny s dng tag header :

Tag HTML la gi?Tag ny bo cho Web browser hin th dng chTag HTML l g? dng ca mc tiu th ba (chng ta s xt k hn nhng tag ny nhng bi sau). Nhng Tag HTML bocho Web browser bit khi no cn in m mt dng vn bn, in nging n, lm cho n trthnh mt header, hoc lm cho n l mt Hypertext lin kt ti mt trang Web khc. iuquan trng cn nh l trong tag kt thc,

c cha k t "/". K t "/" ny bo cho Web browser bit l hiu ng ca tag c kt thcti y. Rt nhiu tag HTML c i theo mt cp nh th ny. Nu bn qun k t "/", Webbrowser s tip tc th hin hiu ng ca tag trong phn cn li ca vn bn v to ra cckt qu khng mong mun ( c kinh nghim, sau ny bn c th th xem).LU : mt Web Browser khng quan tm ti vic bn s dng ch hoa hay chthng. Ly v d : ... th khng khc g vi ...Khng ging nh vic lp trnh, nu bn c mt li trong trang HTML, h thng ca bn skhng b "Crash"; trang Web ca bn s vn nhn thy c, nhng ... sai. C th nhanhchng v d dng vo bn trong trang HTML v sa cha li ni dung ca n.

Browser ca bn tuy nh nhng li c mt b t vng m. Tht l th v vi HTML khibrowser ca bn khng bit lm ci g vi tag cho, n s b qua tag ! Ly v d, trong

ti liu m bn ang xem y, tag header cho phn ny tht sc vit nh sau :

Tag HTML la gi?nhng v browser ca bn c th khng h tr tag (do ti tt ra, c th trongtng lai n s lm cho vn bn c dng sng khi th hin), n s b qua v vn tip tc vinhng tag no m n hiu c. Nu ti l ngi vit ra mt web browser mi, ti s quytnh thm tag vo phn mm ca ti.

M ra Workspace ca bn

hon tt nhng bi hc trong phn hng dn ny, bn s to mt ca s web th hai(iu ny cho php bn gi ca s ny vi nhng li ch dn ca bi hc v mt ca s nh


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l mt vng lm vic ca bn "Workspace"); v thm mt ca s th ba l trnh son thovn bn.Lu : y l ni rt tt lu vi bn rng chng ti s cung cp nhng ch dnchng hn nh l tn thc n v tn tp tin nhng nhng tn ny c th khc i phthuc vo Web browser m bn ang s dng.

V vy, bn hy c thch ng vi vic chuyn qua li gia cc chng trnh v ca s trnmy ca bn. Mt cch khc l hy in ra cc li ch dn trong bi hc (nhng tht s chng

ti khng mun t chc cc bi hng dn ny theo mt cu trc cy). Di y l ccbc to ra workspace ca bn :

1. T thc n File ca web browser, chn New Window hoc New Web Browser.Mt ca s web th hai s xut hin. Hy s dng ca s th nht nh l mt "schch dn" (textbook) v ca s th hai nh l vng lm vic ca bn (workspace) hon tt nhng bi hc HTML.

Lu : L do duy nht c hai ca sy l bn c thc nhng ch dnt bi hc v cng c th xem ti liu m bn ang lm vic. Bn cng c tha vo boomark trang web ny v tr li n vo mi lc s dng thc n Gohay History.

2. K tip, bn cn chuyn ra khi web browser v m mt chng trnh son tho vnbn.

Lu : Bn cn phi chuyn qua li gia cc ca s hon tt cc bi hc.iu ny c th gy ra kh chu ph thuc vo kch c ca mn hnh bn angs dng. Bn c th chnh li kch thc cc ca s chng cng c trnhby trn mn hnh d dng lm vic vi chng.

Nu bn s dng mt chng trnh x l vn bn to HTML ca bn , hychc chn rng dng lu tr l vn bn (hoc ASCII).

Nu by gi bn mi bt u, chng ti NHN MNH li ngh bn s dng mt trnh x

l vn bn n gin nh - SimpleTexthay TeachTextca Macintosh hay NotePadcaWindows. Ti sao khng nn s dng s tr gip iu luyn ca cc trnh x l vn bnHTML? Thc t s thit k ca ti liu mong mun cc bn hiu c nhng khi nim cnthit ri SAU mi s dng n s tr gip m cc trnh x l vn bn HTML mang li.

Cng v vy, s gip cho bn c nhiu hn khi bn to ra mt directory/folder mi trongmy ca bn gi li cc kt qu bn to ra. Bn c th gi n l workarea hay myspacehay bt k t no bn thch; hy lu li tt c cc tp tin m bn to ra trong vng ny. iuny s lm cho cuc sng ca bn tt hn ... t nht l trong khi lm vic vi ti liu ny!

To ti liu HTML ca bn

Mt ti liu HTML gm hai phn ring bit, phn u (head) v phn thn (body). Phn u

cha ng nhng thng tin v ti liu v khng c hin th ln mn hnh. Phn thn thcha ng mi thc trnh by ln mn hnh nh l mt phn ca trang Web.

Cu trc c bn ca mt trang HTML l:


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: :: :: :

Dng u tin ht:

th khng cn thit lm, nhng l m bo cho browser bit phin bn no ca HTMLc s dng trong trang hin thi. c nhiu thng tin hn, hy xem trang W3CReference Specification.

Ton b cng vic thnh lp mt trang HTML nm trong cp tag ....Bn trong n l cp tag ... v sau l .... TrangWeb ca bn c thc hin th tt trn hu ht my tnh m khng cn nhng tag ny.Tuy nhin bng cch s dng chng, trang Web ca bn s hon ton tng thch vichun quc t ca HTML v chc chn rng s tng thch vi nhng Web browser khctrong tng lai.

y l mt thi quen tt ging nh l vic bn nh rng hng ngy vy.

Cng lu rng nhng tag ch thchc bao bi . Dngvn bn gia nhng tag ny KHNG c hin th trong trang Web nhng t nhngthng tin c th hu ch cho chnh bn hoc bt k ngi no cn phi xem dng HTML canhng trang Web. Khi trang Web ca bn tr nn phc tp (ging nh bn s thy sau nykhi thm vo cc bng, frame v nhng vn khc ca hn 20 bi hc), nhng ch thchny s tr nn hu ch khi bn cn cp nht mt trang Web m bn to ra cch y khlu.

Sau y l nhng bc tip theo cho vic to file HTML u tin. Bn vn sn sng ch?

1. Nu cha m, hy m trnh son tho vn bn ca bn.2. Chuyn n trnh son tho vn bn.3. Bn hy nhp nhng dng vn bn sau (khng cn nh vo phm RETURN cui

mi dng, web browser s tng iu chnh li cc vn bn):4.5. 6. 7. 8. Volcan

2. iu chnh mt ti liu HTML

By gi bn c ti liu HTML u tin ca bn, bn s hc cch iu chnh ti liu vnhn thy s cp nht trong ti liu ca bn.

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny bn s c th:

M li workspace cho trang Web ca bn. Thc hin cc thay i trong ti liu HTML bng cch s dng trnh son tho. Np li ti liu trong Web browser thy c s thay i.


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Bi hc

M li workspace ca bn

Lu : Nu bn khng c ti liu t bi hc trc, bn c thdownload li ngay bygi.

hon tt bi hc ny bn cn to nn ca s th hai v m li ca s son tho vn bnbn s dng trong bi hc trc. Sau y l nhng bc cn thit lm cng vic :

1. Nu cha c, to ca s mi bng cch chn New Window t thc n File .2. S dng Open File... t thc n File tm v m li tp tin HTML bn to ra

trong v d trc.3. M li chng trnh son tho vn bn.4. Trong chng trnh son tho, m tp tin ("Volc.htm") bn to ra trong bi hc

trc.

Ch : Nu bn s dng Windows, tp tin ca bn nn c tn l "VOLC.HTM".

T nay chng ti xem nh bn d dng mc workspace ca bn.

To s thay i trong ti liu HTML.

1. Chuyn n ca s trnh son tho.2. Sau on vn bn bn nh t bi hc trc, nhn ENTER mt vi ln v nh

thm on vn sau:3.4. A volcano is a location where magma,5. or hot melted rock from within a planet,6. reaches the surface. It may happen violently,7. in a massive supersonic explosion, or more

8. quietly, as a sticky, slow lava flow.

Lu rng on vn bn ny phi trn nhng tag v nm cui tp tin HTML.

9. Chn Save t thc n File cp nht s thay i trong tp tin HTML ca bn.

Np li ti liu trong Web Browser

Tr li browser workspace ca bn, ni m phin bn trc ca tp tin c hin th. Lu rng nhng dng ch bn mi nhp vo cha c nhn thy. thy c s thay i ,s dng button Reload hoc thc n c trong web browser ca bn. Yu cu ny ra lnh

cho Web browserc li cng mt tp tin HTML v hin th li n cng vi cc s thay i c to ra. Bn s nhn thy nhng dng ch bn mi nhp vo.

Lu rng Web browser s b qua nhng dng trng m bn nhp. Mc du vy, c thbn vn mun s dng nhng dng trng (blank line), nhng khong trng, v c nhng tagch thch m chng ta thy trong bi 1 lm cho tp tin HTML ca bn dc hntrong trnh son tho vn bn.

S dng Drag v Drop!

C th c mt cch d dng hn np v xem cc trang HTML ca bn. Bn cn phi spxp li trong my ca bn c th nhn thy icon cho cc tp tin HTML ca bn bn ngoica s web browser. Sau click v drag icon ca tp tin "Volc.htm" hay "Volc.htm"


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thng vo ca s web browser ca bn. ng vy! trang ca bn sc hin th nu mytnh ca bn c h tr hot ng drag v drop (Chng ti bit chc rng Macintosh System7.5 v Windows 95 c h tr hot ng ny.)

Kim tra cng vic ca bn

Hy so snh ti liu ca bn vi v d mu sn c. Nu trang Web ca bn trng khc vi

mu, hy xem li vn bn m bn nh vo trong trnh son tho vn bn. Hy chcchn rng n ph hp vi nhng ch dn trong on To s thay i trong ti liu cabn ca bi ny.

Xem li

Xem li nhng ch sau:

1. Lm th no m li workspace ca bn?2. Nhng bc no c s dng thay i ni dung ti liu HTML ca bn?3. Lm th no hin th v nhn thy s thay i trong Web browser?

Thc tp t do

Tng t nh trong bi hc, hy iu chnh ti liu HTML ring ca bn to ra trong bihc va ri. Thm mt vi cu v hy kim tra trong browser ca bn khi np li n.

i n phn tip theo....

By gi bn bit v qu trnh son tho, chng ta s thm nhng tiu to v c schp dn hn vo ti liu HTML ca bn

3. Su mc tiu

Nh l bn nhn thy trong trang Web ny, cc phn tiu ("Su mc tiu ", "Mcch", "Mc Lc", ...) xut hin nhng kch c khc nhau v, c l c nhng phng chv mu sc khc nhau na. HTML cung cp nhng on m cho vic thit k phn tiu theo su mc khc nhau. Browser t xc nh chnh xc phng ch v kch c hinth.

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny bn c kh nng:

Nhn dng c nhng mc khc nhau ca cc tiu trong HTML v cc tag

lin quan ti chng.

t nhng mc tiu khc nhau vo trong ti liu HTML v nhn thy s thay ica chng trong browser ca bn.

Bi hc

Nhng tiu ca HTML

Nhng tiu c thc hin trong HTML bng cch t on vn bn gia nhng tag tiu (heading tag). Dng cc tag tiu ca HTML l:


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Text to Appear in HeadingN l mt s c gi tr t 1 n 6 chnh kch c tiu . Sau y l mt vi v d cho nhngkch c khc nhau ca tiu :

Heading Level 1

Heading Level 2

Heading Level 3

Heading Level 4

Heading Level 5Heading Level 6

Cc mc tiu c sp xp t 1 (quan trng nht) n 6 (t quan trng nht). Cc tiu nn c tnh tng i, nh s th t v t ti cc v tr tng t nhau.

t nhng tiu HTML vo ti liu ca bn


1. M li workspace ca bn (nu n cha c m).2. n ca s son tho vn bn.3. M li tp tin HTML to trong bi 2, "Volc.htm".4. Trc ht, chng ta s dng tag trnh by tiu nh l header ln nht,

. Nhp dng sau vo phn thn ca HTML v sau cc tag :5.6. Volcano Web7. Bn di nhng dng vn bn nhp, to nhng mc khc nhau cho nhng

phn sau ny ca trang Volcano Web ca bn.

Nhp nhng tiu sau trong phn thn ca trang Web ca bn (ch mt s sdng cn mt s s dng ):

Introduction

Volcano Terminology

Volcanic Places in the USA

Mount St Helens

Long Valley

Volcanic Places on Mars?

Research Project

References

8. Lu tr (save) li s thay i trong trnh son tho.9. Tr li web browser ca bn, M v Np li tp tin HTML.


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18

Ch rng trn my tnh bn ang s dng hin nay, bn c th ci t chobrowser ca bn phng v/hay kch thc ca cc tiu . V d nh, bn cth c mt browser th hin tag h1 theo phng Times c 36 im; tag h2theophng Helvetica c 24 im, v.v... Cc m HTML cha ra cc loi ca tiu (t h1 n h6); cn vic th hin chng th c iu khin bi ngi s dngthng qua trnh web browser.

Kim tra cng vic ca bn

So snh cng vic ca bn vi v d mu sn c. Nu c mt vi tiu xut hin khngng, hy kim tra li tag bt u v tag kt thc ca mi tiu .

Nh l mt phn bi tp ngh, hy nhn xem chuyn g s xy ra khi bn c mt li nhmy sai. M li ti liu HTML ca bn trong chng trnh son tho v xo i k t "/" trongtag kt thc , sau mc Volcano Web:

Volcano Web[missing "/" -----------^^^]Lu tr s thay i v np li trong Web browser. Khng c s kt thc ng n ca tagh1, browser ca bn s thng dch phn vn bn tip theo nh l mt phn ca tiu ! Saukhi th xong bn nn tr li ti liu ca bn v thm li dy / nh ban u.

Xem li

1. Nhng mc khc nhau ca tiu trong HTML l g?2. Nhng tag lin quan n nhng mc ny l g?3. Nhng bc no c s dng trong vic t tiu vo trong ti liu HTML ?4. Nhng g xy ra nu bn qun du "/" ti cui ca mt tag tiu ?

Thc tp t do

Hy thm vo t nht ba tiu vi cc cp khc nhau vo ti liu WWW ca ring bn.

4. Chia vn bn ra thnh nhiu on

Cho n by gi bn to v sa i ti liu HTML, v chc bn cm thy thoi mi vivic son tho v np li vn bn trong Web browser. V vy by gi bn s cm thy ddng vi bi hc nhanh ny: thm vo cc du chia on vn (paragraph break).

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny bn c th:

Nhn dng nhng tag chia on trong HTML. Chp mt on vn bn t Web page v dn (paste) n vo mt ti liu khc. Chn cc du chia on vo trong vn bn HTML v nhn s thay i trong Web

browser ca bn.

Bi hc

Chia on trong HTML


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Trc y chng ta bit rng mt Web browser s b qua tt c k t XUNG DNG(carriage returns) c nh trong trnh son tho. Nhng, khi browser nhn thy tag chiaon, n chn mt dng trng v bt u mt on mi. M HTML cho cng vic chn mts chia on l :

Lu rng tag ny l mt c bit v n khng cn tag kt thc; v th bn khng cn sdng:

Trong bi sau chng ta s thy trng hp tag

c s dng tag
kt thc.
Cng lu rng tag c s gn lin vi s chia on nn khng cn thit t tag

trc mt tag tiu nh v d di y:

Blah Blah Blah Blah

Chn cc du chia on


Hy theo s ch dn di y chn v xem li mt s ngt on trong ti liu HTML cabn.

1. M li workspace ca bn (nu n cha c m).2. i n ca s son tho vn bn.3. M ti liu lm vic ca bn Volc.htm trong trnh son tho vn bn (nu n cha

c m).4. Trc ht chng ta di chuyn cu ("A volcano is ...")n di tiu

Introduction. Hy s dng chut ct v dnon vn bn ny vo v tr thchhp.

5. Sau nhng cu ny, chng ta mun thm vo mt on na. Nhng thay v phinh li n, t trang Web ny hy s dng chut chn v chp (copy) vo

clipboard cc on vn:6.7. Volcanoes have been a part of earth's history8. long before humans. Compare the history of human9. beings, a few million years in the making, to that of10. the Earth, over four billion years in the making.11.12. By gi, hy tr li ti liu HTML trong trnh son tho v dn (paste) n vo sau

nhng cu c sn bn trong mc Introduction.13. Lu tr s thay i trong trnh son tho.14. Tr li Web browser ca bn.15. Nu ti liu ca bn cha c, s dng lnh Open Local... t thc n File m ti

liu.

16. Chn Reload t thc n File. By gi bn s nhn thy hai cu ca phnIntroduction. By gi chng ta mun t mt du phn on gia cc cu ny.

17. Mt ln na tr li ti liu HTML trong trnh son tho.18. Sau cu th hai ca phn Introduction (tc l cu c kt thc l " as

a sticky, slow lava flow.") nhn RETURN (tht ra khng cn thit nhng iu ny lmcho bn HTML dc hn khi bn lm vic vi n), v by gi hy nhp tagphnon nh sau :

19.

20.

Lc ny on vn bn trng ging nh sau:


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IntroductionA volcano is a location where magma,or hot melted rock from within a planet, reaches thesurface. It may happen violently, in a massive supersonicexplosion, or more quietly, as a sticky, slow lava flow.

Volcanoes have been a part of earth's history long beforehumans. Compare the history of human beings, a few million

years in the making, to that of the Earth, over fourbillion years in the making.

21. Lu tr s thay i trong trnh son tho.22. Tr li Web browser v np li ti liu. Hai cu ca mc introduction by gi s

trn hay on vn khc nhau.

Nhng dng phn on khc

phn chia nhng phn chnh ca mt trang Web, s dng hard rule hay cn gi l taghr . Tag ny s chn mt ng thng ging nh bn nhn thy ngay trn phn tiu camc ny.

Dng HTML cho tag hard rule l:

By gi chng ta hy s dng n! t mt tag hr ngay trn tiu Introduction. Cng vicny gip cho vic tch cu mu ca bi hc ra khi nhng phn i sau n.

V cui cng, tag
sy vn bn xung dng mi nh tag

nhng khng chnthm mt dng trng. Bn c th phi s dng tag ny khi to mt danh sch (list), khi vitnhng dng ca mt bi th, v.v... Hy so snh s khc nhau gia vic s dng tag
v

tag

trong hai v d sau y:

Ch s dng cc tag

HTML Kt qu

And then, we could all seeat once the brilliant purposeof the paragraph tag.

Moving on...

the more tags you write,the better you will feel?

And then, we could all see at once the brilliant purpose of theparagraph tag.

Moving on...

the more tags you write, the better you will feel?

S dng c tag

v tag

HTML Kt qu

And then, we could allsee
at once the brilliantpurpose
of the paragraph tag.

Moving on...
the more tags you

And then, we could all seeat once the brilliant purposeof the paragraph tag.

Moving on...the more tags you write,the better you will feel?


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write,
the better you will feel?

Tag
cn c thc s dng cho nhng cch trnh by khc nhau cho phn tiu ca bn. Nu nh bn ch , bn s nhn thy l cc tag tiu , , ... tng chn thm cc dng trng trn v di dng ch ca tag tiu . Mt vi tc gi canhng trang Web thch tiu khin nhng dng trng ny.

Tn mc dng tag tiu

HTML Kt qu

and in the end it was allfor naught.

header tagLater, sir Longhorndeclaredthat all makers of cheesewouldhave to be certified beforecommencing production.

and in the end it was all for naught.

The New Cheese Edict

Later, sir Longhorn declared that all makers of cheese would haveto be certified before commencing production.

Tn mc dng tag v

HTML Kt qu

and in the end it was allfor naught.

The New CheeseEdict
Later, sir Longhorndeclaredthat all makers of cheesewouldhave to be certified before

commencing production.

and in the end it was all for naught.

The New Cheese EdictLater, sir Longhorn declared that all makers of cheese would haveto be certified before commencing production.

y s khc nhau c v tm thng qu, nhng thc tiu ny to ra cc kh nng sau ny chng ta hc cch to ra tiu c mu v kch c khc nhau. V d nh hy xemtrang Web Pages That Don't Look Like Web Pages

Kim tra li cng vic ca bn

Nu bn thch, hy so snh trang Web bn ang thc hin vi v d mu. Nu ti liu bnto ra khc vi v d mu, hy kim tra li cch bn nh vo cc du chia on

. Hychc chn rng bn lm ng theo s hng dn trong mc Chn cc du chia onca bi ny.

Xem li

1. Tag HTML no dng cho vic phn on?2. Nhng bc no bn s dng cho vic chn thm mt s phn on trong ti liu

ca bn?3. Lm th no trnh by v nhn thy c s thay i trong Web browser ?4. im thm*- Tag l g? Tag
l g?

Thc tp t do


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S dng paragraph, tag hard rule, hay tag br to ra cc mc hay on vn trongti liu ca bn.

i n phn tip theo....

Bn c nh phng chu tin khng ?Lm th no thm mt kiu mu... (style) khc vo vn bn ca bn.

Ging nh mt trnh son tho vn bn, HTML c th bo cho Web browser hin th mtphn no ca vn bn dng in nghinghoc in m hoc dng in kt hp c hai ch.

Mc ch


Nhn dng cc tag HTML cho cc kiu mu vn bn: m, nghing, hoc dngchnh my (mono-spaced).

Nhp vn bn trong ti liu HTML theo nhiu kiu mu khc nhau v nhn thy sthay i ca chng trong Web browser ca bn.

Bi hc

Cc tag Style ca HTML

HTML cung cp mt vi tag cho vic nh dng style cho vn bn. Hy thn trng v suynghcn thn trc khi dng nhng kiu ny nh dng cho vn bn; s dng qu nhiuc th lm cho vn bn tr nn kh c hn ...

Cc tag Style

HTML Kt qu

This is Bold...This is Bold

This is Italic...This is Italic

This is Typewriter...This is Typewriter

Lu rng bn c th kt hp cc tag ny nh dng min l chng c lng vo nhaumt cch chnh xc, v d nh c hai tag bt u v kt thc in nghing u phi bn trongcc tag in m. Cng lu l th t cc tag khng quan trng.

This is Bold AND

Italic

And So is This

This is Bold AND Italic

And So is This

Hn na, bn c th p dng nhng kiu vo trong phn tiu . Lu v cch t cc tagstyle ng v m xung quanh nhng t mun to kiu cn nhng tag mc th bao quanhton b mc.

blah blah blah

New andImproved!

blah blah blah

blah blah blah

Newand Improved!

blah blah blah


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p dng Style vo trong ti liu ca bn

Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu t cc bi hc trc, bn c thdownload ngay bygi.

Theo nhng bc sau p dng cc tag style cho vn bn HTML ca bn:

1. M li workspace ca bn (nu n cha c m).

2. Tr li ti liu HTML "Volc.htm" ca bn trong chng trnh son tho.3. Tm t "volcano" trong cu u tin ca phn Introduction. Chng ta s lm t ny

tr nn in m nh du y l t quan trng.4. Chn thm cc tag lm t ny tr nn in m :5.6. volcano7. By gi chng ta s sa i on vn th hai vi nhng tag in m v in nging

nhn mnh. Hy thm tag ... v ... quanh tbillion on nytrng ging nh sau :

8.9.

10. Volcanoes have been a part of earth's history long11. before humans. Compare the history of human beings,

12. a few million years in the making, to that of the13. Earth, over four billion years in the14. making.15. Cui cng, chng ta s s dng tag typewriter ch ra mt tc bit. Bn di

mc Volcano Terminology, nhp vo on sau:16.17. The study of volcanoes, or Volcanology,18. includes many odd terms.19.Lu tr trong trnh son tho v Reload trong Web browser ca bn.


Hy xem V d mu nhn thy s thay i. iu quan trng khi s dng cc tag style ls kt thc ng n cc tag ny bng tag thch hp. Nu khng, tt c phn vn bncn li s b tc ng ca kiu chn. Khi nhn s c v k quc.

Xem li

1. Cc tag style ca HTML l g?2. Nhng tag no c s dng cho vic nh dng cc kiu mu vn bn?3. Nhng bc no bn s dng cho vic p dng kiu vo trong ti liu HTML ?4. im thm*- Cc tag ny to ra tin li khi to trang web nh th no?

Thc tp t do

Th s dng cc tag style lm m, lm nghing, v dng kiu chnh mytypewriter vo vn bn trong trang web ca bn. Hy quan st khi bn c th s dngthnh cng t hp cc kiu mu.

6. Danh sch, Danh sch, v Danh sch

Danh sch c dng trnh by cc mc thng tin thnh mt dng dc hn. Chnghn nh, ngay sau phn tiu k tip di y c mt danh sch.


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Mc ch


Nhn dng c m cho vic to thnh nhng danh sch c th t (ordered list),khng c th t (unordered list) v danh sch lng nhau (nested list) ca mt trangweb.

t nhng loi danh sch khc nhau vo trong ti liu HTML v nhn thy s thay i

ca chng trong trang Web.

Bi hc

C rt nhiu trang Web trnh by danh sch cc mc. C nhng mc bt u bng mt"bullet" (unordered) hoc l mt danh sch c nh s theo th t (ordered). Nhng danhsch ny c nh dng d dng trong HTML, v chng cng c thc lng vo nhau(danh sch trong danh sch) to thnh mt dng phn cp ti liu. Danh sch cng c sdng cho vic to mt bng ch mc hay l mt bng ni dung ca mt dy cc ti liu hoccc chng.

Danh sch khng c th t

Danh sch khng c th t (unordered list) s dng tag ulc xut hin nh l mt danhsch cc mc vi nhng du "bullet" hoc nhng k hiu nh du trc. K hiu dng nh du ty thuc vo tng loi phin bn ca Web browser v phng trnh by cc kt thng thng (v d nh, trong Macintosh cc bullet l k t option-8 ca phng Times cdng l mt hnh vung nh, cn trong Geneva n li l mt du chm trn ln).

Sau y l v d cho mt danh sch khng c th t:

My Unordered List:

Item 1 Item 2 Item 3

V dng HTML cho kt qu trn l:

My Unordered List: Item 1 Item 2 Item 3

Cc tag nh du s bt u v kt thc ca danh sch, cn tag ch ra tngmc cho mt danh sch.

Danh sch c th t

Danh sch c th t l danh sch m browser snh s th t cho mi mc trong danhsch, thng l bt u bng "1." Lu rng, s khc nhau chnh l do mt thay i nht tag ul thnh tag ol. Ly v d tng t nh v d trn:

My Ordered List:

1. Item 1


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2. Item 23. Item 3

V dng HTML cho v d trn l:

My Ordered List:

Item 1 Item 2 Item 3

Danh sch lng nhau

Danh sch c th t v danh sch khng c th t c th lng vo nhau theo nhiu mc khc nhau ty thuc vo tng loi Web browser. Vn bn cn quan tm chnh y lvic kim tra rng mi danh sch c kt thc mt cch chnh xc v trt t lng vo nhaul ng.

Bc u bn c v thy phc tp vi cc tag , nhng hy c gng nhcu trc c bn nh sau :

Sau y l mt v d vi mt danh sch khng c th t vi cc mc danh sch con khcca n:

Nested Unordered List

This is the first item This is the second item

o This is the first sub item of the second item And this is a sub item of a sub item Getting lost yet?

o This is the second sub item of the second itemo This is the third sub item of the second item

This is the third item

Hy ch s thay i ca cc du nh du cho cc mc khc nhau ca danh sch.

V y l on m HTML cho v d trn:

Nested Unordered ListThis is the first itemThis is the second item This is the first sub item of the second item And this is a sub item of a sub item Getting lost yet? This is the second sub item of the second item


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This is the third sub item of the second itemThis is the third item

Nhng danh sch lng nhau - Trn chng li vi nhau

Bn khng nhng c th lng cc danh sch c th t vo trong danh sch c th t m

cn c th trn ln cc loi danh sch. ng qu ngc nhin! Bt u HTML trng c v hing ngn, nhng bn hy xem th cch m cc danh sch li c nhng danh sch khcbn trong ca n.

Ly v d, danh sch c th t di y bao gm mt danh sch khng c th t bn trongn:


1. This is the first item2. This is the second item

o This is the first sub item of the second item1. An this is a numbered sub item of a sub item2. An this is another numbered subItem of a sub item3. Getting lost yet?

o This is the second sub item of the second itemo This is the third sub item of the second item

3. This is the third item

V y l on m HTML cho v d trn. Hy ch s sp xp trong cch vit HTML dc hn:


This is the first item

This is the second item This is the first sub item of the second item

An this is a numbered subItem of a sub item An this is another numbered sub item of a sub item Getting lost yet?

This is the second sub item of the second item This is the third sub item of the second item

This is the third item

t nhng danh sch vo trong ti liu HTML ca bn

Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu t bi hc trc, hy download ngay by gi.

S dng tag list, bn s thm mt danh sch c th t v mt danh sch khng c th tvo trang web Volcano Web ca bn.

1. M li workspace ca bn (nu n cha c m).2. M li ti liu HTML trong trnh son tho.


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3. Bn di mc Volcano Terminology chng ta s dng mt danh sch khngc th t trnh by mt s thut ng k thut c s dng trong vic nghin cuni la. Hy n mc ny trong ti liu HTML ca bn.

4. Trc ht thm cu sau :5.6. How many do you know?7. V by gi, hy nh vo dng HTML to ra danh sch cc thut ng:8.

9. 10. caldera11. vesicularity12. pahoehoe13. rheology14. lahar15. 16. By gi chng ta s dng mt danh sch c th t xc nh nhng phn yu cu

ca bi hc chng ta ang xy dng. Bn di mc Research Project, thmnhng dng sau (Hng dn: lc ny bn nn s dng chc nng ct v dn ttrong trang web tr phi bn c thch th v mun tnh li on vn bn!):

17.18. Your mission is to find information and report on a

19. volcano, other than the ones listed above, that has erupted20. in the last 100 years. Your reports must include:21. 22. Type of volcano23. Geographic location24. Name, distance, and population of nearest major city25. Dates of most recent and most destructive eruptions.26. Other events associated with the recent eruptions27. (earthquakes, floods, mudslides, etc)28. 29.

30. Then, write a one page description on the major hazards to31. humans in the vicinity of this volcano. Speculate on what

32. you would do if you were in charge of minimizing the risk33. to the population.34.Lu tr v Reload trong Web browser ca bn.


C th bn mun so snh ti liu ca bn vi v d mu cho phn bn va lm. Nu danhsch ca bn khc vi danh sch trong v d mu, hy kim tra li nhng g bn nhtrong trnh son tho. Hy chc chn rng n ph hp vi cc hng dn trong mc tnhng danh sch vo trong ti liu HTML ca bn trong bi ny.

Xem li

1. Danh sch c gi tr nh th no trong trang Web ?2. Tag HTML no c dng cho danh sch khng c th t?3. Tag HTML no c dng cho danh sch c th t?4. Phi lm th no to ra danh sch lng nhau ?5. Nhng bc no c s dng trong vic thm mt danh sch vo ti liu HTML

ca bn?

Thc tp t do


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C th bn mun c kinh nghim trong vic chuyn i mt danh sch c th t thnh mtdanh sch khng c th t. ng thi bn cng mun thm mt danh sch c th t haykhng c th t vo trong ti liu WWW ca bn. Hy chc chn rng n c th hinng trong browser ca bn. Bn c to c cc danh sch c danh sch con khng ?

7. Thm hnh nh vo trang Web

Vic gi mt vn bn thng qua Internet ch l mt cch c ca th tn in t. Ngi ta lm c iu trong nhiu thp k! Khi bn c th bao gm chnh nh, thng bo cabn s tr nn nhiu thng tin hn. C phi l mt bc hnh sng gi hn c ngn tkhng ?

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny, bn c kh nng:

Nhn ra nhng dng hnh nh cho World Wide Web. Tho lun v nhng im chnh cn nhc khi chn hnh nh vo ti liu WWW. Download mt tp tin hnh nh v h thng ca bn. S dng ng nhng dng HTML cho vic chn hnh nh trong trang web ca bn.

Bi hc

Bn s cm thy thoi mi vi bi hc ny! Bi ny ch gii thiu s qua v hnh nh choWWW. Nhng chng ti mun bn hot ng mt cht.

Cc dng hnh nh ca Web

C v s dng tp tin hnh nh cho my tnh: PICT, GIF, TIFF, ri th EPS, BMP, PCX, JPEG... Cch c ca n ging nh mt bi th b n. Mt bi th ti.

Cch thc cho Web browser hin th hnh nh l mt snh dng ca HTML ch ra vtr ca tp tin hnh nh sao cho snh dng c th thng dch c trong cc my tnhkhc nhau. V d nh, thng tin theo dng c nhn bi my Macintosh th browser shin th hnh nh theo dng hnh nh ca my Macintosh. Tuy nhin, khi cng thng tin gi cho browser trn Windows, n c hin th theo ch ha ca Windows.

Theo thut ng k thut, chng ta s ni rng dng hnh nh l c lp vi platform(platform independent). Bn thn HTML cng l c lp vi platform v cc k t vn bntrn ca n u c th hiu c trong mi my tnh.

Dng chun c th hin thtrong mt trang web l GIF hay Graphics Interchange Format.GIF nn cc thng tin ca hnh nh (gim kch thc ca tp tin) v chuyn n thnh m nhphn c th truyn qua Internet. K thut nn theo GIF l k thut nn c hiu qu caonht khi hnh nh c nhng vng lin tc c cng mt mu, v vic nn cng ln hn khi cs lp li mu theo chiu ng. Dng hnh nh khc s dng trong web l JPEG (c ttn sau khi Joint Photographic Engineering Group thit k ra dng ny). Trc y, cc nhJPEG khngc hin th trong cng trang m c hin th trong mt ca s khc nhvo mt chng trnh "tr gip" c ci t thm vo. Nhng hin nay hu ht ccbrowseru h tr vic hin thnh JPEG ngay trong trang web.

K thut nn JPEG rt c hiu qu vi cc nh chp m mu sc thay i lin tc trong ccphn rt nh ca nh (cc nh "grainy"). Ty thuc vo s tha hip vi cht lng nh,JPEG cung cp cc loi h s nn v kch thc tht l c n tng, i khi t n 10 (tcl tp tin 1500KB gim cn 150KB).


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c nhiu thng tin hn v cc dng tp tin ny, hy xem trang SITO ti Graphics FileCompression. Nu bn mun c mt cun sch ln, hy xem Designing Web Graphics caLynda Weinman.

Rt nhiu chng trnh x l th c sn chc nng lu tr tp tin theo dng GIF. Nukhng, di y l mt vi chng trnh/trnh tin ch shareware thc hin vic chuyni. Bn c th tm thy chng ti cc site nhshareware.com, Jumbo , hay Yahoo.

Vi trnh tin ch cho HaMacintosh Windows

GIFConverter GraphicConverter clip2gif PhotoGIF

(plugin forPhotoShop)

WinGif 1.4 Lview 3.1 PaintShop Pro

Vi im cn bit khi s dng ha

Vi ti liu ny, bn khng cn thit phi s dng mt trong cc chng trnh x l hani trn. Chng ti s trnh by n cc bn cch lu tr li mt bn sao ca bt k hnhnh no bn nhn thy trn trang web.

Tuy vy, v bn bt u pht trin cc trang web ca bn, bn cng nn lm quen vi cchto ra cc hnh nh dng GIF hay JPEG. Nu trang web ca bn c thm hnh nh, bnnn ch cc vn sau y:

Tng s lng v kch thc ca hnh nh c th xem tt hn trn my tnh, nhngchng cng lm cho ngi s dng phi chi hnh nh c gi thng qua mng(cng ging nh c c bao nhiu ngi trong chng ta c my Sun SparcStationti nh?) Chng ti ngh nn gi kch thc ca hnh nh t hn 100K (vi chngti th t hn 50B). Cng nh cng tt.

Cng vi mt ghi ch tng t, khng phi mi ngi trong chng ta u c mnhnh 21 inch! Nn gi cc hnh nh khng rng hn 480 im v khng cao hn 300im trnh cho ngi s dng phi scroll hay nh li kch thc ca s browserca h.

Nhiu cp mu lm cho nh c vp hn nhng vi cc hnh GIF chng skhng nn c nhiu nh cc khi cng mu v i khi chng khng ghp nhmc

Mt s chng trnh x l hnh nh c ch "no dithering" khi chuyn sang dngGIF -- vic ny c th lm gim "s hn n" (noise) trong cc khi nn.

Nhiu tng mu ti trn my Macintosh khng th hin thc trn my Windows. Thay v hin th tt c cc hnh nh trong trang web, c th to lin kt chng nh l

cc hnh nh bn ngoi chng chc np v khi ngi xem click vo hypertext

lin kt (iu ny c xt k hn sau ny trong bi 8a v trong bi 8d). Nu bn cnhiu hnh cn trnh by, hy th chia nh trang web ca bn thnh mt chui cctrang lin kt nhau.

Mt hnh nh nh (nh l mt "bullet" nh) c th xut hin nhiu ln trong mt trangm ch b chm rt t thi gian cho mi ln s dng li nh .

Hin nay nhiu browser "cache" c cc hnh nh (ct chng li trong my cabn), iu ny c ngha l khi s dng cng mt tp tin trong nhiu trang web s lmcho chng c np vo t ngay trn my tnh ca chnh bn ch khng phi t trnInternet.

iu quan trng nht, hy chc chn rng cc hnh nh l nhng thto thm nghacho ti liu HTML ca bn.


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Bn c th thit k ra mt trang web p, c nhiu hnh nh ln, c np d dng t mytnh ca bn, nhng m n li c th chu cnh chm th thm vi cc ngi xem s dngmt modem tc thp qua mt mng rt bn rn. Mng l ch lc no cng b bn.

Lu tr v Thm Hnh nh vo Trang Web ca Bn

n c bi k tip, u tin bn cn chp li mt bn sao hnh nh ca s bng nca ni la (hy xem cc dung nham nng bng ca n!).

Ch cn theo cc hng dn trong Trung tm Download Hnh nh ca Bi 7 ri sau tr liy hon tt bi hc ny


Hy kim tra bit rng tp tin "lava.gif"c ct vo cng mt directory/folder vi tptin vn bn HTML ca bn "Volc.htm". Nu n khng c, hy kim tra li bn c ct nhmvo mt directory/folder khc khng. Nu ng nh vy, chuyn n vo li ng v tr.

Xem li

1. Hai dng nh no c s dng cho World Wide Web?2. Lm th no cc tp tin hnh nh c trnh by trn cc my tnh khc nhau?3. Vi im lu no cn xt n khi thm hnh nh vo cc trang web?4. Lm th no bn ct li hnh nh dung nham s dng trong ti liu WWW ca

bn?

Thc tp t do

Lt trn web v tm mt vi hnh nh. Th download t nht mt hnh nh c th hu chcho trang ca bn. Vi ni bn c th th l: Yahoo Picture Archive, SpriteLib, hay Rob'sMultimedia Lab

7a. Hnh nh Inline

Ton hc trong WWW l:

Text + Pictures = MultimediaMultimedia + WWW = Global HyperMedia

Bn c ng khng?

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny, bn s c th:

t mt hnh nh vo trong ti liu HTML ca bn. Chn la cch xp sp hnh nh vi vn bn bao quanh. Sa i tag chn hnh nh phc v cho ngi s dng dng browser khng c

hnh nh. Chnh chiu ca hnh nh.

Bi hc


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Chng ta hy nhn xem lm th no thm cc hnh nh ging nh "ch M ln" vo trongmt trang web ...

Tag HTML cho Inline Graphics

Mt hnh nh "inline" c xut hin bn trong vn bn ca trang web, ging nh

hnh "ch M ln" ny.

Dng HTML cho tag hnh nh inline l:

trong filename.gif l tn ca mt tp tin GIF cng directory/foldervi ti liuHTML. T "inline" c ngha l web browser s hin th hnh nh ngay trong vn bn.

Hy ch cc vn bn theo ngay sau "ch M ln" trn. Nu chng ta mun "ch M ln" ring trn mt dng th sao? mt hnh nh xut hin trn mt dng ring bit,

ch cn thm mt tag paragraph trc v sau tag image:

S sp xp trong hng ca vn bn v Inline Graphics

Tag c th thm thuc tnh iu khin v tr ca vn bn so vi hnh nh tronghng. Thuc tnh alignc thm vo trong tag c them li nhng hiu qusau:

1. align=top

is for Maricopa Community Colleges located in the Valley of the Sun,metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Our license plates say that we are the Grand Canyon State...

2. align=middle


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3. align=bottom(mc nh)


Ch cch sp xp vn bn trn mi dng...(c th thu hp hay m rng b rng caca s browser WWW xem r s thay i). Vi HTML 2.0, bn khng th c nhngkhi vn bn ngay bn cnh hnh nh. Trong nhng bi hc sau, chng ta s xemcch to ra nhng hiu qu.

t mt hnh nh vo trong ti liu HTML ca bn

Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu t bi hc trc, bn c thdownload ngay by gi.Bn cng cn c hnh GIF tTrung tm Download Hnh nh Bi 7.

Trong bi tp ny, bn s thm hnh nh gii thiu ni la trong trang web ca bn.

1. M li workspace ca bn (nu n cha c m).2. M li ti liu volc.htm trong trnh son tho vn bn.3. Bn trn mc Volcano Webnh vo:4.

Dng HTML ny s thm trn nh trang web ca bn hnh nh dung nham m bn download trong bi trc.

5. Lu tr v reload trong web browser ca bn.

Trong vic t hnh nh, bn c th t hi ti sao chng ta khng cn t mt tag

sauhnh nh. iu ny khng cn thit bi v vn bn theo sau n l mt tiu . Mt webbrowserlun lun chn mt du ngt on trc v sau mt tag .

Thuc tnh alt="..."

Nu trang web ca bn sc xem bi mt ngi s dng browser dng vn bn (text-only browser, v d nh lynx), h s khng c kh nng xem bt k nhng hnh nh inlineno. Hoc i khi ngi s dng tt i vic trnh by hnh nh inline tit kim thi giandownload qua cc kt ni mng chm. Mt thuc tnh ca tag cho php thay vo vtr ca hnh nh bng mt chui vn bn m t n.


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Bnh thng khi gp trng hp ny, mt ngi s dng text-browser s thy mt v tr gich (place holder) phn u trang web ca chng ta trng ging nh sau:[IMAGE]

Volcano WebIn this lesson you will use the Internet to research informationon volcanoes and then write a report on your results.-----------------------------------------------------------------In this Lesson...

Cch trnh by ny gip ngi s dng bit rng c mt hnh nh c chen vo u catrang ny. Bn c th sa i tag thay v trnh by mt v tr gi ch nh trn,browser s hin th mt dng vn bn. Ly v d trong bi ca chng ta, chng ta c ththm "A lesson on:" bng cch iu chnh li tag nh sau:

Thuc tnh alt="..." thay v tr gi ch bng mt dng vn bn cho mt text-browser(hay khi tt vic hin th hnh nh), bi ca chng ta s xut hin nh sau:

A Lesson OnVolcano Web

In this lesson you will use the Internet to research informationon volcanoes and then write a report on your results.-----------------------------------------------------------------In this Lesson...By gi hy iu chnh tng t nh trn vo trang HTML ca bn cho tag c hnhni la.

Thuc tnh chiu cao v chiu rng

Mt kh nng khc m bn c th mun thm vo tag l hai thuc tnh xc nhkch c hnh nh tnh bng sim (pixel). Ti sao vy? Thng thng web browser ca

bn phi t xc nh nhng kch c ny khi n c hnh nh; vic np trang ca bn c thnhanh hn nu bn chnh nhng thng s ny trong HTML.

Dng thm nhng thng s ny l:

trong X l chiu rng v Y l chiu cao ca hnh nh tnh theo im.

Bn c th s dng nhiu chng trnh tin ch xc nh nhng gi tr s ny. Mt cchkhc tm nhng kch c ca hnh nh l np n vo trong browser ca bn (bn c th sdng chc nng ko v th - drag and drop - biu tng ca hnh nh vo trong browserca bn), khi chiu cao v chiu rng sc hin th trn thanh tiu ca browser.

Vi v d ca chng ta trong bi hc ny, hnh lava.gif c 300 im chiu rng v 259im chiu cao. V vy bn nn iu chnh trong tp tin volc.htm thnh:

Ch : Th t cc thuc tnh trong tag khng quan trng.

Thng thng chng ta s t hi c th thay i nhng kch c ca hnh nh bng cch avo nhng s khc vi kch c tht ca hnh nh khng. Cu tr li l c nhng kt qunhn c th khng th bit trc. Nu bn cho nhng s ln hn ( lm cho hnh lnhn) kt qu l mt hnh c cc "khi mu" ("blocky" picture). Nu bn cho nhng s b hn( lm cho hnh nh hn) kt qu c th lm bin dng hnh nh. Bn c th t lm thc kinh nghim. Vi chng ti, l mt s sai lm!


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Bn c th so snh cng vic ca bn vi v d mu bit ti liu ny nn xut hin nhth no. Nu ti liu ca bn khng ging nh v d mu, kim tra li xem bn nh vodng hnh nh trong trnh son tho nh th no. Hy chc chn rng bn nh vo theos hng dn trong phn t mt hnh nh vo trong ti liu HTML ca bn ca bi ny.

Nu bn thy mt biu tng hnh vi mt du chm hi nh sau:

trc ht hy kim tra li xem tp tin HTML v hnh nh GIF c cng trn mtfolder/directory khng. Sau , bn cng nn chc chn rng tn tp tin bn nh trong tag l tng ng vi tn ca tp tin GIF.

Ch : Mt s h thng my tnh (UNIX) c phn bit dng ch hoa v ch thng(case sensitive) trong tn tp tin, iu ny c ngha rng tp tin "lava.GIF" KHNGphi l "lava.gif". Mt s my tnh khc (Macintosh) li xem chng l cng mt tptin. Ngay c khi my tnh ca bn khng c s khc bit nh vy, chng ti vn ngh bn nn xt li dng ch trong cch t tn tp tin v cc tham kho chng trongHTML ca bn. (Nhiu WWW servers trn UNIX).

Xem li

1. Dng HTML cho mt hnh nh inline l g?2. Tag no bn phi thm vo trc mt tag hnh nh n xut hin trn mt dng

ring?3. Lm th no thm hnh nh ni la vo ti liu ca bn?4. Thuc tnh alt="...." lm g? Thuc tnh height="...." l g?

Thc tp t do

Thm mt hnh nh inline vo trang web ca bn bng cch s dng mt hnh GIF ang ctrong my ca bn hoc mt hnh c download t Internet.

8. To Lin kt bng Anchors

Mc ch ca bi ny ch cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin b sung... V th bi ny nhanh vkh d hiu!

Th no lURL?

Sc mnh tht s ca web l kh nng to ra nhng lin kt siu vn bn (hypertext link)n cc thng tin lin quan. Nhng thng tin ny c th l nhng trang web khc, nhnghnh nh, m thanh, on phim, animation, cc chng trnh, ni dung ca Gopher server,mt trnh log-in vo my tnh xa (remote computer), hay mt tp hp cc phn mm, haymt "ftp" site.

WWW s dng mt cch nh a ch gi l URL, hay Uniform Resource Locator(i khi cngi l "Universal Resource Locator"), ch ra v tr ca nhng mc nh vy. Nhng lin ktny thng c biu din bng nhng ch mu xanh c gch di v c gi l anchor.

Trong nhng bi hc tip theo chng ta s:


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Xem li khi nim ca URL Tm v chp URL t web browser vo ti liu vn bn HTML ca bn. Vit mt anchor HTML lin kt n ti liu trong cng th mc vi ti liu u tin. Vit mt anchor HTML lin kt n ti liu khc th mc vi ti liu u tin. Vit mt anchor HTML lin kt n mt trang web khc trn Internet. Vit mt anchor HTML lin kt n Gopher Server. Vit mt anchor HTML lin kt n mt phn khc ca cng mt ti liu. Lin kt vi mt hnh nh nh mt "hyperlink" n ti liu khc.

! Nghe nh c nhiu vic phi lm! ng lo lng, mi thiu khng phc tp nh bnngh. Sau cng, nu khng c hypertext th chng ta khng th gi ti liu ny l Son thoHTML m phi gi l Son tho TML

8a. Lin kt n tp tin cc b

Ti liu ca ti c th ni chuyn vi ti liu ca ti c khng? c ch, t nht l chngc th lin kt vi nhau c!

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny, bn c th:

To lin kt n ti liu HTML trong cng directory/folder vi ti lu chnh ca bn. To lin kt hin th mt hnh nh. To lin kt n mt tp tin trong mt directory/folder khc vi ti liu chnh ca bn. T chc li cu trc web ca bn.

Bi hc

By gi, bn si bc u tin ca "anchoring" bng cch to ra mt lin kt siu vn bnn mt trang web th hai. Nhng lin kt ny c gi l "cc b" (local) bi v chng cng

trn mt my tnh v l ti liu ang lm vic ca bn (chng khng cn phi thm himtrn Internet). Bn s thay i mt cht v s pht trin web site ca bn (bn c thy rngiu ny to ra mt ci g hi khc mt cht vi t "home gape" khng?).

Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu t bi trc, hy download mt bn sao.

Lin kt n Tp tin cc b

Lin kt anchorn gin nht l lin kt m tp tin HTML khc trong cng mt th mcvi trang web ang c th hin. Dng HTML lm vic ny l:

text that responds to link

Hy xem ch "a" l anchor cn "href" l "hypertext reference.

Tn tp tin phi l mt tp tin HTML khc. Bt c vn bn no xut hin sau k hiu > vtrc k hiu s l "siu vn bn", n c hin th bng gch di v "hyper".

Hy theo nhng bc sau xy dng mt Anchor trong ti liu HTML ca bn lin ktn mt tp tin cc b:

1. M vn bn HTML ca bn , volc.htm, trong trnh son tho.2. u tin, di tiu Volcanic Places in the USAnh vo on vn gii

thiu v hai ni la s dng cho cc phn k tip.


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3.4. Listed below are two places in the United States that5. are considered "active" volcanic areas.6. Bn di tiu "Mount St. Helens", nh:7.8. On May 18, 1980, after a long period of rest, this quiet9. mountain in Washington provided 10. detailed observations on the mechanics

of highly explosive eruptions.

on vn "detailed observations" s to lin kt cho ngi xem n mt tiliu HTML th hai gi lmsh.htm. Tp tin HTML cha c; chng ta s to ra ntrong cc bc (5) v (6).

11. Lu v ng ti liu HTML ca bn12. By gi m mt ti liu Mi trong trnh son tho ca bn.13. Nhp cc dng sau trong mn hnh mi:14. 15. 16. Mount St Helens17.

18. 19. Mount St Helens20. The towering pine trees of this once-quiet mountain21. were toppled over like toys.22. 23. 24. Lu tp tin ny vi tn msh.htm trong cng mt directory/folder vi ti liu HTML

ca bn (Volc.htm).25.ReloadVolc.htm trong web browser.26. Kim tra lin kt siu vn bn ti cc t "detailed observations". Khi c chn, n

phi kt ni n trang mi v Mount St. Helens.

Lin kt Anchorn mt hnh nh

Trong bi 7a, chng ta xt cch trnh by mt hnh nh "inline" trong trang Web. Vi taganchor, bn cng c th to ra mt lin kt hin th mt tp tin hnh nh. Khi chn mtlin kt anchor , hnh nh sc download v trnh by ring trong mt trang trng hoccng c th web browser ca bn tng gi mt trnh ng dng hin th hnh nh.

Lin kt anchorn gin nht l lin kt n mt tp tin trong cng mt directory/folder viti liu gi n. Dng to mt lin kt siu vn bn n mt hnh nh ging nh lin ktn mt ti liu HTML khc trn

text that responds to linktrong filename.gif l tn ca tp tin hnh nh GIF.

By gi theo nhng bc sau thm mt lin kt vi mt tp tin hnh nh trong ti liu cabn:

1. Trc ht, bn cn chp mt bn sao tp tin hnh nh GIF tTrung tm DownloadHnh nh Bi 8a.

2. M tp tin msh.htm trong trnh son tho.3. iu chnh on vn bn to lin kt ti hnh nh Mount St. Helens.4. The towering pine trees of this once-quiet mountain5. were toppled over like toys.6. Lu li tp tin msh.htm v Reload trong web browser ca bn.7. By gi click vo lin kt m bn va to ra trong bc (3)


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8. Mt bc nh cy ci b thi ng sc th hin

Nhng lin kt n cc th mc khc

Tag Anchor cng c th to lin kt n mt ti liu HTML hoc tp tin hnh nh trong mtdirectory/folder khc c lin quan ti ti liu m c cha anchor. V d nh, trong bi cachng ta , chng ta c th lu tr tt c cc tp tin hnh nh trong mt directory/folder ringgi l pictures. Khi bn to ngy cng nhiu tp tin HTML, s tt hn khi gi cc tp tin

hnh nh trong mt vng ring bit. Hy lm iu sau:

1. Trong h thng ca bn to mt sub-directory/folderpictures trong cng v tr lutr tp tin Volc.htm.

2. Chuyn tp tin msh.gifn sub-directory/folder mi ny.3. M tp tin msh.htm trong trnh son tho.4. iu chnh tag anchor cho hnh nh cn c:5. The towering pine trees of this once-quiet mountain6. were toppled over

like toys.

Ch : Vi HTML bn c th hng dn web browser ca bn m mi ti

liu/hnh nh ti th mc cp thp hn ti liu hin ti bng cch s dng k t"/" ch ra th mc con gi l "pictures."

7. Lu tr ti liu HTML v reload li trong browser ca bn

Nu tt cu tt, vic lin kt trong cu m t cc cy b thi ng s gi n tp tin hnhnh ang c trong directory/folderpictures.

Lin kt Anchorn th mc cp cao hn

Loi lin kt chng ta va thc hin c gi l cc lin kt "tng i" (relative link), nghal mt Web browser c th xy dng li y URL da trn v tr hin hnh ca trang

HTML v nhng thng tin lin kt trong cc tag. iu ny rt tt bi v bn cth xy dng tt c cc trang web ca bn trncng mt my tnh, kim tra chng, v di chuynchng vo mt my khc, tt c cc lin kttng i vn gi nguyn hiu ng.

Trong bi hc chng ta bit lm th no xy dng mt siu lin kt (hyperlink) n mtti liu lu tr trong mt th mc thp hntrang HTML ang lm vic. Lu rng bn cngc th xy dng mt lin kt n mt th mccao hn bng cch s dng HTML sau:

return to home

Mi mt ln xut hin ca "../", URL ca lin kt anchor bo cho web browseri n mtdirectory/folder cao hn mt cp tng ng vi trang hin ti; trong trng hp c th nyc ngha l ln hai cp th mc v tm tp tin home.htm.

Trong v d ca chng ta, hy xt trng hp khi th mc con pictures khng cng trong directory/folder vi tp tin volc.htm m cao hn mt cp

Trong phn trc chng ta to lin kt tvolc.htm ti tp tin msh.gif trong th mccon:


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By gi, chng ta mun t chc li cu trc web th mc pictures mt mc caohn. Lin kt sc vit nh sau:

V vy web browser tm kim th mc picturesc lu tr cao hn mt mc so vi tptin volc.htm.

S tin li ca cu trc ny l d dng lu li mt s lng ln hnh nh trongdirectory/folder cao hn c th dng chung trong nhng trang web khc. Chng ta c ththc hin mt bi hc khc va mo (im c trng t nhin ca b mt qut) v sdng nhng hnh nh c lu tr trong directory/folder ny.

By gi n lc t chc li cc tp tin HTML ca chng ta. thc hin c iu nybn cn lm quen vi vic di chuyn tp tin v th mc trn my tnh ca bn. Hy c mtcch cn thn! Bn c th cm thy kh phc tp, nhng chng bao lu na tt c

u r rng thi!

1. u tin, to directory/folder mi c tn l volcano (mt li khuyn l nn gi cctn tp tin dng ch nh).

2. Di chuyn hai tp tin HTML volc.htm v msh.htm vo trong directory/folder miny.

3. Di chuyn directory/folderpictures (cng vi tp tin msh.gif bn trong) n cngcp vi directory/folder mi volcano. Tng t, di chuyn tp tin lava.gif mchng ta to ra trong bi 7a vo th mc cc hnh ny.

4. Nh vy ton b th mc (workarea) by gi gmhai th mc con - mt gi cctp tin HTML (volcano) v mt gi cc hnh nh (pictures):

5. + workarea (directory)6.

7. + pictures (directory)8. msh.gif9. volc.gif10.11. + volcano (directory)12. volc.htm13. msh.htm14. Chng ta di chuyn mt s th do vy by gi chng ta phi cp nht li cc lin

kt anchor trong cc tp tin HTML. Trc ht, hy xem li lin kt cc b trong tp tinvolc.htm:

15. Mount St Helens16. On May 18, 1980, after a long period of rest, this quiet17. mountain in Washington provided detailed18. observations on the mechanics of highly explosive19. eruptions.

Ch : V tp tinmsh.htmvn cng th mc vi volc.htm, chng ta khngcn thay i g c trong tp tin HTML ny! Bn c thy s lin kt tng i lmt tnh cht rt hay ca HTML khng?

20. Nhng by gi hy xem li lin kt n hnh Mt. St Helens to ra trong tp tinmsh.htm:

21. The towering pine trees of this once-quiet mountain22. were toppled over

like toys.


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M tp tin ny trong trnh son tho vn bn v iu chnh lin kt nh sau:

The towering pine trees of this once-quiet mountainwere toppled overlike toys.

Lin kt tng i ny bo cho web browser xt ln mt cp so vi directory/folderhin hnh (volcano) ri tm directory/folder c tn (pictures) m c cha

nh msh.gif

23. Cui cng, bn cn iu chnh li tag tag hin th hnh nh tiu . Mtp tin volc.htm trong trnh son tho v sa i dng ngay sau tag :

24.

25. Lu li tp tin ca bn. Bn nn M li tp tin volc.htm trong web browser ca bnv th li lin kt n msh.htm v lin kt n hnh Mount St Helens.

Thm mt s thay i nh na

Bc thay i nh cui cng ny c th khng r rng, ngng chng ti s c gng giithch ngn gn. iu cui cng bn nn lm trong bi ny l i tn tp tin tvolc.htmthnh index.htm

Ti sao vy? Hy xem nh bn kt thc bi ny v sn sng a web site ca bn voWorld Wide Web server mi ngi cng xem. V chng ta hy gi thit rng a chInternet ca server ny ti Big University l:

http://www.bigu.edu/V tp tin ca bn c ct vo th mc sau:

--= top level of server: www.bigu.edu/courses

/science/geology

nh vy URL cho Volcano Web c th l:http://www.bigu.edu/courses/science/geology/volcano/volc.htm

, kh di nh? By gi l nhng li gii thch nh ha -- trn nhiu WWW server bn cth chnh mt tn chun gi l trang web "mc nhin" (default) cho mt th mc v trnnhiu h thng tn l .... index.htm. iu ny c ngha rng a ch Internet:

http://www.bigu.edu/courses/science/geology/volcano/tng ng vi

http://www.bigu.edu/courses/science/geology/volcano/index.htmiu ny c th lm cho bn nghl tit kim c nhiu nng lng trong vic xa bt20 k t t URL! Thc t, n lm cho URL ca bn c v chuyn nghip hn. Nu bn ni

c mt Home page l Longhorn Cheese,

http://www.cheese.com/longhorn/c v t rm ra hn l

http://www.cheese.com/longhorn/longhorn.htmkhi cho mi ngi c URL ca bn v thnh vo browser ca h.


So snh trang web vi v d mu bit ti liu nn xut hin nh th no. Trc ht bns thy trang Volcano Web. Khi bn click vo siu vn bn ti detailed observations,web browser ca bn s hin th mt trang mi. Cui cng, khi bn click vo toppled


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over like toys, web browser ca bn s hin th trong mt ca s mt tp tin hnh nhc ct trong mt sub-directory/folder.

S dng button back ca browser hai ln quay v trang ny. Nu trang web ca bnkhc vi mu, xem li vn bn bn nh vo trong trnh son tho vn bn.

Xem li

1. Cc bc no c s dng to mt lin kt trong ti liu ca bn n mt tp tincc b?

2. Nhng bc no c s dng to mt lin kt khi mun hin th hnh nh trongca s ring bit?

3. Lm th no to mt lin kt n mt tp tin trong mt directory/folder thp hn tiliu chnh ca bn? cao hn?

4. ngha ca tp tin c tn index.htm trn mt WWW server l g?

Thc tp t do

To mt ti liu HTML s dng cc nh dng HTML m bn quen bit n giai on ny.Tr v trang u tin v to mt anchor lin kt n trang mi ny.

8b. URLs - Con trn Internet

URL? Earl? Yurl? hurl? gyrl?

n lc lin kt n Big Wide Web s dng snh a ch ca web.

Mc ch

Sau khi hon tt bi ny bn c th:

Nhn dng chc nng ca Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). Nhn bit cu trc ca mt URL. Kim tra URL trong lin kt siu vn bn ca bt k trang web no.

Bi hc

Ch : Trong bi ny, bn s khng cn tp tin vn bn HTML ca bn. Mt bi hckhng cn gng sc!

URL l g?

WWW s dng Uniform Resource Locator (URL) tm v tr ca nhng tp tin v ti liuca cc my tnh trn Internet. Trn mn hnh browser ca bn, URL cho ti liu ny c

th hin phn phn trn ca ca s browser. URL bao gm:

Mt snh dng loi Internet server; Mt a ch Internet; v Mt ng dn tp tin (file path) ch ti mc ang xem.

URL l th bn cn xy dng mt lin kt t trang web bn to ra n nhng phn thngtin khc trn Internet. bit chi tit hn, hy xem Curling Up To URLs (v0.2)

Cu trc URL nh th no?

Cu trc ca mt URL l:


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type://in.ter.net.address/directory/sub-directory/.../filename"type" ch ra loi ca Internet serverc truy xut:http

Mt World Wide Web server. "HTTP" tng trng cho HyperText Transfer Protocol.gopher

Mt Internet Gopher site, th mc cc tp tin v thng tin theo dng thc n.ftp

Mt anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) site, truy tm cc tp tin.

telnet Khi to mt trnh Telnet log on t xa ti mt my tnh khc. Khi chn, webbrowser s khi ng chng trnh Telnet v kt ni ti site c chnh .

WAISWide Area Indexed Server- mt site d tm cc ti liu theo chc xc nhbng cc t kha.

fileMt tp tin trn my cc b (a cng, a mm, file server ni b).

Sau Type lun lun l "://" v a ch Internet ca my t xa. Sau y l cu trc ca ach ny:

host.domain.domain.domain

V d nh:machine.department.college.edu123.45.6.78office.company.comagency.branch.govmachine.organization.country

Nu URL chn mc chnh ca host ny ("home page" ca n), th URL c kt thcbng mt du "/". Nn bn lin kt ti mt th mc con hoc mt tp tin, bn phi thmchnh xc ng dn ti n bng cch s dng du "/".Ch : Hu ht cc serveru kim tra ng php! V cng kim tra dng ch hoa haych thng! Cc tn tp tin trn cc my UNIX c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng,iu ny c ngha l tp tin c tn

SpiffyText.html khc vi tp tin

spiffytext.htm

To kinh nghim vi URLs

Ch rng URL c th to lin kt n mi site, th mc, th mc con, tp tin vn bn, hnhnh, digital movie, hay tp tin m thanh trn mi Internet site ci t cho php truy xut tdo. Cch tt nht xem cc URL khc nhau l di chuyn chut ca bn qua cc lin ktsiu vn bn trong trang web no - nu bn nhn vo bn di web browser ca bn, ns trnh by URL m bn mun ni n khi bn click vo lin kt . Bn c th vo mt siteln nhYahoo v "nhm trm" cc URL (bn c thy URL ca Yahoo khi bn di chuynmouse qua lin kt trong cu va ri khng?)

Cn by gi l mt cch rt d chp li mt URL ca mt lin kt trong mt trang bt k.Trc ht bn m thc n "b mt" t mt lin kt siu vn bn no trong mt trangweb (n v gi chut trong Macintosh; n v gi button phi ca chut trong Windows vUnix). T thc n ny, chn Copy This Link Location (hay chc nng tng t). Sau khith button chut ra, chuyn n mt trnh son tho vn bn no v chn Paste t thcn Edit. Hay qu! Bn ly c mt URL t mt lin kt trong trang web (vi cch nybn c th chp mt URL ngay c khi bn cha tham quan trang m n lin kt n!)

Xem li


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1. Mc ch ca URL cho World Wide Web?2. Ni no thy c URL trn mt mn hnh WWW?3. Cu trc c bn ca mt URL?4. Lm th no thy c URL ca mt lin kt siu vn bn s nhy n?

Thc tp t do

Tm vi site trn Internet m bn cm thy thch. Vi mi site, ghi li URL ca n c

trnh by gn trn nh ca ca s browser. Th xem bn c thc hin c vic chp vdn (copy and paste) cc URL vo mt ti liu vn bn hay khng. Bn s s dng danhsch ny thm cc lin kt t cc trang web ca ring bn n cc site m bn tmthy.

8c. Lin kt n cc site Internet bn ngoi

Bn nn lm ti li c my ca bn bng cch chm vo Information SuperHighway, ckhng? y chng ta s m rng cch s dng ca cc tag anchor to ra lin kt ncc ti nguyn c sn trn Internet.

Mc ch

Sau bi hc ny bn c th:

To mt anchor lin kt n mt Internet site. Chp nhanh URL ca mt site v s dng n trong ti liu HTML ca bn.

Bi hc

Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu bi hc trc, bn c thdownload ngay by gi.

HTML cho cc Anchorn Internet

To lin kt n mt site trn Internet bao gm nhng iu chng ta xt trong bi Linkt vi tp tin cc b (Bi 8a) cng vi bi vURLs (Bi 8b). Dng HTML y cho mtlin kt anchorn mt mc trn Internet l:

Text to Activate LinkTrong URL gia hai du nhy l dng y ca Uniform Resource Locator, cho bit ach ca Internet site m bn mun gi n ngi c. Chui Text to Activate Link ldng ch sc hin th nh l siu vn bn trong web browser thng (nhng khngphi lun lun) c dng gch di v mu xanh. Khi ngi c click trn siu vn bn ny,web browser s lin kt chng vi Internet site c chnh bi URL. Nn nh rng mt

URL c th l mt lin kt n mt World Wide Web (WWW) server khc, Gopher server,FTP site, hoc bt k mt tp tin vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh, video trn cc server ny.

By gi chng ta s thm mt lin kt siu vn bn n site ca NASA l site c thng tin vcc ni la trn Sao ha (planet Mars). Theo nhng ch dn sau thm lin kt anchor voti liu HTML ca bn:

1. M tp tin index.htm ca bn trong trnh son tho vn vn.2. Bn di tiu Volcanic Places on Mars, nhp vn bn sau:3.4. 5. Mars has its fair share of volcanic landforms,


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6. including the largest known volcano in the solar system,7. 8. Olympus Mons

Ch : Chng ta to s lin kt n hai loi thng tin khc nhau. Siu linkt (hyperlink) u tin ni n mt trang web m t thng tin v Sao ha. Cith hai l lin kt n mt nh GIF nh ca ni la Martian.

9. Lu v Reload trong web browser ca bn.

Mt cch d dng nhp cc URL trong tag Anchor

Nh l bn thy trong cc trang web, URL ca trang hin ti c th thy c phntrn ca ca s web browser (bn c th tm kim thc n Trnh by URL). V d nh,trong ti liu ny, URL trng ging nh sau:

http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/tut/tut8c.html

Bn c th s dng chut chn v chp li mt URL t phn trnh by trong webbrowser ri sau dn n vo trong tag anchor ca ti liu HTML. iu ny hiu qu hnl vit URL ra giy rt nhiu (i lc kh di!).

By gi chng ta s thm mt s lin kt ti cc site khc m chng ta s lit k ra trongphn References ca bi Volcano. Mt trong cc site c th cung cp thng tin lin quan lUS Geological Survey.

Theo nhng bc sau:

1. M ti liu HTML index.htm trong trnh son tho2. Di tiu "References", nhp:3.4. 5. Educational Resources from the

6. USGS7.

Ch : Chng ta to ra lin kt siu vn bn v vn cn phi thm vo mtURL gia hai du nhy.

8. Ni n US Geological Survey Education Index trong ca s browser ca bn.9. T trang web, s dng chut chn URL ang c hin th trong vng trnh by

URL.10. T thc n Edit, chn Copy URL.11. By gi , tr li ti liu HTML ca bn index.htm12. Click mouse vo gia hai du nhy m bn nh vo bc #2 v Dn vo ti

liu bn chp trong bc #5. Tag anchor cui cng ging nh sau:13.14. 15. Educational Resources from the USGS

Ch : Bn va thit lp xong mt cu trc HTML s dng Danh sch Khngc th t, vi mi mc l mt lin kt siu vn bn n mt site c cung cpthng tin v ni la. xem li cc danh sch, hy chn Bi 6.

Nh l phn thc tp thm, hy vo cc site Internet di y vi cc ti liu va cht(Geology) v/hay ni la (Volcanoes). Chp cc URL v xy dng t nht hai site trong phnReference:


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Cc Site c Thng tin v Ni la:Alaska Volcano Observatory * Cascades Volcano Observatory * Michigan TechVolcanoes Page * NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) IDS Volcanology Team *NASA Facts: Volcanoes and Global Climate Change * Smithsonian Global VolcanismProgram * Volcano Listserv * Volcano Watch Newsletter* JASON Project VI: IslandEarth

Cc Site c Thng tin v cc Tai ha T nhin (Natural Hazard):Disaster Information * Emergency Preparedness Information eXchnage (EPIX) *

NGDC Natural Hazards DataCc Site c Thng tin Tng qut va cht:Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center* EINet Galaxy *Environmental Internet Catalog * NASA Internet Connections * NOAA EnvironmentalInformation Server* Planet Earth Home Page * Rice University * United StatesGeological Survey * Whole Internet Catalog * WWW Virtual Library


So snh trang web ca bn vi v d mu bit ti liu nn xut hin nh th no. Nutrang web ca bn khng ging nh v d mu hay cc lin kt khng ni n ng site xa, hy kim tra li vn bn bn nh trong trnh son tho. Ch rng danh sch cc

tham kho ca bn c th khng ging nh trong v d mu.

Xem li

1. a ch cho mt mc trn Internet l g?2. Nhng bc no cn cho vic to mt lin kt anchorn NASA Internet Site?3. Cch nhanh no c dng a mt URL vo trong lin kt anchor?4. Hy ni cho bn b v cc lin kt khc m bn a vo ti liu ca bn.

Thc tp t do

To cc lin kt anchor t trang web ca bn ni n vi a ch URL m bn khm ph

c.

8d. Lin kt Cc phn ca mt Trang

Bn bit lm th no lin kt ti nhng trang web khc l nhng trang do bn to rahay l nhng trang c trn Internet. Nu bn mun kt ni ti mt phn dc chnh bntrong mt ti liu th sao? BN C TH LM C IU NY!

Mc ch

Sau bi ny bn c th:

To mt du hiu tham kho n cho mt phn ring bit bn trong mt tp tin HTML. Xy dng mt lin kt siu vn bn ni n mt phn ring bit bn trong tp tin

HTML. Xy dng mt lin kt siu vn bn ni n mt phn ring bit bn trong tp tin

HTML khc. To mt bng mc lc siu vn bn cho mt trang web.

Bi hc


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Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu t bi hc trc, bn c thdownload li ngay bygi.

Anchorc t tn

Mt anchorc t tn (named anchor) l mt du hiu tham kho n cho mt phn cbit no ca tp tin HTML ca bn. N c s dng to lin kt ti mt phn khcca cng trang khi trang di, hoc nh du mc ca mt trang khc. Ly v d, trong

trang bn ang xem, ti c th to ra mt du n gi l "check" nh du tiu "Kimtra li cng vic ca bn" bn di. Sau , ti vit mt lin kt anchor kt ni ti mcny trong ti liu ny. Mt khi bn click trn mt lin kt n anchorc t tn ny, webbrowser ca bn s chuyn n ch dng ny nm trn nh ca mn hnh.

Sau y l mt v d bn c th th ngay by gi. i n Kim tra li cng vic ca bn.Khi n , bn s thy mt lin kt tr li mc ny.

Dng HTML cho vic to anchorc t tn l:

Text to Link Tohay vi lin kt bn va th trn:

Kiem tra lai cong viec cua banCh s khc bit vi lin kt anchor


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Ch : Bn va nh du dng cha mc tiu "Introduction" vi mt dutham kho n c anchorc t tn l "intro"

3. Theo cch tng t, thay i tt c cc tags cho cc phn khc:4.5. Volcano Terminology6.7. Volcanic Places in the USA

8.9. Volcanic Places on Mars10.11. Research Project12. Nu bn Reload lin trong web browser ca bn, bn s khng nhn thy bt k s

thay i no; cc tag anchorc t tn thm vo u c du khi ngi s dngxem trang.

Thm lin kt ti mt Anchorc t tn trong Cng mt Ti liu

By gi chng ta s xy dng mt bng mc lc s xut hin trn u mn hnh. Chng tas dng mt danh sch khng c th t (xem li bi 6 v danh sch) to n:

1. Nu cha m, hy m tp tin index.htm trong trnh son tho.2. Bn di cu u tin trong tiu Volcano Web thm nhng dng sau:3.4. 5. In this Lesson...6. 7. Introduction8. Volcano Terminology9. Volcanic Places in the USA10. Volcanic Places on Mars11. Research Project12.

Ch : Bng mc lc ny c nh du trn v di bng tag . Kiu chNghingc dng cho cc mc. y chng ta ch mi nh vo tn ccmc. Sau ny chng ta s thm vo cc lin kt hot ng c.

13.Lu v Reload trong web browser ca bn.

Cui cng , chng ta mun lm cho mi mc ca danh sch hot ng nh mt lin kt siuvn bn ti mt phn khc ca ti liu. lm iu ny, chng ta s s dng mt bin thca lin kt anchor c bn trong bi 8a. Thay v lin kt ti mt tp tin khc, chng ta lin ktti mt trong nhng anchorc t tn (cc du n bn to ra trn) bn trong cngmt tp tin HTML. Chng ta chnh mt anchorc t tn bng cch t k hiu "#"trc tn ca du tham kho:

1. M tp tin index.htm trong trnh son tho2. n mc u tin trong phn mc lc. Thay i n t:3.4. Introduction

thnh:

Introduction

5. By gi bn nn in cc lin kt khc on vn ny trng ging nh sau:


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6.7. 8. In this Lesson...9. 10. Introduction11. Volcano Terminology12. Volcanic Places in the USA13. Volcanic Places on Mars

14. Research Project15. 16.Lu v Reload vo trong web browser ca bn. Khi bn click trn mt mc ca bn

mc lc, phn tng ng s hin ra trn nh ca mn hnh.

Thm Lin kt ti Anchorc t tn trong Ti liu Khc

Bn c th to mt lin kt nhy n mt phn c nh du bi mt anchorc t tnca mt ti liu HTML khc. HTML xy dng mt lin kt ti mt anchorc t tn trongmt ti liu HTML cc b khc c dng:

Text to activate link

v nu l ti liu trn web site khc th c dng:

Colby Cheese

Trong bi 8a chng ta to ra mt lin kt siu vn bn t Mount St. Helens n msh.html mt tp tin ring bit. By gi, chng ta s thm mt lin kt trong ti liu th hai tr liphn nguyn thy trong trang Volcano chnh.

1. M tp tin msh.htm trong trnh son tho2. Gn cui trang HTML (nhng phi trn ) thm nh sau:3.4.

5. Return to Volcano Web

Ch : Chng ta c s dng kiu chNghingvi tag ... bn trong vnbn c nh du bi anchorc t tn l "usa".

Lu v Reload vo web browser ca bn. Khi click vo mt v tr ca siu vn bn cui trang msh.htm, bn s phi thy qua tr li mc "Volcanic Plases in the USA"ca bi Volcano Web.

Trong trng hp ang xt lin kt ch l tn ca mt tp tin HTML khc, index.htm, trongcng th mc vi tp tin msh.htm. Tuy nhin, bn c th s dng mt URL y (xem bi7) lin kt ti mt anchorc t tn trong mt tp tin HTML c trn mt my khc xa. V d nh, to mt lin kt n phn "Introduction" ca tp tin HTML ct trong MCLIWWW server, cch vit nn l:

Introduction to Volcano Web

Du tham kho "#anchor_name"c gn thm vo cui ca URL.



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So snh cng vic ca bn vi v d mu bit ti liu nn xut hin nh th no. Nutrang web ca bn khng ging nh v d mu hay cc lin kt anchorc t tn khnghot ng ng, hy kim tra li vn bn bn nh trong trnh son tho.

V d s dng lin kt tr li phn m t anchorc t tn...

Xem li

1. Lm th no nhn dng mt anchorc t tn?2. Nhng bc no to mt lin kt ti mt phn khc trong cng mt ti liu?3. Lm th no hiu chnh mt lin kt anchor ni n mt anchorc t tn trong

mt ti liu HTML khc?4. Lm th no to mt bng mc lc cho mt trang web?5. S khc nhau gia tag l g?

Thc tp t do

To cc anchors c t tn cho cc tiu trong trang web v xy dng mt mc lc lin kt n nhng mc con ny.

8e. Lin kt Siu Hnh nh

Khng phi ch c vn bn mi lm c "hyper"... hy m rng kh nng cho cc trangweb ca bn cc hnh nh hot ng nh mt siu lin kt (hyperlink) (Th click vohnh hp!).

Mc ch

Sau bi ny bn c th:

Chn mt button hnh trong trang web ca bn n lin kt ti mt ti liu HTML

khc. Chn mt hnh nh nh hot ng nh l mt "tem th" (postage stamp) lin kt

n vic trnh by mt bn sao ln ca hnh nh .

Bi hc

Lu : Nu bn cha c ti liu t bi hc trc, bn c thdownload li ngay bygi.

Button siu lin kt

T nhng bi hc trc bn d dng (hy vng l vy) trong vic to ra siu vn bn, tcl on vn bn trong ti liu ca bn cho php ngi xem ni n nhng thng tin c linquan. Bn cng c th lm cho hnh nh inline (xem bi 7a) hot ng theo cch ging nh"hyper" ny. Nu bn nh li, trong bi hc mi y chng ta lin kt mt on vn bntrong trang Volcano Web, index.htm, n trang th hai l msh.htm miu t Mount St.Helens. By gi trong trang web ny chng ta mun thm mt button m khi c click vosa ngi c tr v bi hc chnh.

Cch lm c iu ny l t cc tag HTML sao cho cc hnh nh inline bn trongphn siu vn bn ca tag anchor:


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Go to Document X

Trong trang web ca bn HTML ny s hin th mt hnh nh inline v on chGo toDocument X. C hai s hot ng nh mt siu lin kt; khi nhn vo on ch hay vohnh nh s bo cho web browseri n tp tin HTML fileX.htm. Ring hnh nh cng cth l mt siu lin kt. Ni chung, trong World Wide Web, mt "HyperGraphic" sc baoquanh bi mt hp mu tng ng vi loi mu s dng cho siu vn bn trong trang web

ca bn, nh bn bit rng n "hot ng" (active).Ch : Nhiu browser hin nay c th thay i mu ca siu vn bn v mt s bivic trnh by ng bao quanh cc lin kt HyperGraphic. Ni chung, bn c th xcnh mt vng siu lin kt trong mt trang web bng cch xem s thay i ca dunhy (cursor) khi n bng qua mt vng "nng" (hot). Thng thng du nhy schuyn t du mi tn sang mt bn tay khi n bng qua mt lin kt hot ng(active link).

T quan im ca mt nh thit k, chng ti ngh khi bn s dng mt hnh nhnh l mt siu lin kt th nn thm mt lin kt bng vn bn hoc l s dng thmALT= attribute trong tag phc v cho trng hp ngi xem tt vic npcc hnh nh.

By gi chng ta s to ra mt button hnh nh "hyper". Trc ht, bn cn chp mt bnsao ca button mi tn tTrung tm Download Hnh nh Bi 8e.

Bn nn c mt bn sao ca tp tin hnh nh u trn my ca bn (Bn nn ct li nvo trong folder/directory pictures trong vng lm vic ca bn).

Tip theo, thm vo HTML button hot ng c:

1. M tp tin HTML th hai msh.htm trong trnh son tho vn bn.2. di cng, iu chnh dng cui thnh:3.4.

5. 6. Return to Volcano Web

Lu : Tag hnh nh inline () hon ton nm trong anchor gia >nh du kt thc URL v nh du s kt thc ca siu vn bn. Ngoira cng ch tag c s dng trong siu vn bn nhn mnh tiu ca bi. V cui cng, chng ta s dng tag to mt dng thngtrn hnh button (xem tag ny trong bi 4).

7. Lu tr tp tin HTML.8. Tr v web browser, Open Local t thc n Filec tp tin "msh.htm".9. Chn Reload t thc n Fileiu chnh cc thay i.10.

Th siu lin kt n trang Mount St. Helens v button mi tr bn li trangVolcano Web.

Cc hnh nh "Tem th"

Trc y, chng ti c ngh khng nn s dng cc hnh nh inline ln trong trang webca bn bi v ngi s dng phi mt thi gian chi hnh nh c download vomy tnh ca h. Mt cch khc y l to mt bng sao b nh ca hnh nh, hay cgi l "tem th" (postage stamps) trnh by nh l hnh nh inline. Sau s dng nhngbc tng t nh trn bn c th lm cho "tem th" hot ng nh mt siu lin kt nhnh vi kch thc tht ca n. Theo cch ny hnh nh ln tht schc download nungi xem quyt nh mun coi n.


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Trc ht bn cn sao chp hai tp tin nh tTrung tm Download Hnh nh Bi 8e. (Cctp tin ny nn c ct vo folder/directory pictures trong vng lm vic ca bn).

Sau , to cc lin kt tem th trong tp tin vn bn chnh:

1. M tp tin index.htm trong trnh son tho2. Di tiu Long Valleynh vo:3.

4. This field seismometer measures earthquakes associated5. with subsurface volcanic forces and may help to predict6. future events. It sits on a plateau known as the "Volcanic7. Tableland" formed by a major eruption 600,000 years ago.8.

9. 10. 11. -- [View the full size image] -- 12.

13. This seismometer measures earthquakes14. associated with subsurface volcanic forces.

Hnh nh inline, stamp.gif, hot ng nh mt siu lin kt n hnh ln hn,seismo.jpg. Khi ngi s dng click trn "tem th" hay trn on vn "Viewthe full size image --", browser ca bn s trnh by nh ln trong mt ca sring hay trong mt trang trng.

15.Lu v Reload trong web browser ca bn.


So snh trang web ca bn vi v d mu bit ti liu nn xut hin nh th no. Nutrang web ca bn khng ging nh v d mu, hy kim tra

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