Photography and its applications

PHOTOGRAPHY

AND ITS

APPLICATIONS

CAMERATypes and Characteristics

(Jenis-jenis dan Ciri-ciri)

Categories of CameraLight Catcher Sensor Medium

(Medium Penangkap Cahaya)

Analogue Camera(Kamera Analog (Filem)

• Using celluloid film as a Light Catcher Medium and alsoStorage Medium

• Type of Film depending on measurement

a. Small format (35mm)

b. Medium format (100-120mm)

c. Large format

• Format 35mm most popular (a.k.a. Film 135)

Analogue CameKamera Analog (Filem)

CELLULOID FILM

THE PRINT (PHOTO PAPER)Darkrooms: Creating Images with Chemistry

• Films that have been exposed go through a process called “developing”.

• Developing film-dropping off rolls of 35mm film, and getting back prints and negatives.

Analogue Kamera Analog (Filem)

Instant Camera (Polaroid) Kamera Segera (Polaroid)

Instant Camera (Polaroid)

• Generates a developed film image (a.k.a. self-developing film) by Polaroid Corporation.

• American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the firstcommercial instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1948,Camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment,Invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock.

• Using Zink Photo Paper as a Light Catcher Medium andalso Storage Medium. It is cheap and suitable those wholike to collect picture.

Digital Camera (Memory Card)Kamera Digital (Filem)

Digital Camera (Memory Card)Kamera Digital (Filem)

Using Image-sensor atau Picture Sensor as a Light CatcherMedium and Memory Card also Storage Medium

• Pixels = Picture elements

• Resolution: number of pixels captured by the image sensor.

Higher Resolution Image300 ppi

Lower Resolution Image72 ppiPixels

Types of CameraJenis-jenis Kamera Utama

• SLR/DSLR

• Viewfinder/Rangefinder Camera

• Lomo Camera

• Mirrorless Camera

• Twin Lens Reflex Camera

• Digital Compact Camera

• View Camera

DSLR/SLR CAMERASingle-lens Reflex Camera - Profesional Type Camera

(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)

DSLR/SLR CAMERASingle-lens Reflex Camera

(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)

• SLR –Single Lens Reflect

• Light directed through a hingedmirror/viewfinder (pembidik)

• DSLR – Digital SLR

• Interchangeable lenses

• Greater depth of field

• Accurate composition

• Better image quality

• lens + CCD or CMOS (Light Sensor)

Profesional• Designed for professionals and

advanced amateurs.• Often based on a SLR design & feature

resolutions between 8 and 12 millionpixels (or more).

• One huge advantage ‐ most of thefeatures (such as exposure controls)and accessories (such as lenses)designed for the film versions alsowork with the digital versions

DSLR/SLR Mechanism

Kamera pantulan lensa tunggal yang mempunyai sebuah

cermin yang memantulkan cahaya yang diperoleh

daripada lensa dan melalui pentaprisma (No.7) dan imej

dapat dilihat melalui viewfinder (No.8). Semasa merakam,

cermin (No.2) akan terangkat dan mendedahkan sensor

(No.4) dan merakam imej yang diperoleh daripada lensa.

A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLRcamera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), isreflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected onthe matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internalreflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece(viewfinder) (8). When an image is taken, the mirror (2) moves upwardsfrom its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal planeshutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor (4) inexactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.

Universal standard or 35 mm:

The sensor’s size is 24×36 mm (when is

Full Frame). This is the most used by

photojournalists, photographers of nature,

weddings and many advanced amateurs, due

to its combination of acceptable weight and

price with high quality and versatility.

Moreover, among the DSLRr we have all the

formats described in the section “The Sensor”,

with virtually the same characteristics but

with different sizes for the sensor, which

enhances the final quality of the file, as

the quality increases when the size is bigger.

Medium Format

The sensor (or film) measures are

6×4.5 cm or up to 6×7 cm. This kind

of camera is widely and mostly used

in fashion and advertisement

photography, and for portraits. These

cameras are a little bit heavy, but

their quality makes up for it, albeit their

prices don’t help much to make them

popular

VIEWFINDER TECHNOLOGY

Viewfinder Camera

Rangefinder/Boutique Camera Kamera Penjulat/Butik

Rangefinder Camera

• These are called "rangefinder" cameras becausethey focus using a dual-image range finding device.You turn a ring, and when two superimposedimages line up, you're in perfect focus.

• Leica M9 is the most prestige rangefinder camerathat be used by the street photographer.

• Price: RM25K (Body) dan RM50K (lens 50mm f0.95)

The photograph is takenthrough the main lenshowever the view fromthe lens and theviewfinder is slightlydifferent, this differenceis called parallax error.

Lomo Camera (Kamera Lomo)

Lomo Camera (Kamera Lomo)

• Kamera Lomo pula merupakan kamera filem yang direkauntuk memberi kesan khas seperti gambar di atas.

• Kesan2 khas ini memberi impak dramatik pada gambaryang dirakam. kamera ini menggunakan filem dan perludicuci di kedai gambar.

• A Lomo Camera or lens usually gives photos highcontrast, twisted colors, and a noticeable vignette (ashading of the outer edges of the picture).

Advantages and Disadvantages

Viewfinder/Rangefinder

Advantages of the viewfinder camera:• Simple viewfinder cameras are cheap.• There are fewer moving parts, so less chance of equipment failure.• Higher light levels to the viewfinder.• High-quality rangefinder cameras provide excellent focusing,

especially in low light.• Quieter operation than SLR cameras.

Disadvantages of the viewfinder camera:• Parallax error (unless compensated for).• The viewfinder image may be quite small.

Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin

Samsung NX300

Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin

• Kamera jenis ini pula merupakan kamera yang tidak menggunakan cerminsebagaimana yang digunakan DSLR/SLR. jadi sensor terletak betul-betul dibelakang lensa dan kaedah elektronik shutter digunakan bagi menggantikankaedah mechanical shutter yang digunakan oleh DSLR.

• Kebanyakan kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang lebih kecil dan antara saizsensor yang terkenal ialah micro 4/3. Kamera jenis ini juga membolehkan kitamenukar lensa sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh DSLR.

• Mirrorless cameras, as the name suggests, don't need a mirror. Instead, the lightpasses through the lens and falls right onto the image sensor, as it does in point-and-shoot and phone cameras.

• To preview the image before you press the shutter button, you look at a screen onthe back of the camera, or into a viewfinder with an electronic screen

Twin Lens Reflex Camera(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Kembar)

SLR

TLR

Twin Lens Reflex Camera

• A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objectivelenses of the same focal length.

• One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lensthat takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system,which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

• Kamera jenis ini pula mempunyai pantulan 2 lensa yang mana lensapertama bertindak sebagai "viewfinder" dan lensa yang kedua bertindaksebagai perakam.

• kamera jenis ini masih menggunakan filem dan ia merupakan kamera yangamat popular bagi penggemar kamera lama dan kamera filem.

Pocket-size/Point and Shoot/Consumer

Pro-consumer or Prosumer

Digital Compact CameraSLR-Style Camera

Kamera Kompak Digital

Digital Compact Camera

• Kamera kompak digital ini adalah kamera yang paling ringkas, mudah digunakan sertadimiliki oleh kebanyakan orang biasa. ia mempunyai lensa yang kekal. terdapat jenislensa yang boleh di zoom atau ada juga yang mempunyai lensa fokus tunggal (fix focallength).

• Biasanya kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang kecil dan kualiti gambarnya adalahrendah berbanding dengan kamera jenis DSLR atau Mirror less yang mempunyai lensayang lebih besar. namun ia merupakan pilihan ramai orang kerana cukup untukdigunakan untuk rakaman harian dan mode auto yang mesra pengguna.

Point and Shoot (Compact)• “consumer” digital cameras.• All‐in‐one with lens, flash, etc.• Automatic. Ready to go. User

friendly.• Small, compact and lightweight• Usually don't provide you with a lot

of creative control.

Professional Consumer (Prosumer)• Combination of professional and

consumer cameras.• High‐quality built‐in zoom lens, high

quality sensor & settings.• Interchangeable lenses.• Quality without the hassle of lugging

other kit.

VIEW CAMERAOptical Bench /Large Format Camera

OPTICAL BENCH OR LARGE FORMAT CAMERA This kind of cameras is used mostly forstudy portraits, advertising photography ofbig size objects (for instance, cars) andarchitecture photography. Its formats rangefrom 9×12 cm to 20×25 cm, usually arevery heavy, big and cumbersome, but theyoffer a superb quality. Apart from theobvious quality, we have seen that a bigsurface in the sensor we get better quality,we have to take into consideration a highlyimportant factor: they can manipulate theperspective according to the ScheimflugPrinciple and the depth of field (keepingon focus the objects both behind and aheadof that focused on).

SLR CAMERASpecialization and Handling

Pengkhususan dan Pengendalian

– Pn Hasnah

SLR Demonstration

A single-lens reflex camera (SLR)

typically uses a mirror and prism

system (hence "reflex", from the

mirror's reflection) that permits

the photographer to view

through the lens and see exactly

what will be captured (WYSWIG)

The camera has a viewfinder thatsees through the lens by way of a45°-angled mirror that flips upwhen the shutter fires and allowsthe light to strike the imagesensor (or film).

How to Choose a Film for Your Camera

The Negative (35mm Film )

135 is photographic film in a film format used for still photography. It

is a cartridge film with a film gauge of 35 mm, typically used for

hand-held photography in 35 mm film cameras.

The size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by many high-

end digital single lens reflex cameras, referred to as full frame digital

SLRs.

• Color negative film, also called print film, is what most people are

familiar with; the stuff you can still buy almost anywhere (and what non-

specialists will generally assume you want if you ask for "film"). The

image you see on a developed negative is orange-tinted, and the colors

are inverted. The process used to develop these is called C-41, and so

these are sometimes called "C-41 films".

Color negatives have their

colors inverted, and are

orange-tinted.

• Slide film, more properly called reversal film, gives

a positive image; in other words, when you look through it, it looks

like a photograph. Nearly all slide films today use the E-6 process,

which is a completely different process to that used for negative

films.

Slide films, typically

mounted in plastic or

cardboard mounts, give a

positive image that looks

just like your photograph.

• Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films, but they're

black-and-white.

There's a special subset of black-and-white films: those that can be

developed in the same C-41 process used for color negatives. Ilford XP2

and Kodak BW400CN are two of them. These have all the properties of

color negatives, except for the color part, so most of what is written below

about the latter applies to these films as well.

Film Manufacturer

Types of ISO film for SLR Camera

• A low ISO (100-400) rating means the film will be less sensitive to

light and therefore would be better to use in brighter conditions to

prevent over exposure.

• A high ISO rating (400-1600) means the film is far more sensitive to

light and therefore better suited to use in lower light conditions to

prevent under exposure.

Summary :

The "faster" the film, the more sensitive it was.

The "slower" it was, the less sensitive it was.

ISO numbers start from 100-200 (Base ISO) and increment in

value in geometric progression (power of two). So, the ISO

sequence is: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 and etc.

The difference is clear – the image on the right hand side at ISO 3200 has

a lot more noise in it, than the one on the left at ISO 200.

Comparison

ISO Film Description

Slow film speed

200 and Below

For bright lighting conditions

and outdoor photography

Recommendation

not be used for dimly lit areas

and fast-moving subjects.

Using tripod or has an extremely

steady hand

best used to photograph

outdoor landscapes, inanimate

objects, and outdoor events on

a bright day.

ISO Film Description

Medium film speed

400

all-purpose film that can be

used for most situations

Recommendation

best used to photograph

overcast outdoor images,

indoor portraits with natural

lighting, and when

photographing a combination of

indoor and outdoor images on

the same roll

not be used with fast motion

photography such as sporting

events, indoors without much

lighting, or in extremely bright

lighting

ISO Film Description

Fast film speed

800

ideal for sports and low light

photography without flash, and

extends the flash distance

compared to slower speeds.

How to Use Almost Any 35mm Film Camera

• Look for some basic controls on the camera.

• The shutter speed dial• The aperture ring• The ISO dial (marked as ASA)• The mode dial• The rewind release• The rewind crank

• Change your battery if your camera has one.

• Load your film• Rear-loading cameras• Bottom-loading

• Set the film speed

PREPARATION

SHOOTING

• Focus your shot.• Auto-focus• Manual-focus single-lens reflex cameras• Manual-focus rangefinder cameras• Viewfinder cameras

• Set your exposure.• Fully automatic exposure cameras• Fully-manual cameras

• Frame your shot and shoot

• Shoot till you hit the end of the roll.• Get your film developed• Check your film for exposure problems • Stick another roll of film in and go shoot some more

HANDLING AN SLR

EXPOSURELens, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO

Dedahan – Lensa, Aperture, Kelajuan Shutter

----- En Amir

EXPOSURE

Exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on

the film/image sensor.

• Too much light creates an over‐bright

image with white spots

• Too little light creates an under‐bright

image with black spots

• Exposure also known as light exposure.• Exposure to too high will cause the image

to be too bright (overexposure) while lowexposure cause the picture is dark(underexposure).

EXPOSURE

Underexposure(dark)

overexposure(bright)

Balance

HOW TO CONTROL EXPOSURE

Exposure can be controlled mainly through two lens settings:

Aperture…

… andShutter Speed

… and alsoISO

EXPOSURE

Aperture

• How much light gets in

Shutter Speed

• How long light is let in

ISO

• Sensitivity of image device

Aperture (IRIS IN YOUR EYE) Aperture is the opening lens to set the amount of light

coming into the camera.

The bigger shutter open, the more light can enter the

camera.

APERTURE RANGE Aperture size is labelled with a symbol f / [number] (Example: f

/ 2.4).

This measure, sometimes confusing because the larger f number,

the smaller shutter’s hole.

Instead, the smaller f number, the bigger shutter’s hole.

More light(Brighter image)

Less light(dark image)

Depth of field (DOF)

• Depth of field (DOF) tells how many images you want to be in focus.

• DOF is controlled by controlling the aperture.

Shallow(less dof)

Narrow(more dof)

Light

Dof

Shutter Speed(LIKE YOUR EYE LID)

Shutter-speed refers to the length of time the

shutter is open to allow light coming into the

sensor.

The shutter speed is calculated by using the

second (seconds), and is usually lower than a

second.

Shutter Speed Range

1

1/2

1/15

1/30

1/60

1/125

1/250

1/500

1/1000

More light

Less light

Freezing and Blurring

Low Shutter speed

High Shutter speed

ISO

• ISO refers to thesensitivity of the sensor tolight.

• Lower the ISO, the lowerresponse to the lightsensor, while the higherthe ISO, the morepowerful response tolight.

• A lower ISO number , More light is required• Either with a longer shutter speed, a larger aperture

opening, or both—to get the same effect that a higher ISOnumber would get with less light.

ISO Range

100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400

More lightLess light

Less NoiseMore Noise

ISO

• HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be MOREsensitive to light, meaning it will take LESS LIGHTto get the right exposure.

• Low ISO indicates low sensitivity to light butgenerally higher resolution with less “noise” or“grain”.

• Indoor vs Outdoor ? ISO ?

• ISO (Light sensitivity)

• 50 outdoors/sunlight (low grain/noise)

• 1600 indoors/no flash (high grain/noise)

ISO

• Set the lowest settingpossible to avoid noise.

• ISO measures thesensitivity of the imagesensor. The lower thenumber the lesssensitive your camera isto light and the finer thegrain.

Lenses

The lens of your camera and in modern cameras is adjusted via a control wheel or

dial. If you ever owned a manual film SLR you

will remember that the lenses had an ring that you set manually with a “Click-click” as

you turned it to alter the apertures

“You don't take a

photograph, you

make it.”

Ansel Adams