Photo History Part2

8/4/2019 Photo History Part2

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a brief history of

photography


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a brief history of

photography

part 2:

how did we getimages to STAY?


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but so far all of this is just light - how didpeople start getting the images to STAY?


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discovery of photosensitive chemicals


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by the Middle Ages, alchemists knew that silver saltsturn black when exposed to light


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by the Middle Ages, alchemists knew that silver saltsturn black when exposed to light

in 1802, Thomas Wedgwood & Humphry Davy were ableto temporarily capture images - but they wouldnt stay


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Joseph-Nicphore Nipce(France, 1765 - 1833)


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took the VERY FIRST PHOTOGRAPH (1826 or 1827)


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(he called it heliography - sun writing)


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after much experimentation, he had found a workingcombination of materials:


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polished pewter


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polished pewter

covered in bitumen of Judea (related to asphalt;hardens and BLEACHES when exposed to light)


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polished pewter

covered in bitumen of Judea (related to asphalt;hardens and BLEACHES when exposed to light)

afterwards, rinsed the plate with oil of lavender &white petroleum


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he set up his camera obscura, put the asphalt-covered pewter plate inside, pointed it so it waslooking out his window, and opened the shutter


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EIGHT HOURS LATER...


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EIGHT HOURS LATER...


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in 1829, Nipce partnered with


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Louis Jacques Mand Daguerre



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Louis Jacques Mand Daguerre(France, 1787 - 1851)



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Nipce passed away in 1833, but Daguerre continuedtheir work on a new process, which he finished in 1837and named daguerreotype:



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he discovered the latent image (an image that is invisible untilyou develop it)



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accidentally left an exposed plate in a dark space which also had abroken thermometer in it - he realized that the mercury vapors(from the broken thermometer) had caused a chemical reaction

which developed the image



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accidentally left an exposed plate in a dark space which also had abroken thermometer in it - he realized that the mercury vapors(from the broken thermometer) had caused a chemical reaction

which developed the image

this process shortened exposure time from over 8 hours down to

20 - 30 minutes



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the process:


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the process:

highly polished copper plate exposed to iodine vapors(this makes silver iodide) - have to be used within an

hour


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the process:


hour

expose to light (about 10 - 20 minutes)


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the process:


hour


develop the plate over mercury heated to about 170F(heating creates vapors)


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the process:


hour



fix the image in warm salt water


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the process:


hour



fix the image in warm salt water

rinse with hot distilled water


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10 - 15 minutes of exposure


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Daguerre gave the rights to the daguerrotype process tothe French government in 1839 in exchange for a life-long pension for himself and Nipces son.


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France published instructions for the process in 1839and made them available free to the world, in thespirit of the 50th anniversary of the French Revolution.


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France published instructions for the process in 1839and made them available free to the world, in thespirit of the 50th anniversary of the French Revolution.

the fact that the process was free from copyright meantthat it spread quickly, causing Daguerreotypomania


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The price of a daguerreotype, at the height of itspopularity in the early 1850's, ranged from 25 centsfor a sixteenth plate (of 1 5/8 inches by 1 3/8 inches)to 50 cents for a low-quality "picture factory" likenessto $2 for a medium-sized portrait at Matthew Brady'sBroadway studio.


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L i J M d D


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25

{1850

L i J M d D


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2550{1850

L i J M d D


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2550$2.00{1850


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L i J M d D g


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2550$2.00{1850 } 2011

= $10.64

L i J M d D g


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The price of a daguerreotype, at the height of itspopularity in the early 1850's, ranged from 25 centsfor a sixteenth plate (of 1 5/8 inches by 1 3/8 inches)to 50 cents for a low-quality "picture factory" likeness

to $2 for a medium-sized portrait at Matthew Brady'sBroadway studio.

2550$2.00{1850 } 2011

= $10.64= $21.28

L i J M d D g


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The price of a daguerreotype, at the height of itspopularity in the early 1850's, ranged from 25 centsfor a sixteenth plate (of 1 5/8 inches by 1 3/8 inches)to 50 cents for a low-quality "picture factory" likeness

to $2 for a medium-sized portrait at Matthew Brady'sBroadway studio.

2550$2.00{1850 } 2011

= $10.64= $21.28= $85.12


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drawbacks of the daguerreotype:


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drawbacks of the daguerreotype:

dangerous (poisonous) still pretty long exposure times


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invention of the calotype / talbottype


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he named it calotype from the Greek wordkalos (meaning beautiful)

first negative/positive photographic process


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got the exposure time down to SECONDS

his materials:

paper coated with silver iodide developed in gallic acid, silver nitrate, and acetic acid


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William Henry Fox Talbot


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his materials:


fixed in hyposulfite of soda



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William Henry Fox Talbot(England, 1800 - 1877)





his materials:


fixed in hyposulfite of soda


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negative to positive

i i i


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ti t iti


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Photo History Part2

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