Phosphorus Fertilizer Phosphorus Fertilizer Needs in North America Needs in North America 18 th Annual Regional Phosphate Conference, Lakeland, Florida October 16, 2003 Paul Fixen Potash & Phosphate Institute Slide set available at http://www.ppi-ppic.org/ppiweb/napro.nsf
Phosphorus Fertilizer Needs in North America. 18 th Annual Regional Phosphate Conference, Lakeland, Florida October 16, 2003 Paul Fixen Potash & Phosphate Institute. Slide set available at http://www.ppi-ppic.org/ppiweb/napro.nsf. Take away messages about phosphorus in North America. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Phosphorus Fertilizer Phosphorus Fertilizer Needs in North AmericaNeeds in North America
18th Annual Regional Phosphate Conference, Lakeland, Florida October
16, 2003
Paul Fixen
Potash & Phosphate Institute
Slide set available at http://www.ppi-ppic.org/ppiweb/napro.nsf
Take away messages about Take away messages about phosphorus in North Americaphosphorus in North America
1. Phosphorus removed from U.S. farmlands by today’s crops exceeds use by 30%30% if manure P is ignored due to its localized use.
2. Counting all recoverable manure P as agronomically useful, results in a barely balanced budgetbarely balanced budget, giving no opportunity to improveno opportunity to improve soil fertility or meet needs of the higher yielding crops of the future.
3. Nearly one out of every two soilsone out of every two soils sampled today indicates a need for a balanced or surplus P budget to produce to full potential.
4. An increase in P useincrease in P use must occurmust occur on many fields for farming systems to be sustainable … based on simple arithmetic.
5. The fertilizer industry has several excellent new programsexcellent new programs in place to increase awareness of P shortages.
Solid science-based evidence indicates an increasing Solid science-based evidence indicates an increasing role for fertilizer P in North American agriculturerole for fertilizer P in North American agriculture
Consumption of N, PConsumption of N, P22OO55, and K, and K22O in the U.S.O in the U.S.
N P2O5 K2O
Current P consumption is similar to the late 1960sCurrent P consumption is similar to the late 1960s
U.S. phosphate fertilizer U.S. phosphate fertilizer consumption by crop in 2001consumption by crop in 2001
USDA-ERS, USDA-NASS, AAPFCO, PPI
Corn grain38.4%
Other crops17.6%
AlfalfaAlfalfa7.5%7.5%
Soybeans7.7%
Wheat16.5%
Corn silage, 3.7%Corn silage, 3.7%
Cotton, 3.6%Cotton, 3.6%
Potatoes, 2.5%Potatoes, 2.5%
Sorghum, 2.5%Sorghum, 2.5%
Total PTotal P22OO55 consumption consumption
4.3 million short tons4.3 million short tons
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Rat
e A
pp
lied
, lb
/A .
Fertilizer use on corn in the U.S. Fertilizer use on corn in the U.S.
N
K2O
P2O5
Data source: USDA-ERS Chemical Use Survey
Current P rates on corn are similar to the late 1960sCurrent P rates on corn are similar to the late 1960s
Crop yield trends in the U.S. and CanadaCrop yield trends in the U.S. and Canada
y = 1.87x - 3610
y = 1.14x - 2160
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Yie
ld (
bu
/A)
U.S.
Canada
y = 0.407x - 773
y = 0.359x - 682
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Yie
ld (
bu
/A)
U.S.
Canada
Corn yieldsCorn yieldshave have
increasedincreased75% 75%
Wheat yieldsWheat yieldshave have
increasedincreased40%40%
Since the Since the late 1960s late 1960s in the U.S.in the U.S. During thisDuring this
time periodtime periodP fertilizer useP fertilizer use
was flat orwas flat ordecreasing decreasing
while P while P removal by removal by
higher higher yielding crops yielding crops was markedly was markedly
increasing.increasing.
CornCorn
WheatWheat
Will the back end of a cow and nutrient Will the back end of a cow and nutrient management planning put you out of business?management planning put you out of business?
Need to put manure P in perspectiveNeed to put manure P in perspective
Manure P in the U.S. in 1997 according Manure P in the U.S. in 1997 according to NRCS relative to fertilizer Pto NRCS relative to fertilizer P
Manure data source: Kellogg et al., 2000
Million lb P2O5
Partial P budgets for the U.S. and Partial P budgets for the U.S. and selected states (average of 1998-2000)selected states (average of 1998-2000)
1 Potash & Phosphate Institute (0.35 lb P2O5/bu corn for IA).2 Terry and Kirby, 2000, 2001. 3 Kellog et al., 2000 (1997 production).
Crop Applied Recov. Removal to use
Region Removal1 fertilizer2 manure3 fertilizer Fert + man
------- P2O5, million lbs ------
U.S. 11,400 8,800 3,300 1.30 0.94
Crop Applied Recov. Removal to use
Region Removal1 fertilizer2 manure3 fertilizer Fert + man
------- P2O5, million lbs ------
U.S. 11,400 8,800 3,300 1.30 0.94
IL 1,126 705 77 1.60 1.44
IA 1,100 621 234 1.77 1.29
NC 116 207 250 0.56 0.25
DEDE
ND
SKMB
ON
BCAB
WA
OR
MT
ID
SD
MN
PQ
NY
PAOHINIL
IA
WIMIMI
WYWY
UT
NV
CACA
AZAZ NM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NHNH
VT
MAMACTCT
RIRI
NE
KSMO
KYKY
WVWVVAVA
MDMDNJNJ
NCNCTNTN
AROK
TXTX LALA
MSMS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
CO
0.00-0.49
0.50-0.89
0.90-1.09
1.10-1.49
>1.50
R/F
Ratio of P removal by crops to fertilizer Ratio of P removal by crops to fertilizer applied.applied.
Ratio of P removal by crops to fertilizer Ratio of P removal by crops to fertilizer applied plus recoverable manure.applied plus recoverable manure.
ND
SKMB
ON
BCBCAB
WA
OR
MTMT
ID
SD
MN
PQPQ
NY
PAOHINIL
IA
WIMI
WY
UT
NV
CACA
AZ NM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NH
VT
MAMA
CTCTRIRI
NE
KSMO
KY
WV
VAVA
MD
DEDE
NJNJ
NCNCTN
AROK
TX LA
MS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
CO
1.10-1.49
0.50-0.89
0.00-0.49
0.90-1.09
>1.50
R/(F+M)
An Acre of Corn, 1970 to 2000An Acre of Corn, 1970 to 2000
Two decades of building soil P One decade of mining
/AAverage P use on corn and soybeans Average P use on corn and soybeans
relative to crop removalrelative to crop removal
Use
Removal
Gap isgrowing
What are the consequences of negative What are the consequences of negative P budgets in crop production?P budgets in crop production?
It depends on the existing soil test level
Soil Test Level vs. Relative YieldSoil Test Level vs. Relative Yield
Soil test level
Rel
ativ
e yi
eld
(%
)
100
Critical range
Mining has Mining has no effectno effect
(land value?)(land value?)
Mining reduces Mining reduces yield, quality, yield, quality, & land value& land value
An extreme caseAn extreme caseAn extreme case
How does soil test P change with a How does soil test P change with a negative budget?negative budget?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5019
75
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Year
Bra
y P
1 (p
pm
)
298 lb P2O5 in 1975
0 lb P2O5 in 1975
Webb et al., 1992 (Iowa)
An insidious declineAn insidious declineresulting in gradual resulting in gradual erosion of potentialerosion of potential
Percent of Soils Testing Medium or Lower Percent of Soils Testing Medium or Lower in P in 2001in P in 2001
NDND
SKSKMBMB
ONON
BCBCABAB
WAWA
OROR
MTMT
IDID
SDSD
MNMN
PQPQ
NYNY
PAPAOHOHININILIL
IAIA
WIWIMIMI
WYWY
UTUT
NVNV
CACA
AZAZ NMNM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NHNH
VTVT
MAMA
CTCTRIRI
NENE
KSKSMOMO
KYKY
WVWVVAVA
MDMDDEDE
NJNJ
NCNCTNTN
ARAROKOK
TXTX LALA
MSMS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
COCO
3737
7070
45457373
383825252424
3636
181822223434
5353
3131
454542424747
60604646
6161
5151
797960605858
3737
5959
6868
60605959 3939
696947475858 5959
4141 52527878 7878
6969
5959 8686
4747 2121
6262
4040
5858
4646
5050 26262828
North AmericaNorth America47% 47%
25251616
1515
5757
2525
Based on 2.5 million
soil samples
(at or below critical)
Percent of Soil Samples Testing Medium or Percent of Soil Samples Testing Medium or below in P in the Great Plains and Corn Beltbelow in P in the Great Plains and Corn Belt
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Med
ium
or
belo
w, %
AB SK MB SD ND
NE KS OK
IA IL IN MN NE OH
For the six leading corn producing states, survey trends suggest that soilsFor the six leading corn producing states, survey trends suggest that soils have been slipping from high back into medium since about 1990. have been slipping from high back into medium since about 1990.
Nearly one out of every two soil Nearly one out of every two soil samples today indicates a need for a samples today indicates a need for a
balanced or surplus P budget to balanced or surplus P budget to produce to full potentialproduce to full potential
… and strong evidence indicates its … and strong evidence indicates its not happening.not happening.
What is PPI/FAR doing to make it happen?What is PPI/FAR doing to make it happen? Coordinate university-based researchuniversity-based research to develop strong P
recommendations KSU P FellowshipP Fellowship Center of Excellence Program Funded directly by Agrium,Cargill,IMC,PCS,Simplot
Conduct soil test summariessoil test summaries – 2001, 2005 Published: Plant Nutrient Use in North American Plant Nutrient Use in North American
AgricultureAgriculture – source of much of today’s data Educational materials on P, soil testing, & budgets
P nutrition PPT seriesP nutrition PPT series (slides, speaker notes, references) Site-specific precision agSite-specific precision ag materials … low P areas within fields PKalcPKalc: user friendly nutrient budget software … takes it to the farm Numerous other items: www.ppi-ppic.orgwww.ppi-ppic.org
Work with NRCS and other agenciesNRCS and other agencies on P policy and water quality issues – part of solution not part of problem
Provide technical support directly to our memberssupport directly to our members
Examples of member programsExamples of member programs
Directed at crop advisersand farmers. Focused on the basics of soil testing and balanced nutrition.
P-specific campaignwith public and privatesector partners to educatecrop advisers, farmers and the ag media (launched in September, 2003).
Multi-media program to educate the industry and arm them to communicate positive messages about P and other nutrients to their customers and communities.
Take away messages about Take away messages about phosphorus in North Americaphosphorus in North America
1. Phosphorus removed from U.S. farmlands by today’s crops exceeds use by 30%30% if manure P is ignored due to its localized use.
2. Counting all recoverable manure P as agronomically useful, results in a barely balanced budgetbarely balanced budget, giving no opportunity to improveno opportunity to improve soil fertility or meet needs of the higher yielding crops of the future.
3. Nearly one out of every two soilsone out of every two soils sampled today indicates a need for a balanced or surplus P budget to produce to full potential.
4. An increase in P useincrease in P use must occurmust occur on many fields for farming systems to be sustainable … based on simple arithmetic.
5. The fertilizer industry has several excellent new programsexcellent new programs in place to increase awareness of P shortages.
… … and solid science-based evidence and solid science-based evidence indicates it can have an increasing role indicates it can have an increasing role
in North American agriculturein North American agriculture