Phonetics class 001

8/15/2019 Phonetics class 001

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1 Introduction2 Phonetics and Phonology

3 Morphology and Syntax4 Semantics and Pragmatics

5 Conclusion

An Introduction to LinguisticsWhat’s a Language? Linguistic Subfields

Meagan Louie

M. Louie Introductory Linguistics

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5 Conclusion

Q: What is Linguistics?

Linguistics is the study of language


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5 Conclusion



Taking a scientific approach to studying language:


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5 Conclusion




1 Observe some language phenomena2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena


1 I d i

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5 Conclusion




1 Observe some language phenomena2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena3 Test your hypothesis


1 Introd ction

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5 Conclusion




1 Observe some language phenomena2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena3 Test your hypothesis4 Revise your hypothesis5 Test your revised hypothesis


1 Introduction

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5 Conclusion




1 Observe some language phenomena2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena3 Test your hypothesis4 Revise your hypothesis5 Test your revised hypothesis6 Repeat steps 4 and 5


1 Introduction

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5 Conclusion




1 Observe some language phenomena2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena3 Test your hypothesis4 Revise your hypothesis5 Test your revised hypothesis6 Repeat steps 4 and 5

Q: So what is there in a language to study?


1 Introduction

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5 Conclusion

The Core Subdomains of Linguistics

Language is a complex thing that consists of many different parts


1 Introduction

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5 Conclusion



Linguistics likewise, can be broken down into different parts


1 Introductionh d h l

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2 Phonetics and Phonology3 Morphology and Syntax

4 Semantics and Pragmatics5 Conclusion



Linguistics likewise, can be broken down into different parts

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics


1 Introductionh i d h l

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Hypothesis 1Hypothesis 1b

Q: What is a Language?

Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

English = { p, t, k, tS, S, D, T, i,u, ej, ,... }French = { p, t, k, b, d, g S, i, y, e, ... }Blackfoot = { p, t, k, i, o, a.. }


1 Introduction2 Ph ti d Ph l



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Core Subdomains: Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds(i) How do you make these sounds?

(ii) What properties do these sounds have?(iii) etc.



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But language can’t just be an unstructured set of sounds

(1) a. [pit] English

b. *[pti]c. *[ptSD]



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b. *[pti]c. *[ptSD]

Observation: Sounds restricted in how they combine into syllables



H h i

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b. *[pti]c. *[ptSD]


Sounds should be categorized, eg. into consonants and vowels



H th i 1

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b. *[pti]c. *[ptSD]


Sounds should be categorized, eg. into consonants and vowels

This should be represented in our model of language

English = { { p, t, k, tS, S, D, T,... }, { i,u, ej, ... } }



Hypothesis 1



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gy3 Morphology and Syntax



Phonology

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern

(i) What sounds are there?

(ii) What sorts of categories do speech sounds fall into?

(iii) How can these sounds combine?

(iv) etc.



h l dHypothesis 1

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5 Conclusion


Phonology

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern

(i) What sounds are there?

(ii) What sorts of categories do speech sounds fall into?

(iii) How can these sounds combine?

(iv) etc.

Hypothesis 1b: A language is a structured collection of sounds



M h l d SHypothesis 1



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5 Conclusion


Another Observation

Consider the following sequence:

STAGE 1: I think of something(Thought 1)



3 M h l d S tHypothesis 1

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5 Conclusion


Another Observation



STAGE 2: You know the contentof Thought 1



3 Morphology and SyntaxHypothesis 1

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5 Conclusion

ypHypothesis 1b

Another Observation




Question: How do we get fromStage One to Stage 2?



3 Morphology and SyntaxHypothesis 2

h b

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5 Conclusion

Hypothesis 2b

Q: What is Language?

Hypothesis 1b: A language is a structured collection of sounds×


1 Introduction2 Phonetics and Phonology3 Morphology and Syntax

Hypothesis 2H h i b

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5 Conclusion

Hypothesis 2b



There’s more to language than just sounds



Hypothesis 2H th i 2b

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p gy y4 Semantics and Pragmatics

5 Conclusion

Hypothesis 2b



There’s more to language than just sounds

The sounds of a language combine to form words.






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p gy y4 Semantics and Pragmatics

5 Conclusion

Hypothesis 2b


Hypothesis 2: A language is a collection of words



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Hypothesis 2b


Hypothesis 2: A language is a collection of words

English = { dog, cat, apple, the, a, run, eat, red, fat, be, on, ... }

French = { chien, chat, pomme, le/la/les, un/une/des, courir,manger, rouge, gros, être, sur, ... }

Blackfoot = { imitaa, poos, aapastaaminaam,amo/omi/oma/omistsi/omiksi, okska’si, ooyi/owatoo/oowat,maohksinattsi, omaahka’pii, ohkit, ... }


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4 S ti d P ti



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yp

What’s a Language?

Observation: Only some English words can appear in the positionmarked in red (i.e., in the frame ’The ..... dog’)

(2) a. The red dog ran

b. The fat dog ranc. *The apple dog ran

d. *The eat dog ran

e. *The a dog ran

f. *The with dog ran



4 Semantics and Pragmatics


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yp


Observation: Only some English words can appear in the positionmarked in red (i.e., in the frame ’The ..... dog’)


b. The fat dog ran

c. *The apple dog ran

d. *The eat dog ran

e. *The a dog ran

f. *The with dog ran

If English was just a set of words, we wouldn’t be able to accountfor why only some words can occur in this position





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b. The fat dog ran

c. *The apple dog ran

d. *The eat dog ran

e. *The a dog ran


b. A red dog ranc. *Eat red dog ran

d. *Cat red dog ran

e. *on red dog ran


b. The red dog ate

c. *The red dog cat

d. *The red dog ae. *The red dog on


b. The red cat ranc. *The red eat ran

d. *The red a ran

e. *The red on ran





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Observation: Different words have different distributions





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g5 Conclusion



We can account for this if language puts words into different

categories

Nouns Verbs Adjectives Determiners Prepositionscat, dog,... eat, run,... red, fat,... the, a,... under, on,...





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g5 Conclusion



We can account for this if language puts words into different

categories

Nouns Verbs Adjectives Determiners Prepositionscat, dog,... eat, run,... red, fat,... the, a,... under, on,...

Question: Is there any independent evidence for these categories?


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4 Semantics and PragmaticsC l i



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5 Conclusion


Hypothesis 2b: Language is a collection of words that fall intospecific word-categories, eg., N, V, Adj, Det, P

Independent Evidence: Only nouns can be pluralized

N V Adj Det Pcat, dog,... eat, run,... red, fat,... the, a,... under, on,...

cat-s, dog-s *eat-s, *run-s *red-s, *fat-s *the-s, *a-s *under-s,



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5 Conclusion


Independent Evidence: Only verbs can be past tense

N V Adj Det

cat, dog,... smile, walk,... red, fat,... the, a,...*cat-ed, *dog-ed smile-d, walk-ed *red-ed, *fat-ed *the-ed, *a-ed

Independent Evidence: Only adjectives can be superlative

N V Adj Det

cat, dog,... smile, walk,... red, fat,... the, a,...*cat-est, *dog-est smile-st, walk-est reddest, fattest *the-est, *a-est





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5 Conclusion

Syntax and Morphology

Observation: The "collection of words" that make up (part of) alanguage is structured in terms of


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5 Conclusion



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Syntax and Morphology

Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences

(i) "word order"

(ii) How to form phrases and sentences

(iii) How to categorize types of phrases, types of sentences(iv) etc.

Morphology is the study of words

(i) How to categorize words

(ii) How to form words

(iii) etc.




5 Conclusion

Hypothesis 3Hypothesis 3bHypothesis 4



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Hypothesis 3: Language consists of:




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(i) A structured collection of sounds




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5 Conclusion



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Instructions about how to make them PHONETICS

Rules re: how these sounds combine . PHONOLOGY

(ii) A structured collection of words and "morphemes" LEXICON


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5 Conclusion



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(ii) A structured collection of words and "morphemes" LEXICON

Rules re: how morphemes combine into words . MORPHOLOGY

Rules re: how words combine into phrases, sentences . SYNTAX

But you need more than these in order to know a language!


1 Introduction




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Recall the Previous Observation





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Recall the Previous Observation




A word is not just a combination of sounds


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Observation: Words aren’t just sounds.

(7) The butterfly is sitting on the cat’s back.


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Observation: Words aren’t just sounds.

(7) The butterfly is sitting on the cat’s back.

. True! False!


1 Introduction




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Truth-Conditional Meaning

When you know a language, you know what the world has to look like inorder for a sentence to be true - i.e., you know its truth-conditions.


1 Introduction




T h C d l M

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You have to know


1 Introduction




T h C di i l M i

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You have to know

(i) The meaning of words - eg., what they refer to, and

(ii) How the meanings of the words combine to form the meanings of phrases and sentences


1 Introduction




S i

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Semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning

(i) The meaning of words

. LEXICAL SEMANTICS

(ii) How the meanings of words combine to form the meaning (i.e.,truth-conditions) of sentences

. COMPOSITIONAL SEMANTICS

(iii) etc.


1 Introduction




Q Wh t i L ?

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Hypothesis 3b: Language consists of:

1Where words and "morphemes" and sound ,meaning pairs.M. Louie Introductory Linguistics

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1 Introduction

2 Phonetics and Phonology3 Morphology and Syntax4 Semantics and Pragmatics

5 Conclusion




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1 Introduction


5 Conclusion



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(ii) A structured collection of words and "morphemes"1 LEXICON


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Rules re: how the meaning of words/"morphemes" combine into themeaning (i.e., truth-conditions) of sentences . SEMANTICS


1 Introduction


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Are we done yet? Another Observation:

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(8) CONTEXT: We’re watching Raven dance right now.

a. Raven is dancing True!

b.#Raven was dancing True!


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When you know a language, you know more than just how tocalculate the truth-conditions of sentences


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When you know a language, you know more than just how tocalculate the truth-conditions of sentences

You also know when using sentence is acceptable (felicitous)regardless of whether or not it’s true


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5 Conclusion


Pragmatics

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Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of language in context

(i) The non truth-conditional meanings of words, phrases and sentences

(ii) How these meanings interact with context

(iii) how these meanings interact with truth-conditional meaning

(iv) etc.


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(i) A structured collection of soundsInstructions about how to make them PHONETICS





Rules re: how the meaning of words/"morphemes" combine into the

meaning (i.e., truth-conditions) of sentences . SEMANTICSRules re: how to use words/sentences felicitously . PRAGMATICS

2Where words and "morphemes" and sound ,meaning pairs.


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5 Conclusion

Conclusion: A language consists of


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(i) A structured collection of sounds Phonetic Inventory

(ii) A respository of meaning Semantic Ontology

(iii) Rules about how these elements combine (i.e., the "GRAMMAR")


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sounds into complex sounds

sound and meanings into sound ,meaning pairs




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morphemes into words




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morphemes into words

words into phrases and sentences


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Phonetics class 001

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