Phonetics and phonology EXPLANATION FOR EXERCISE 2 (SEMENTAL PHONOLOGY) RULES OF PHONOLOGY DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH1.

Phonetics and phonology

EXPLANATION FOR EXERCISE 2 (SEMENTAL PHONOLOGY)RULES OF PHONOLOGY

DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH 1

1. Nasalise pure vowels and dipthongs before a nasal stops /m/, /n/, /ƞ/

EX1: Thing, impermeable, twentieth EX3: linguistics, can, inquiry, human, language,

between, development, aims, sounds, into


2. Apply homorganic constraints • Between some morphemes /in/Before vowels, before alveolars /t/,/s/,/d/ into/iƞ /Before velars /ɡ//k/ :linguistics inquiry, uncle/im/Before bilabials /b/, /m/, /p / : impermeable/il/Before laterals /l/ : illegal/ir/Before retroflex / r/: irregular

DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH3

• Within a morpheme/m/Before bilabial : pump/n/ before dental: tenth/n/ before alveolar: /ƞ/ before velar: uncle


3. Devoice nasal stops /m/, /n/, /ƞ/ liquids /l/ /r/and glides /j/ /w/ after initial voiceless consonants

• EX1: prays twentieth clapped • EX 3: properties, provide


5. Devoice final and initial voiced nonnasal/oral stops /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ fricatives /v/, /ð/, / z/, /ʒ/ and affricates /ʤ/

• EX 1: lose breathe breath• EX 3: be, defined, as, the, language, between,

them, development, of, sounds, called, aims, features, provide, describe.


6. Devoice the final consonant of the preceding word if it is voiced and followed by a voiceless initial consonant of the following word

Ex 3:. . . is called …..All sounds in human


• Voice fully Voiced oral stops, voiced fricatives, voiced

affricates occur in middle position of words EX3: linguistics, development


7. Aspirate voiceless nonnasal/ oral stops /k//p//t/ when they occur

• Word-initiallyEx 1:cough, clapped pray twentiethEx 3: can, to, properties, called, provide• Word-internally introducing a stressed syllableEx1: impermeableEx 3: inquiry, scientific


Voiceless nonnasal/ oral stops /k//p//t/ are UNASPIRATED:

• In a consonant cluster, following /s/Ex 3: speech• In word-finally position:Ex 1: clappedEx 3: development, it, set, that, scientific• Word-internally introducing an unstressed syllableEx 3: into, linguistic , phonetics, properties


8. The lateral /l/• fully voiced or the clear [l] occurs before a vowel,

mostly word-initial position EX1 loseEX3: linguistics, language, relationship,

development• The dark /l/: occurs after a vowel, and before a

consonant or before a pause.EX3: well, called , all


• The syllabic /l/: (also pronounced dark)stands at the peak (either the nucleus or the center) of an unstressed syllable.

This rule is also applied to the /n/, /m/, /r/EX1: impermeableEX3: relationship acquisition


9.Reduce unstressed vowels except those occurring word- finally to ‘the schwa’ /ə/

Scien’tific, ‘into, ‘human, re’lationship, be’tween, de’velopment, pho’netic, pro’vided, des’cribe.

Weak forms /ə/ in grammatical wordsEx2 can as to at an and than was


10. Shorten a vowel or voiced continuant consonant before final voiceless consonants

Ex 1: loose, cough, clapped, breath, twentieth Ex 3: scientific, relationship, speech, phonetics,

it, set, that Ex3: science, development


• 11. Delete the middle consonant in a complex consonant cluster

Ex3: sounds, and the, • Delete a/ ɡ/ when it occurs before nasal

stops /m/ or /n/• Delete a word - final /b/ when it occurs after

an /m/• Optional delete unstressed vowels in rapid and

casual speech


12. LINKING• stop-to-vowel: What are /‘wɒt _ə/; as old as/əz _‘ əld _ əz /;

wan’t he /‘wɒznt_i/; meet him /‘mi:t_im/; surprised at /sə‘praizd_ət/


• Fricative/affricate-to-vowel: … sounds in /san(d)z_ in/; ….has an uncle /‘hæz_ ən_‘ƞkl/…. science of / ‘saiəns_əv/


• Continuant /n/, /l/, /r/ -to-vowel: …can I /kən_ai/, …than I /ðən_ai/…and a /ən_ ə /There are /ðər_ ə/;• Consonant-to-consonant:


• Vowel-to-vowel: Who will /‘hu: w_əl/; She is /i j iz/; ….into its /‘intə r i(t)s/; The airport /ði j_‘eəpͻ:t];… inquiry into /iƞkwaiəri j ‘intə/


13. LIAISON insert /r, /j/, /w/ between the 2 vowels:Who will /‘hu: w_əl/; She is /i j iz/; ….into its /‘intə r i(t)s/; The airport /ði j_‘eəpͻ:t/;… inquiry into /iƞkwaiəri j ‘intə/


14. ELLISION: complex consonant cluster at the boundaries especially, alveolar plosive: /t/, /d/; and /v/ in “of” before consonant are omitted

Ex 3:… sounds /san(d)z/; … and /ən(d)/;… science of speech /‘saiəns_ə(v) spi:ʧ/… set of feature /set_ə(v) ‘fi:təz/


Phonetics and phonology EXPLANATION FOR EXERCISE 2 (SEMENTAL PHONOLOGY) RULES OF PHONOLOGY DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH1.

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