LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN PHONETICS
Jan 12, 2016
LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
PHONETICS
Made to Speak
________: to supply air for speech_____________: to produce vibrations for
speech sounds________: to articulate vowels and
consonants________: to provide place of articulation________: to articulate vowels and
consonants________: to provide nasal resonance during
speech
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 2.
1.1 Specialization for Language Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 2.
Organ Survival Speech
LungsExchange CO2
for O2
Air flow
Vocal Cords
Cover tube to lungs
Vibration
Tongue Move food in mouth
Articulation
Teeth Chew food Articulation
Lips Seal oral cavity
Articulation
Nose BreathingNasal resonance
IntroductionSpoken Language
Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer
Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves
Humans ________before they ________Reason why linguists ________with the study
of spoken rather than written language
Phonetics
Definition: The study of the ________and ________of the sounds of
speech. Analyzes the ________of all human speech sounds, ________________________.
Approaches to Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics Studies the _______________________of speech
production
Acoustic phonetics Measuring and analyzing
the physical properties of the _____________we produce when we speak
Phones
Definition: ______________
Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? ____________
The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200
vowels
Units of representation
Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) Syllables
Nota: Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic
International Phonetic Alphabet
The IPA is a system of ________Represent ________of human speech with a
_______________ « One sound, one symbol »
Important: Enclosed in ________________
Explore the IPA
Go through pronunciation of words Do you notice any difference between these sounds? Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used
to represent a vowel.
IPA Look at the information mentioned What are the classifications mentioned in the
consonant chart?
IPATranscription
Broad transcription Uses a _____________set of symbols to represent
_________________but does not show all ________
Narrow transcription Show ______________using an ________set of symbols
Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:
Alphg___.ttf Alphonet.ttf
IPADiacritics
« Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way »
Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness.
See your IPA chart http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sam
my
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 635.
For help with phonetics
Linking sounds to symbols:IPA Help, SIL Internationalhttp://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.htm
Identifying articulatory features:Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of
Torontohttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy
Practice transcribing:
Made to Speak
Specialization for Language:Made to Speak
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Sound-Producing SystemFeatures
Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: ________ ________ ________
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 17.
Sound-producing System
Sound is produced when air is ____________Sets of ______modify the sound in various
ways
Sound-producing system
LungsVocal cords
(or vocal ________)Larynx (vocal folds
are within larynx)
(the velum is the soft areaTowards the rear of the roofof the mouth)
Sound-producing system
Three filters: Pharynx(the tube between the larynx and the oral cavity)Oral cavityNasal cavity
Glottal States
Sound-producing system Glottal States
Sound-producing system Glottal States
________: Space between the vocal foldsVocal folds may be ________in a number of
ways to produce different ________________
Glottal StatesVoicelessness
When the vocal folds are ________.The air passes ________________the glottis.
Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless.
Put your fingertips to your larynx. Fish Sing House
Glottal StatesVoicing
When the vocal folds are _______________, but ________________.
Air passes through and causes them to _______.
Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced.
Put your fingertips to your larynx. Zip Vow
Or any vowel
Glottal StatesWhisper
Whispering is voiceless. No vibration of the cords.
The vocal cords are ________ ________ (though ________________________).
Glottal StatesMurmur
Known as a breathy voiceMurmuring is voiced
Vibration of the vocal cords
Vocal folds are ________to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.
CONSONANTSVOWELSGLIDES
Sound Classes
Sound classesConsonants
Articulatory difference: May be ________________ May be made with either a ________________or a
________of the vocal tract The airflow is either ________momentarily or
________so much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.
Consonants cannot be the _______________
Sound classesVowels
Articulatory difference: Vowels are produced with ________________in the vocal
tract and are usually ________Acoustic Difference:
Vowels are more ________ (acoustically powerful) Perceived as louder and longer lasting
Vowels can be the ________of a syllable.
Sound classesGlides
Shows properties of ________________May be thought of a ________ ________
(auditory impression they produce)Produced with an ________like that of a
vowelGlides can never be the ________of a syllable
Aka. ________________, ___________
The Tongue
Primary articulation organIt can be:
Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back
Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root
Place of Articulation
ConsonantsPlace of Articulation
Also called ________________Each point at which air stream can be
_______to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation
Places of articulation are found at the ____, within the ________, in the ________and at the ________.
ConsonantsPlace of Articulation
Place of articulationLabial
Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the ______is said to be labial.
Bilabial: sounds involving ________ Example:
Labiodental: sounds involving the ________ and the ________ Example:
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Place of articulationDental and interdental
Sounds produced with the tongue placed ______ or ________the ________ Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi)
Interdental: Produced with the tongue _______ the ________ Example: The words thing & this
Place of articulationAlveolar
Sounds produced when the tongue ________or is brought ________to the _______________
Example:
+ Spanish “r” = [r]http://www.uiowa.edu:80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/frameset.html
(Lingual-alveolar)
Place of articulationAlveopalatal & palatal
Alveopalatal area: Just behind the alveolar ridge the roof of the mouth _______sharply
Alveopalatal consonants: Example: Show, measure, chip & judge
Palatal glide: Example: Yes & yours
Place of articulationVelar
Velum: ____area towards the ____of the mouth
Velar: Sounds produced with tongue touching or near this position Example: Call, guy & hang
Labiovelar: Sounds produced with ________ ________ and the ________at the same time _____ like in wet
Place of articulationUvular
Uvula: Small fleshly ________that hangs down from the ________.
Uvular: Sounds produced with the tongue touching or near this position. None in English European French « r » = [R]
Place of articulationPharyngeal
Pharynx: Area of the ________between the uvula and the larynx.
Sounds made through the modification of the air flow in the pharynx by ________________or ________________________ [ʕ] Example: The Arabic letter « ع » like in Jesus
Place of articulationGlottal
Sounds produced using the ________as primary articulation Example: Hog, heave
Manner of Articulation
Manner of articulationOral vs Nasal
Oral: Velum is ________cutting of the airflow to the nasal passages
Nasal: Velum is ________to allow air to pass ________the nasal passages
Both consonants ([n] [m] [ŋ]) and vowels ([ã] [õ] etc.) can be nasal and are generally voiced Example: Sun, sum, sung No nasal vowels in English
Manner of articulationStops
Stops are made with a ______________either in the oral cavity or at the glottis
In English: Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and nasal stops [p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ] & [ʔ] Examples: Glottal stop in the sound [ʔ] like in the
expression uh-uh (meaning “no”) or like in some British dialects [ʔ] is heard instead of a “t” (example: bottle)
Manner of articulationFricatives
Fricatives: Consonants produced with a ________________through the mouth
Part of a larger class called continuantsEnglish fricatives:
[f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] & [h]
Manner of articulationAffricates
Affricate: Non-continuous consonant that show a ________________________.
Affication: A process in which palatalized stops become afficates [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Church & Jogging
Manner of articulationVoice Lag and Aspiration
Lag: After the release of certain voiceless stops in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel
Aspiration: Since the lag in the onset of vocalic voicing is accompanied by the ________
Transcribed with a small [h] Examples: pat [phæt], tub [thʌb] and cope [ khowp] Examples of unaspirated: spat [spæt], stub [stʌb]
and cope [ skowp]
Manner of articulationLiquids
Different variants of « r » and « l »
Lateral: Varieties of « l » As laterals are articulated, air escapes through the
mouth ________the lowered ________of the tongueEnglish « r »
________the tongue tip back into the mouth or by ________the tongue upwards and back in the mouth
Manner of articulationLiquids (continued)
English « r » Retroflex [ɹ] or [r] = Curling the tongue tip back into
the mouth or by bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth Example: car & ride Transcribed as [r] in textbook
Flap [ɾ] = Tongue tip ________the ______________ as it passes across it Example: North American pronunciation of bitter &
butter
Glides
Manner of articulationGlides
Glide: Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment
_____or ________ [j]: Palatal glideW-glide [w]: Tongue raised and pulled back
near the ________ and with ________ ________ or rounded.
[M]: Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide Example: When, where, which (but not in witch)
Vowels
Vowels
Vowels: Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the ________ more ________ than it is for consonants and glide articulation
Produced by varying the placement of the body of the ________ and ________
Can be altered by protruding or rounding the lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal vowels or by constriction.
VowelsSimple vowels and Diphthongs
Simple vowels: Do not show a noticeable change in quality during their articulation [i], [I], [ɛ], [ɑ], [ɒ], [ə], [ʌ], [ʊ], [u], [ɔ] & [æ] Example: Pit, set, cat, dog, but, put & suppose.
Diphthongs: Vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable [ei], [ej]*, [aI], [aj]*, [au], [ɔI], [ou], [ij]*, [uw]*, [ow]* &
[aw]* Example: Say, buy, cow, ice, lout, go, boy.
IPA Vowel Chart
IPA Vowel Chart
Vowels IPA Vowel Chart (Diphthongs)
VowelsTense and lax
Tense vowels: Produced with placement of the tongue that results in ________ vocal tract ________ [i], [ej] , [u] , [ow], [ɑ] , [aj] , [aw] & [oj] Example: heat, mate, shoot, coat, lock, lies, loud &
boyLax vowels: Produced with ________
articulation [ɪ], [ɛ] , [æ] , [ʊ], [ɔ] , [ʌ] & [ə]* Example: hit, met, mat, should, ought, cut, Canada
* Schwa [ə]: is a reduced vowel (very brief duration)
LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT WAYS TO MARK PROSODIC PROPERTIES OF SOUNDS.
Suprasegmentals
Suprasegmentals
All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic) properties ________ ________ ________
SuprasegmentalsPitch
All humans have the ability to control the level of pitch in their speech By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and the
amount of air that passes through the glottis Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure = higher pitch
There are two kinds of controlled pitch movements: ________ and ________
SuprasegmentalsPitch: Tone
Tone language: A language where differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch Ex: ________
SuprasegmentalsPitch: Tone
Register tones: Level tones that signal meaning differences Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones Ex: High tone, middle tone, low tone
Marked with diacritic [´] for high tones [`] for low tones
Contour tones: Ex: Mandarin
Rising pitch Falling pitch
SuprasegmentalsPitch: Intonation
Intonation: Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is ________ to differences in ________ ________
Often does serve to convey information Terminal (intonation) contour
Final intonation at the end = signals that the utterance is complete
Non-terminal (intonation) contour Rising or level intonation at the end = often signals
incompleteness
SuprasegmentalsPitch: Intonation
Different intonation rules depending on English speaker: Ex: “Correct change, please”
SuprasegmentalsLength
Length: Vowels and consonants whose articulation takes longer relative to that of other vowels and consonants
Marked with ________ : [:] or IPA colon
Nota: Not the same as English long and short vowels Ex: Hat [hæt] & hate [hejt]
SuprasegmentalsStress
Some vowels are ________ as more ________ than others Ex: [thɛləgræfɪk] = [ɛ] and [æ]
Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other are [ɛ] and [æ]
SuprasegmentalsStress
Stress: A cover term for the combined effect of pitch, loudness and length
Marked by diacritics: [´] for the most prominent or primary stress [`] for the second most prominent or
secondary stress
Examples in book (p. 38) Examples in dictionary.com
MY TRICK: Rapper Stress Test
Speech Production
Speech Production
Is not a series of isolated eventsComplex
Articulatory organs are operating independently of each other
Many fine adjustments are carried out very rapidly as we speak.
As a consequence, speech production often results in the articulation of one sound affecting that of another sound
Speech ProductionCoarticulation
Coarticulation: More than one articulator is active
Example:
The sound [pl] [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with
tongue) Resulting in the tongue moving to the
alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]
Speech ProductionProcesses
Processes: Articulatory ________ that occur during the production of ________ ________
Result in : A more ________ articulation A more ________ output
Speech ProductionProcesses
Making articulation more ________ Example:
Bank = [bæŋk] [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the
nasalization of the vowel [æ]
Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Results in a more palatal [k]
Speech ProductionProcesses
Other examples:
Parade = [pəreɪd] More efficient articulation results in the dropping of
the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) =
Voicelessness carried to [r]
Speech ProductionProcesses
Making articulation less efficient Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are asked
to repeat a word Example:
« It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »
Greater articulatory effort, but …Results in a more ________ form that is easier
to ________
Speech ProductionProcesses
Adding a segment Example:
« Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation: A number of different processes that are the result of
the ________ of one segment on another A sound becoming more ________ another nearby sound
in terms of one or more phonetic characteristics
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Regressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ________ segment (e.g., nasalization in English)
Progressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ________ segment (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing in English)
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation - Nasalization Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant is
caused by speakers ________ the lowering of the velum Example: Can’t [khænt]
[æ] + [n] = nasalized [æ]
Regressive assimilation or progressive assimilation?
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation - Voicing assimilationDevoicing:
Example of Please [pliz] [p] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l]
Voicing: Example of[af] (off or over) in Dutch
Afbellen (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation – Flapping A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop
articulation changes to a flap [ɾ] articulation Example:
Butter, writer, fatter, wader & waiter Example : “I bought it” [ajbɑtɪt]
[ɑ] (stressed vowel) + [t] (dental consonant) = [ɾ] (flap)
Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment to a continuant segment
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. It results in two sounds becoming ________ alike in articulatory or acoustic terms.
Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier to ________ and ________ Example: Fifths [fɪfθs]
[f] + [θ] + [s] = [fts]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Deletion: Is a process that ________ a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Occurs in everyday ________In English, the schwa [ə] is often deleted
when the next vowel in the word is stressed Examples: parade, corrode, suppose
[preid], [krowd] & [spowz]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Epenthesis: Is a process that ________ a syllabic segment within an existing string of segmentsExample: warmth [wormθ]
[wormpθ]Example: Something [sʌmθɪŋ]
[sʌmpθɪŋ]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Examples:Warmth [wormpθ] = [m] + [p] + [θ]Length [lɛŋkθ] = [ŋ] + [k] + [θ]Prince [prɪnts] = [n] + [t] + [s]Tenth [tɛntθ] = [n] + [t] + [θ]
Nota: In English the epenthesized consonant are all
non-sonorant, have the same place of articulation as the sonorant consonant to their ____, and have the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to their ____
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Metathesis: Is a process that ________ a sequence of segments
Often results in a sequence of phones that are easier to ________
Common amongst children Examples:
Spaghetti = pesghetti [pəskɛɾi] Prescribe = perscribe [pərskraɪb] Prescription = perscription [pərskrɪpʃən]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Vowel reduction: A process that ________ the articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed vowel) to a more ________ _______
In English: Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa [ə] Example:
Canada [khænədə] (stressed vowel = æ) Canadian [khənejdiən] (stressed vowel = ej)
Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
The sound [pl] [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with
tongue) Resulting in the tongue moving to the
alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]
Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Bank = [bæŋk] [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the
nasalization of the vowel [æ]
Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Results in a more palatal [k]
Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Parade = [pəreɪd] More efficient articulation results in the dropping of
the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) =
Voicelessness carried to [r]
Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Example: « It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »
Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Example: « Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »