Jul 08, 2015
Philosophy of nursing states our thoughts on what we believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and provide a basis for nursing activities..
Idealism
Naturalism
Romanticism
Realism
Philosophical theism
Theistic realism
humanism
Existentialism
Naturalism is the oldest known philosophy in the
western world , which can be traced back to Aristotle,
in the fourth century formulated by Thomas
Aquinas(1225 and 1274). NATURALISM is "the
philosophical belief that everything arises from natural
properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual
explanations are excluded or discounted.“ Adherents
of naturalism (i.e., naturalists) assert that natural laws
are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of
the natural universe, that the changing universe at every stage is a product of these laws
An action is good if it is accord with
human nature; bad if it is contrary to
the nature
The nature of things can be
discovered by reason.
There are two principles of natural law ethics have special importance for health care. These are principle of double effect and principle of totality.
Principle of double effect: health care professionals may become involved in the situation s that result in evil consequences regardless of what courses of action is taken. Decision of administer a drug to relieve a cancer patient’s pain; for example remove of pregnant woman cancerous uterus will result in the death of the foetus
The natural of totality: according to the roman catholic version of natural law, individual can ethically dispose of their organs or interfere with those organ’s ability to function only to the extent that the well of the whole body requires.
The strength of naturalism is its simplicity. It offers individual freedom from presumption and decreases the influences of the influence of confusion in our society today.
Weaknesses: the primary weakness of naturalism is its simplicity. Life and existence is so simplified that deep insight and adequate explanation cannot be formed.
Thomas Aquinas
Thales
Jonathan Barnes
Jean Buridan
In nursing practice: the nurse practionner should the good
and the evil of the care administered to the patient and
make sure the good is higher than ever.
In nursing education: in nursing school, student learn
professional mortality, ethnics principles in order to show
them what is accepted and unaccepted in their
professional practice.
In nursing research: many researches have been
conducted to asses patient’s conceptions about natural
methods in family planning and the acceptance of organ
ablation.
In nursing management : the nurse manager supervise the
staff in order to see if their practice is according to naturalism
philosophy principle.
In nursing behavior: naturalism brings about signing the form
of consent with the patient before any treatment practice
that modifies the nature of the patient.
Naturalism is science-based. Naturalists believe that science is the most reliable descriptor of the world. Phenomena that cannot be scientifically proven (including fate(death), heaven and hell) are seen as imaginary. In addition, naturalists do not believe in the soul, instead postulating that biology, neurology and psychology fulfill the soul's supposed function.
Philosophical Naturalism is the idea that
nature is all there is. Also known as
metaphysical naturalism, it is an outright
rejection of all supernatural. Even in the
presence of a seemingly supernatural
situation, metaphysical naturalism will claim
that there is a natural explanation
underlying it.
Religious Naturalism is a fast-growing movement within the free-thought community. It is essentially scientific naturalism coming together with religious language. This movement, which boasts Ursula Good enough as one of it’s intellectual heavyweights, includes the diverse community of Pantheists. Religious Naturalism is based on the knowledge that, for the majority of human history, social rules and practices have been reinforced by religion
is the process of reconciling facts about the natural world with social and emotional states that shape human behavior. The facts about the natural world are best revealed to us through science. In essence, cultural naturalism attempts to reconcile scientific facts with human emotions, by placing the naturalistic facts in the context of human social life.
Methodological naturalism posits that the naturalistic method is the only way for us humans to understand the universe. By definition, it concedes that there might exist non-naturalistic entities but the tools that we as humans possess can only identify natural entities. This is an epistemological claim (a claim about the nature and acquisition of knowledge). The scientific method as a refined systematic process is the culmination of a long history of honing the tools that we possess in order to understand reality. It is based on the philosophy of naturalism. Scientific Naturalism requires that hypothesis be formed and tested under the assumption that there are natural causes for all phenomena.
In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing.
Gorge bakeley
David Hume
Emmanuel Kant
R.Fith
For nursing practice: The argument
developed here begins by aligning by
aligning medicine and related
conception of nursing with materialism.
For nursing education: students learn
consider the patient holistically; the
body, mind and the influence of the
environment because one aspect may
affect the other.
For nursing research: the research has been
conducted and revealed that necessity to care
holistically to the patient, considering the body, mind
and the environment.
For nursing management research: Nurse manager
supervises the staff to make sure the care given to the
clients in consideration of holistic principles.
For nursing behavior: the alternative , idealism, brings
with it a new set of problems, particularly the tendency
to react against the perceived dominance of the medical profession instead of positing a philosophy of
nursing that reflects a more considered response.
CLASSICAL IDEALISM: Monistic idealism holds that consciousness, not matter, is the ground of all being. It is monistbecause it holds that there is only one type of thing in the universe and idealist because it holds that one thing to be consciousness.
Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or
phenomenalism) describes a relationship
between experience and the world in
which objects are no more than
collections or "bundles" of sense data in
the perceiver.
Transcendental idealism, founded by
Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century,
maintains that the mind shapes the world
we perceive into the form of space-and-
time
Objective idealism asserts that the
reality of experiencing combines and
transcends the realities of the object
experienced and of the mind of the
observer. Proponents include Thomas
Hill Green, Josiah Royce, Benedetto
Croce and Charles Sanders Peirce.
Schelling (1775–1854) claimed that the
Fichte's "I" needs the Not-I, because there is
no subject without object, and vice versa.
So there is no difference between the
subjective and the objective, that is, the
ideal and the real. This is Schelling's
"absolute identity": the ideas or mental
images in the mind are identical to the
extended objects which are external to the
mind.
Actual Idealism is a form of idealism
developed by Giovanni Gentile that
grew into a "grounded" idealism
contrasting Kant and Hegel.
Pluralistic idealism such as that of
Gottfried Leibniz[44] takes the view that
there are many individual minds that
together underlie the existence of the
observed world and make possible the
existence of the physical universe.Unlike
absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism
does not assume the existence of a
single ultimate mental reality or
"Absolute". Leibniz' form of idealism,
known as Panpsychism, views "monads"
as the true atoms of the universe and as
DEFINITION
It comes from a Greek word “pragmata”
which means, act, affairs, or business it a
method of logic for determining the
meaning of intellectual concept.
It also defined as a way of approaching
situation or solving problems that
emphasisis practical applications and
consequences.
Charles Sander Peirce (1839-1904) was the
founder of American pragmatism( later
called pierce pragmatism)
William James( 1842-1910)
John Dewey( 1859-1952) prominent
philosophers of education referred to his
brand of progmatism as instrumentalism.
INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATISM TO EDUCATION
Rather than aphilosophy ,pragmatism is a way of doing philosophy
that has major implictions for solving disputes in involving nursing
science,theory , and practice that may other wise beinterminable.
INFLUENCE OF OF PRAGMATISM TO PRACTICE
The action of an organisation in its environment is the basic
perspective from which the pragmatist proceeds,and our human
capacity of theorizing is seen easy integral to intelligent practic,not on a separate sphere altogether.
INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATISM TO BEHAVIOR OF NURSING
In pragmatism,Man is the measure of things,truth is what
works.
Pragmatism requires its adherent to look at specific
practical consequences of act ,ideas or concept.
CONCLUSION
The philosophy of thepragmatist is helpful in day
living. It promotes the idea that one should live
through one experience at time.
Romanticism is a broad movement of
thought in philosophy, the arts, history,
and political theory, at its height in
Germany, England and France towards
the end of the 18th and in the earlier
part of the 19th centuries.
Individualism
The Romantics focused on the individual.
They viewed the Self as a divine spark
linking all human beings to one another
and to a Greater Truth. Romantic
musicians, poets and visual artists created
art that reflected personal experiences, but
represented universal themes.
Nature
Romantic artists, musicians and poets saw
nature as a dynamic teacher that helped
humans understand their place in the
universe.
EmotionsThe Romantics explored emotional extremes in their work. For example, rather than simply depicting the subject's likeness, Romantic painters created portraits that explored their emotional and psychological states.
TranscendentalismIn the United States, Romanticism gave rise to the transcendentalists, an offshoot of liberal Christianity. Transcendentalists, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, explored the role of individual thought in the perception of the world, the creative power of the consciousness and the unification of the human soul with the Universal Spirit or the One.
Introduction
Realism, the philosophy of science which
asserts that
science can provide us with access to
structures that
exist independently of us (Bhaskar, 1997),
has been
gaining an increasingly significant position
within
both the natural and social sciences over
the last two
Nursing education: nurses are in continuous
pursuit for further studies to fulfill their
pleasure in education since there are
permanent possibilities of happiness.
DEF: is the belief that God exists (or must exist)
independent of the teaching or revelation of any
particular religion. It represents belief in a personal
God entirely without doctrine. Some philosophical
theists are persuaded of God's existence by
philosophical arguments, while others consider
themselves to have a religious faith that need not
be, or could not be, supported by rational
argument.
Philosophical theism has parallels with the 18th
century philosophical view called Deism.
Theism- is belief that one god exists.
Atheism- an absence of belief in
any gods or deities, or belief that
gods or deities do not exist at all.
Deism- the belief that a god exists,
but does not interact with events at
the scale of human being.
Agnosticism-the opinion that it is not
possible to know whether gods or
deities exist, or the opinion that one
does not know.
Monolatry: the belief that there may be
more than one deity, but not only one
should be worshipped.
Henotheism- the belief that there may
be more than one deity, but one is
supreme.
Kat henotheism-The belief that there is
more that one deity, but only one deity
at a time should be worshipped. Each is
supreme in turn
Philosophical theism conceives of nature
(science), humanity (logic), and rational
thought (reason), although possibly never
completely understandable. Here are
some theistic religion: Hinduism, Christianity,
Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Islam,…
Atheistic religion Are Confucianism and
Buddhism
Thomas jay Oord
David Basinger
Martin Freeman
Winkie Pratney
Martin Garener
Walter Kaufmann
David Hume
Joseph Mecabe
Gordon Olson
Theism in nursing practice: nurse are
always with patients who have
different believes about God and
deities. Nurse should respect the
belief of each patient in providing
health care.
Theism in nursing education: the
curriculum includes the different
beliefs and how to manage
patient/client’s beliefs
Theism in nursing management: A
nurse manager, plan and organize
is a philosophy based on the idea that God is real, acts in the universe, and is knowable through the senses and reason. As such, theistic realism stands as a middle ground between philosophical naturalism and fideism. While philosophical naturalism holds that the universe is self-explanatory, theistic realism holds that the universe can only be comprehensively explained with reference to God.
Paul
St. Thomas Aquinas
Phillip Johnson
Gerard L. Gutek
Professors at Baylor college of Medicine
Influence to nursing practice: in defining
nature, theistic realistic stated that the
purpose of science is to understand
nature and God acts naturally, then, the
purpose of science is to understand God
Florence nightingale said that caring is to
put patient in good condition then the
nature will act on him.
Influence to nursing education: about
theistic realism, true knowledge begin
with acknowledgement of God and fear
Influence to nursing management: to
manage others, nurse manager have to be
wise and knowledgeable.
Influence to nursing behaviors: The true
knowledge begin with the
acknowledgement of God and his power,
since , to be good and knowledgeable
nurse you have to believe in God.
Is abroad category of ethical
philosophies that affirm the dignity and
worth of all people, based on the ability
to determine right and wrong by appeal
to universal human qualities particularly
rationalism.
Socrate(470-399 BCE),
Plato(384-345 BCE),
Aristole(384-322BCE)
Corliss Lamont(1997)
Josephine Peterson and Loretta Zderad
In Nursing practice: many theorists have used the
humanism philosophy as the bases of their theories.
Benner&Wrubel;Green-Hernandez;
Leininger;Paterson&Zderad; Watson; noted that humanism is a philosophy that is strongly held as a value of the
profession. The human-centered theory of life is easily
recognized in the views of the earliest nursing professionals
who described nursing as professionalized , humanistic
care, or a way of caring for the patient as a unique
person.(Henderson ,nightingale).
Florence Nightingale claimed that the essence of nursing
rested on the nurse’s capacity to provide humane,
sensitive care to the sick, which she believed would allow healing.
In Nursing behavior: The practice of nurses must ensure the
great good of client in the natural world according to the six
tenets of humanism philosophy:
As health care givers nurses are cognizant of the client in the
client’s beliefs religious and beliefs and learn to evaluate how
those beliefs influence the response to his environment.
- Ensure that the quality of life for the client is maintained up
to death.
- Using the scientific method to resolve the problem of client
(nursing process)
- Encouraging the patients for making their own choice
concerning their care plan.
- The nurse must be careful in ethical and moral values, and
to make an effort not to impose our values system on the
others.
- Ensuring a “ good life” for the client in providing an internal
and externla environment conducive to health.
In nursing readership: Humanistic leaders
are those with emotional intelligence who
constantly question themselves and seek
awareness of themselves and others.
In nursing education: principle of humanism
are taught in nursing school. A humanism
philosophy allow fluidity in nurse student’s
beliefs and encourages them to consider
the humanness of the along which the
scientific and technological advances of
their care.
Read more :
1.http://www.ehow.com/info_8541879_philosophy-
beliefs-romanticism.html
2.Agnew L. (1958) Florence
Nightingale – statistician.
American Journal of Nursing
3.The Possibility of Naturalism: a Philo-sophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences,2nd edn. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead.Bhaskar R. (1997)
4.Read more :
http://www.ehow.com/info_8762737_beliefs-naturalists.html