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VIS--VISPHILOSOPHICALTHOUGHTS / DOCTRINESEDUCATIONVIS--VISPHILOSOPHICALTHOUGHTS / DOCTRINESEDUCATIONEXISTENTIALISMSoren Kierkegaard
A Danish minister and philosopher.He is considered to be the founder of existentialism. His was a Christian orientation. Another group of existentialists, largely European, believes that we must recognize the finiteness of our lives on this small and fragile planet, rather than believing in salvation through God.
EXISTENTIALISMGoal Of EducationDevelop authentic individuals who exercise freedom of choice and take responsibility for their actionsRole of StudentsDevelop independence, self-discipline, set challenges and solve problemsRole of TeachersEncourage students to philosophize and fulfill personal freedomTeaching MethodsDiscussion and analysis, examination of choice-making in own and others livesSubjects StudiedDrama, Art, Literature, Social Science, HistoryMARXISM
Karl Marx
A germanphilosopher,economist, sociologist,journalist, andrevolutionary socialist. Born inGermany, he later becamestateless and spent much of his life inLondonin theUnited Kingdom. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought.[He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable beingThe Communist Manifesto (1848) andDas Kapital (18671894).MARXISMGoal Of EducationShape people and institutions; change material conditions of society, producing classless societyRole of StudentsLive and work harmoniously with others, acquire and use knowledge that will enable them to transform natural and social worldRole of TeachersLead and advocate changeTeaching MethodsScientific methodology, practical activity(problem solving)Subjects StudiedEmphasis on science and historyBEHAVIORISMJohn B. Watson
An Americanpsychologist who established thepsychological schoolofbehaviourism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his addressPsychology as the Behaviourist Views it, which was given atColumbia Universityin 1913. Through his behaviourist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behaviour, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. He was also editor of Psychological Reviewfrom 1910 to 1915.AReview of General Psychologysurvey, published in 2002, ranked Watson as the 17th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
BEHAVIORISMIvan Petrovich Pavlov
A Russian physiologistknown primarily for his work inclassical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named "the instinct for research.BEHAVIORISMCLASSICAL CONDITIONING
BEHAVIORISMB. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic(B. F.)Skinner(March 20, 1904 August 18, 1990) was an Americanpsychologist,behaviourist, author, inventor, andsocial philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology atHarvard Universityfrom 1958 until his retirement in 1974.BEHAVIORISMOPERANT CONDITIONING
BEHAVIORISMREINFORCEMENT(Behavior Increases)PUNISHMENT(Behavior Decreases)POSITIVE (Something is added)Positive ReinforcementSomething is added to increase desired behaviorEx: Smile and compliment student on good performancePositive PunishmentSomething is added to decrease undesired behaviorEx: Give student detention for failing to follow the class rulesNEGATIVE (Something is removed)Negative ReinforcementSomething is removed to increase desired behaviourEx: Give a free homework pass for turning in all assignmentsNegative PunishmentSomething is removed to decrease undesired behaviorEx: Make student miss their time in recess for not following the class rulesBEHAVIORISMGoal Of EducationEngineer environment that efficiently maximize learningRole of StudentsRespond to environmental and behavioral stimuli: become self-regulatedRole of TeachersManipulate the earning environment and present stimuli, using conditioning and social learning to shape student behaviorTeaching MethodsProgrammed instruction that provides feedback on performance behavioral contracts reinforcementSubjects StudiedLearning tasks in which behavior can be directly observed, measured, and evaluatedCOGNITIVISMWillhelm Wundt
He started the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He believed in "the development of introspection as a means for studying the mind."(Cognitivism) Though he was not specifically involved in the field ofEducational Psychology, he began the study of the mind. Therefore, he is an important name in the history of psychology, educational or otherwise.
COGNITIVISMJean Piaget
He theorized that there are four stages of Cognitive Development.(1896 - 1980) was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s, where his job was to develop French versions of questions on English intelligence tests. He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on the questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children.
COGNITIVISMGoal Of EducationDevelop thinking skills for lifelong self-directed leaningRole of StudentsConstruct meaningful knowledge through experience and interactionRole of TeachersStimulate cognitive development; mediate student learning and monitor thought processesTeaching MethodsUse of manipulative and real-life learning opportunities relevant to students prior experiencesSubjects StudiedIntegrated curricula; emphasis on thinking skills, study skills, and problem solving skillsPRAGMATISMJohn Dewey (1859-1952)
An American philosopher. An applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive approaches. He believed that learners must adapt to each other and to their environment. Schools should emphasize the subject matter of social experience. All learning is dependent on the context of place, time, and circumstance. Different cultural and ethnic groups learn to work cooperatively and contribute to a democratic society. The ultimate purpose is the creation of a new social order. Character development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences.
PRAGMATISMGoal Of EducationDevelop and apply practical knowledge and skills for life in a progressive democratic societyRole of StudentsActive learning and participationRole of TeachersGuide to classics; teach basic skillsTeaching MethodsTeacher-centered direct instructionSubjects StudiedEmphasis on Great Books and core curricula in the arts and scienceESSENTIALISMWilliam Bagley
He is anAmericaneducator andeditor, was born inDetroit,USA. He graduated in 1895 from Michigan State College, currently calledMichigan State University; completedM.S., in 1898, from theUniversity of WisconsinMadison, 1898; and was awardedPh.D. byCornell University in 1900.
ESSENTIALISMGoal Of EducationAcquisition of culture; cultural literacy for personal benefitRole of StudentsReceives knowledge; demonstrate minimum competenciesRole of TeachersDeliver a standard curriculumTeaching MethodsSubject-centered direct instructionSubjects StudiedUniform curriculum for all students that emphasizes the essence of traditional cultureThank You!
Reported by:Rhea F. Elquiero
