Philippines Under Spain Powerpoint

Philippines Under Spanish Rule

Philippines Under Spanish RuleDe Pano, Ma. FatimaLejano, Anna IsabellePandy, Jan HillaryQue, MicaelaYao, SelenaBRIEF HISTORYMagellan Expedition (1518-1521)Original destination is Maluku (spice islands-modern day Indonesia)Landed in Mactan, Cebu (March 17, 1521)Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in April 1521One ship from the expedition made it back to SpainMaluku and the Philippines3 other expeditions followed after MagellansSaavedra (1527-29), Villalobos (1541-46), Legazpi (1564)Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)King Charles V ceded his rights to Maluku to John III of PortugalBRIEF HISTORYVillalobos Expedition Departed Mexico and reached the coast of Mindanao (Sarangani) in 1543 Eventually left Sarangani and surrendered to the Portugese in MalukuGreatest contribution: named Tandaya/Kandaya (Leyte) as Les Phelipinas in honor of Prince Philip IILegazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)Legazpi reached Cebu in 1565 and contracted blood compacts with Si Katunaw and Si Gala at BoholSanto Nino of Cebu (first Spanish town established in the Archipelago)POLITICAL ASPECTGoverned by the King of Spain by captaincy-general, through the vice royalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico)Bureaucracy was divided into different levels: national/central, provincial/city, municipal, barrio/barangay

Central GovernmentHeaded by the gobernador-general Commander-in-Chief of the army&navy, vice-real patron and president of the lands highest judicial body: the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court)Main office was located in Intramuros, ManilaProvincialalcaldia - alcalde mayorcorregimientos - correjidorjudge, inspector of alcaldias, chief of police, tribute collector, vice-regal patron and captain-general of the provinceindulto de comerio cities or villas - ayuntamiento or city government

Municipalpueblo or municipio - gobernadorcillopreparation of the pardon (tribute list), recruitment and distribution of men for the draft labor, communal public work and the quinto (military conscription), postal clerk, and judge in civil suitsCollected tax in cash or kind (very tedious job)Filipinos saw fellow Filipinos were making them suffer (collecting of tax)Filipinos were given the more difficult jobs

Cabeza de Barangaydrafting of laborers (hard labor)seen as the enemy by other Filipinos

7Checks and Balances: RESIDENCIA AND VISITA

Residencia is a judicial review of a residenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of his term of office, supervised publicly by a juez de residencia.Visita was conducted secretly by a visitador-general sent from Spain and may occur any time within the officials term, without any previous notice.

ROLE OF CHURCH IN PHILIPPINE POLITICS

la sobrania monacal (monastic supremacy) or frailocracia (friarocracy)Spanish friars or monastic orders ruled supreme, even over governmental matters. They controlled all the fundamental forces of society. The Church and its economic role as landowners

ECONOMIC ASPECT: MercantilismEconomic theory popular in the 16th-18th centuryPower (colonies) = wealth (gold)Cheap raw materials from the colony production and sale of expensive finished goods plentiful profits for the home countryCentralization of state powerTariffs and taxationRoyally chartered companies

ECONOMIC ASPECT: Taxes

Direct taxes personal tribute, income taxIndirect taxes customs duties, bandalaBandalaforced sale or confiscation of goods (e.g. rice, coconut oil)payment was in promissory notesPampanga and Tagalog regionsabolished in certain provinces by 1782

ECONOMIC ASPECT: TaxesBuwis (tribute) may be paid in cash or kind15 realesrice, textiles, tobacco, blanketsSamboangan or Donativo de Zamboanga real or ricespecial tax collected to crush Moro raidsVinta and Faluaspecial tax collected to fund the vintas and faluas that were shielding coastal provinces

ECONOMIC ASPECT: TaxesTax exemptionsnoble class Filipinos who helped in the pacification efforts of Spanish conquistadoresartillery and arsenal workersmediquillos and vaccinatorsstudents of universities Santo Tomas, San Jose, San Juan de Letran, San CarlosCedula Personalpersonal identity paperreplaced the buwis/tribute by 1884mandatory collection from everyone over the age of 18

Polo y Servicio Personal or Frestacion Personal

Polo - community laborSimilar to the Mexican repartimiento (forced labor selection)Polistas were male laborers of Filipino or Chinese descent aged from 16-60 years oldObligation to offer personal service for community projects (e.g. construction and repairs, logging)

From 40 days, it was reduced to 15 days in 1884Falla - a fee paid for exemption from the polo (1.5 real per day)Planting and harvesting seasons often came in conflict with polo draftsForced relocation or separation from familyCaused several uprisingse.g. Sumuroy RebellionMany males fled to the mountains to avoid the polo

ECONOMIC ASPECT: Encomiendas

Inspired from MexicoPower and control granted by the King to certain Spaniards over a specific area (15-60 sq. mi.) and its inhabitantsFurther emphasized the practice of private land ownershipRanching and agriculture (e.g. rice, tobacco, sugar, fruits)

Encomenderos defend his encomiendahelp propagate Christianitymaintain peace and ordercollected tributesRoyal encomiendas (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)for the royals of Spainprincipal towns and ports (e.g. Bagumbayan, Tondo, Navotas, Betis)Private encomiendas (encomienda de particulares)for the Kings men and those who helped in the pacification effortse.g. Pandacan, Sampaloc, Bataan, Batangas

ECONOMIC ASPECT: Encomiendas

Violations were committed by encomenderoshoarding staples (e.g. rice) and raising prices exorbitantly during times of scarcitycollections were arbitraryseizure of of rice and possessions which caused starvationTulisanes or remontados - men who fled to the mountains to avoid tributesIncome from encomiendas were a very small part of the economy

ECONOMIC ASPECT: Encomiendas

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

Philippines was mostly just a point of exchange between Asia and the Americasraw materials in the Philippines were not overly exploited, unlike in other European coloniesSpices and silk from Asia, silver and dos mundos from the AmericasIn 1953, restrictions were put in order by the King a limit was imposed on the value of Chinese exportsonly 2 ships (incoming and outgoing) can be used in the galleon trade every yearSpanish industries were affected by competition brought about by Chinese goods too much silver was leaving Spain

Increased immigration from Asian merchants and service providersmostly Chinese businessmen converged in the Parian (Alcaiceria) in Binondo, Manilaservice, retail, and credit businesses (e.g. gardeners, weavers, brickmakers, carpenters, apothecaries, masons)housed the physical trading and packed the goods to be shipped offGenerated significantly more income than agriculture in the encomiendaslocal industries (e.g. agriculture, weaving) were neglected in favor of tradeinvolvement of Filipinos was extremely limited to forced labor in shipbuilding, which led to uprisings

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

Cultural exchanges between Asia and the Americasfrom Mexico: Virgin of Antipolo, Black Nazarene, flora and fauna (e.g. avocado, papaya, guava, pineapple, cattle, horses), language (e.g.tiyangge, tsokolate, singkamas, sayote, kakaw)from the Philippines: food and drink (e.g. mango de Manila, tamarind and rice, tuba), cockfighting, carabaos, nipa palm raincoats (chino), language (e.g. tuba, Parian, hilanhilan)from China: fireworks, chinaware, tea, textiles (e.g. manton de Manila)

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)

Jose de Basco y Vargas - despotismo ilustrado or enlightened despotMembers were business and industry professionalsIncreased exploration and exploitation of the Philippines vast resourcesPlan General Economicomonopolies on tobacco, betel nut, spirited liquorscash incentives and medals of recognition for excellence in farming Training grants, local and foreign scholarshipsEndowment fund for a professional chair in agricultureAcademy of designIntroduction of mynah birdsConservation of carabaosSilversmiths and gold beaters guild (1782)The first papermill (1825)

Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814)

King Charles III; 25 year charter aimed at uniting commerce in Asia and the AmericasMonopoly on bringing Philippine, Chinese and Indian goods to and from Spain via the Cape of Good HopeReceived much opposition from Dutch, English and Spanish-Manila Traders (Consulado y Comercio de Manila)to appease the people, 3,000 shares were distributed to merchants and religious corporations (out of 32,000 shares)Led to political unrest and economic losses for the Manila-Acapulco Trade40% of profits were used for research, technology, and community developmentBolstered early growth of agriculture in the country indigo, sugar, coffee, spices, dye-wood, cotton, textilesmeant more misery for the Filipinos, no benefits to them at all

The Philippines in World Commerce (1834 - 1898)

Opening of Philippine ports to international tradeDemand for export crops increasedFilipino and Chinese businessmen became wealthyExports rose from P4,795,000 (1810) to P33,149,894 (1984)Imports rose from P5,329,000 (1810) to P28,558,552 (1984)

Infrastructure and Transportation

Ferrocarril de Manila (1892)120 miles from Manila to Dagupan, Pangasinanonly railway system in the Philippines at the timeconstructed by Filipino laborersStreet car service linesconnecting the city with the suburbsCompania de los Tranvias de Filipinas (1885)horse drawn (Malate, Tondo, Sampaloc, Intramuros) or steam powered (Malabon, Binondo)Animal-pulled tramcar service between Talisay and Dos Hermanas

Infrastructure and Transportation

Horse-drawn vehicles for hire quiles - de lux carriages arana - one horsevictoria - two horsescalesa or caretelaPuento Colgante (Quezon Bridge)Gustav Eiffel110 meters long, 7 meters wide.50 centavos per pedestrian2 centavos per horseBridge of SpainSteamshipsHong Kong, Japan, Barcelona

Telecommunications

Mail service (1839)postage stamps were in use by 1854Telegraph (1872) Manila-CorregidorIlocandia, BikolandiaTelegram (1882)Manila-HongkongTelephone (1890)offices in Binondo and IntramurosIloilo telephone service (1894)Interisland submarine cableManila-Iloilo, Cebu, Bacolod

Public Utilities Development

Coconut oilused as early as 1814Gas and kerosene for richer areas (e.g. Sta. Cruz, Binondo, Sampaloc, Quiapo)kingke - this French gas lamp was banned in nipa houses as fire preventionLa Electricista de Manila (1893)

Banking

Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II (1851)first Philippine bank issued paper money in 1852presently called Bank of the Philippine IslandsMonte de Piedad (1882)first savings bank

Tourism and Recreation

Hotels Hotel de Oriente Fonda de Lala (Fonda Francesca)Newspapers (1846)Smuggling of illegal pornography from abroadHorseracingManila Jockey Club (1867)BullfightingPaco and PasayTheatresTeatro Filipino, Circo de bilibid, Teatro Zorilla, Teatro de Colon, Teatro de Porvenirzarzuelas, classical operas, moro-moroSalon de Perterria - first movie was shown in 1897

EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION La Letra Con Sagre Entra (spare the rod, spoil the child)The Society of Jesus (teaching order) and the Spanish missionaries believed that the children were the keysecondary schools were built for the sons of native ruling families not only for Christianizing but also to be able to teach them how to be gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangays in the future. BoYS Colleges and Secondary Schools Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio, College of San Ildefonso (University of San Carlos), College of San JoseBuilt by Society of Jesus for sons of Spaniards San Ignacio- two trainings: for priesthood and general secondary educationCollege of the Immaculate Conception (ADMU)For poor boys, founded by JesuitsEscuela Normal de Maestros de Manila Built by Society of Jesus to train male teachers for primary schoolsColegio de Nuestra Senoa del Santisimo Rosario (UST)Tertiary education for both boys and girls, by the DominicansSeminario de Ninos Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo (San Juan de Letran) For orphaned Spanish children Oldest secondary school in PH

Girls SchoolsColegios of Santa Potenciana and Santa IsabelBoarding schools for Spanish girls, for the benefit of orphan Spanish girlsBeateriosExclusively for daughters of upper class beatas who lived a secluded lifeTwo beaterios (see book): established to teach Spanish culture and values to young Filipinas and were founded by Filipino womenEscuela Normal Superior de MaestrasPrepare Filipino women teachers for primary schoolsMunicipal Girls schoolNormal school for women teachers in girls schools

Educational Decree of 1863

secondary and higher education made available to local inhabitantsfree compulsory publicly-supported system of primary schoolstwo parts:establishment of at least two primary schools in each town - one for boys and one for girlcreation of a normal school to train men as teachers, supervised by the Jesuits

Criticisms of Education

Lack of means of education authority cant provide simple books on morality, geography, history of Philippines written in own languageLack of school buildings parish house, barracks, jails, town hallOnly ilustrados (wealthy locals) were able to afford itLack of motivation to study there is humiliation through beatings no prize or rewardno pleasure in what he is studying because he does not understand, it is not useful to him

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONHispanic NamesGovernor Narciso Claveria (1849)Names came from saints, geographic names, Chinese and indigenous ancestors, arts, and flora and faunaSurnames such as Rizal, Del Pilar, or LunaRetained indigenous names: Mabini, Malantic, Dandan, PanganibanFor tax collection and polos y sercisiosTo avoid tax evasion and unauthorized migration

Life at HomeHousesBahay kubo for the poorBahay na bato for noble FilipinosGround Floor: stones and bricksSecond Floor: woodAljibe balonFoodInfluence of Spanish and Chinese CuisineSpaniardsvinegar and spices for preservationAdobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, mechado (Espanyol)Sauting with garlic and onionsChinesePancit Malabon at Pancit Luglog (Tsino)

FashionMenBarong Tagalogembroidered thin upper garment Camisa Chino undershirtPantsHats, shoes and slippers

WomenBarot sayaBaro - short-sleeved and collarless blouseSaya - long plaid or stripped skirtMestiza Dress - butterfly sleevesPeineta - decorative comb

FashionLoan words from Spanish languageRezar = dasalVentana = bintanaViaje = biyahe

Loan words form FilipinoKamalig = camarinKarihan = carinderiaMulawin = molave

WIKAFiestaHonoring saintsBirths of Spanish royalty membersTo attract Filipinos who havent been converted into CatholicsSenakulo - sufferings of Jesus Christ Komedya o moro-moro - play showing battles between Christians and Muslims

Rituals Compadrazgoco-parentinggodparents during baptism and marriageto strengthen relationship among family ties and connectionMagellan : Rajah HumabonLegazpi : Rajah TupasBurying in cementeries La Funeraria (1883)Carlos MarchCoffins and embalming

FIESTAS & RITUALSmixed bloodsfruit of intermarriagesSome mestizos led in revolutionary movements

MESTIZOSCULTURAL ASPECT: Language and LiteraturePre-Colonial PhilippinesBaybayin- commonly mistaken as Alibata (Alibata was a term coined by Paul Verzosa in the 1920s due to its similarity to the word alphabet)contains 17 characters (3 vowels, 4 consonants); uses kudlits (diacritics) to modify vowels which increases total to 54 characterslast known archives during the Spanish period written in Baybayin were in Lipa and other cities of Batangasmost works written in Baybayin were destroyed due to them being written in the language of the devil

CULTURAL ASPECT: Language and Literature

Under Spanish RuleReplaced the baybayin system with the Latin alphabet, speaking in Spanish was encouragedFirst teachers of the Filipinos were the friars and Spanish missionariesLanguage became a status symbolOnly the elite could speak SpanishIn the 1800s-1900s, education became more accessible to more people so the Philippines saw a rise in educated Spanish-speaking Filipinos (Ilustrados)CULTURAL ASPECT: Language and LiteraturePrinting MethodsXylography and Movable TypographyTheocratic LiteratureCentered on religionAwit, corridor, metrical romancesEarly writers: Ananias Zorilla, Jose de la Cruz, and Francisco Baltazar. Comedies and DramasPasyon, Sinakulo, Tibag, Zarzuela

CULTURAL ASPECT: Language and LiteraturePaintingsLargely secularized by the SpanishFirst known painter Damian DomingoEstablished a formal art school in Laguna Academia de Dibujo Only female painter to have stood out in the 19th century: Maria Paz Paterno, who was known for her still life paintingsOther famous painters of the period: landscape artist Jose Honorato, family of Mariano Asuncion (and his sons Justiniano and Leoncio)CULTURAL ASPECT: arts and musicSculpturesWidely seen in fiestas and other celebrationsBamboo arches (Kalakos), parols, rosariesMost famous examples: santo, retablosSanto- sculptures of saints and other religious figuresRetablos- houses the tabernacle; found in ChurchesMost elaborate retablo is found in IntramurosFamous sculptors: Crispulo Hocson, Romualdo de Jesus, Leoncio Asuncion and Isabelo Tampinco.

CULTURAL ASPECT: arts and musicUsed music in order to help convert localsIntroduced Western instrumentsPiano, guitar, harp, organTaught Filipinos how to sing and play religious songs and chantsA school of music was established in LagunaAlso taught its students dancesFandango (Pandango), Seguidilla, JotaFamous musiciansMarcelo Adonay, famed composer Julian Felipe, and Dolores Paterno.

CULTURAL ASPECT: arts and musicFood historians claim that 80% of Filipino dishes are influenced by Spanish cuisineDishes served during fiestas and special occasions have Spanish namesrelleno, paella, embutido, kaldereta, menudo, metchado, adoboAlso included desserts and other delicaciesPan de sal is of Spanish originWell known meriendas include puto, bibingka, ginataan CULTURAL ASPECT: FOOD AND TRADITIONSSiestaAfternoon napIt was common to take a siesta before or after having merienda (Afternoon snack)FiestaStarted out as religious celebrationsEventually evolved in to more casual celebrationsOne fiesta for each day of the yearCULTURAL ASPECT: FOOD AND TRADITIONSMost evident legacy of Spanish colonization in the PhilippinesStill the most practiced religion in the countryOne of the two predominantly Catholic countries in Asia (East Timor)Cebu is considered the birthplace of Catholicism in the Philippines

CULTURAL ASPECT: catholicismIn the 1500s, Ferdinand Magellan landed in CebuFirst attempt at conversion of the local FilipinosIslam was already present in the Philippines when the Spaniards arrivedFirst entered the Philippines between the 10th and 12th centuryIf it werent for the Spaniards, the Philippines wouldve been a predominantly Muslim countryEmployed the use of religion in order to conquer the islands

CULTURAL ASPECT: catholicismStrategies used by the Spanish to convert FilipinosMass baptism (usually held from barangay to barangay)Reduccion policies (relocation of smaller barangays in to bigger cities)Use of vernacular (local language) to teach the nativesSystematic removal of native belief system

CULTURAL ASPECT: catholicismReligious HierarchyFriarocracy??Priests were on topFilipinossecular priestswere not allowed to join any of the religious orders; could only study but couldnt really practice

CULTURAL ASPECT: catholicism