Philippine National Report on Bamboo and Rattan

Philippine National Report on Bamboo and Rattan

Merlyn N. Rivera

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),

College, Laguna,

Philippines

I. INTRODUCTION

The Philippine archipelago, composed of 7,100 islands, is located between latitudes 5oN and 21oN and longitudes 116oE and 127oE. It is bordered by the Luzon strait to the north the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Celebes Sea to the south, the Sulu and South China Seas to the west (FAO, 1995 and World Resources Institute, 1994).

It has a total land area of 30 million ha, 53 percent (15.88 m. ha) of which is forest land (Philippine Forestry Statistics 1996). Land is classified as alienable and disposable, unclassified and forest lands. Forest lands are categorized into reservation, timberland, national parks, military and naval reservation, civil reservation and fishponds.

There are approximately 69 million Filipinos (Philippine Statistical Yearbook, 1997). Two thirds of the population live in rural areas. The total labor force in 1993 was 26.8 million (13.0 million in urban areas, and 13.8 million in rural areas) with 10 percent unemployed (de Los Angeles and Ygrubay, 1992).

Almost all the lowland area suitable for intensive cultivation are occupied (ADB, 1994). Landless people are forced to migrate to the steep uplands where they convert forests to farms through slash and burn cultivation and the most notable result is forest degradation. In 1994, it was estimated that deforestation occurs at a rate of 100,000 ha per year.

Because of the rather sad plight of the environmental and socio-economic conditions of the people within the forest lands, utilization of resources must be sustainably reached. Among the resources found within these forest lands are bamboo and rattan. Bamboo and rattan have proven to be vital resources in terms of its contribution to the national economy and ecological stability of the Philippines.

Bamboo stands out among woody plants because it possesses unique qualities and offers a wide array of uses. The bamboo culm has long been tapped as an inexpensive source of housing materials, furniture, handicraft, banana props, fishpens and other innumerable products. The young shoots of certain species are gathered for food. The rhizomes in its roots help prevent soil erosion and control floods. Through the years, the uses of bamboo have largely diversified and benefited many industries. Because of its large fibers, it is also a good material for pulp and

paper. Its short rotation of about 4-6 years is a distinct advantage over fast growing tree species because of quick turn over in terms of investments.

In spite of its myriad of traditional uses, the main reasons for the classification of bamboo as a "minor forest product" or "secondary timber" have been enumerated by Bello and Espiloy in 1995. These include the following: 1.) abundance of wood from natural forests in the past particularly the lesser known or commercially less accepted species for the reproduction of reconstituted panel products; and 2.) constraints in cultivating bamboo which may be monocarpic, fire tender and easily bruised.

In the Philippines, bamboo has diverse, functional and traditional uses. It underlies so much of Philippine culture that it is part of many ceremonies, traditions and beliefs. Philippine culture is also replete with myths and tales about bamboo. For example, the first Filipino man ("lalaki") and woman (babae") came from a piece of bamboo according to a Visayan myth.

Various instruments be it wind, string or percussion are made out of bamboo while split and unsplit bamboo are used in Philippine folkdances. Examples of these are "tinikling", "singkil", and "subli".

Bamboo is also part of Philippine folk games. The "palo sebo," a greased bamboo pole with a small bag of prize money or toys tied at the end is a game always played during fiesta time. "Luksong kawayan" or high jump also uses bamboo poles or sticks as hurdles.

Bamboo has likewise taken a very important role as a traditional weapon during times of war. During the Spanish era, bamboo mats were rolled to appear like cannons and were mounted on carts. On Sept. 2, 1896, a Filipino band composed of bamboo musical instruments were used to fool their enemies by attacking the Spanish garrison.

In ancient times, furniture was usually made of bamboo. These include "papag" (bed), "bangko" (bench), and "aparador" (cabinet). On the other hand, basketry is probably the oldest bamboo handicraft in the Philippines. Bamboo baskets are produced for all sorts of uses.

Bamboo is also used in many ways for food and food preparation. Bamboo containers are used to steam rice, the staple food of the Filipinos. Bamboo shoots are either cooked as food or pickled and is considered as a delicacy in many places. However, this aspect of bamboo utilization has not yet been developed as an industry. Bamboo kitchen utensils are carved from bamboo while split bamboo is woven and laminated to make plates. In rural areas, "banggerahan or paminggalan" still serve as cupboards where dishes are dried and kept. Bamboo skewers are commonly used to roast pigs while thinner sticks are used for barbeques such as pork, chicken, innards, hotdogs, bananas and sweet potatoes.

In agriculture, bamboo is used as props for banana and vegetables, baskets for packaging fruits, fish and vegetables, agricultural implements and construction of animal drawn carts for transporting farm products. Bamboo is also used as dibble sticks in planting. In early agriculture, bamboo was used for fetching water from rivers, deep wells or surface wells.

Bamboo is also used extensively as an indigenous material for soil and water conservation technologies. Check dams use woven bamboo strips between the pegs while bush or stones are placed against the dam’s upper side. In protecting river/stream banks, bamboo can be planted to stabilize water while holding the soil in place and reducing water flow.

In the 1570s, when the Spaniards arrived in the country, the typical Filipino house or "bahay kubo" was built with a framework of bamboo poles and walls of split cane woven like a mat.

Rattan on the other hand, is one of the country’s most important resources that have been constantly depleted. The continuing loan of the industry in the 70s, 80s, and 90s have resulted in heavy extraction of the resource.

It is considered of economic importance to the Philippines because of the revenues generated through forest charges which in 1996 amounted to P13.94M (PFS, 1996). Furthermore, the rattan industry contributes significantly to the economy in generating foreign exchange, income and employment of dependent groups. In 1996, the export of non-timber manufactured articles, including rattan articles amounted to US$40 million (Lapis, 1998).

Rattan is used as a raw material in the manufacture of furniture, baskets, and other handicraft items.

II. BAMBOO AND RATTAN RESOURCES

A. Bamboo Resources

In the past, bamboo production area would only refer to bamboos naturally growing in the forest and in "natural stands" in private lands. However, today, bamboo plantations have become dependable sources of raw materials for some segments of the bamboo industry (Table 1).

The Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB), through the UNDP-FAO Bamboo Research and Development Project established 57 ha of bamboo pilot plantations in six different sites of the country with 8 to 11 ha per site. Eight commercial species are being tried in the pilot plantations. These are the following: Bambusa blumeana (kauayan tinik); Bambusa vulgaris (kiling); Bambusa sp. (bayog); Bambusa sp. (laak); Dendrocalamus asper (giant bamboo); Gigantochloa levis (bolo); Gigantochloa atter (kayali); and Schizostachyum lumampao (buho). The plantations are located in Rosario, La Union (Region 1); Pampanga Agricultural College (PAC), Magalang, Pampanga (Region 3); Dumarao, Capiz (Region 6), Minglanilla, Cebu (Region 7), Malaybalay, Bukidnon (Region 10); and Bislig, Surigao del Sur (CARAGA).

In Davao Province in Mindanao, thousands of hectares of lands were planted to laak (Bambusa sp. 2). These were meant for the demand for banana props.

Jose Pastor of Isla Verde, Batangas established a 50-ha kauayan-tinik (Bambusa blumeana) plantation. The bamboos were being used by the family in producing furnitures.

In Pililla, Rizal, Domingo Alfonso has a 20-ha kauayan-tinik (Bambusa blumeana) plantation. The family is producing high-quality furniture which they supply to department stores, i.e. Rustans, and SM stores and also for export.

Based on the information from various sources the total available bamboo resources in terms of area covered and annual estimated available bamboo poles for harvesting and utilization were analyzed according to the nature of origin (Table 2).

The computation showed that there is at least a total of about 39,211 to 52,711 ha of production area for erect bamboos with an expected production of approximately 29 to 52 million harvestable poles per year. Of these volume, about 65 to 68 percent will come from forestlands, 22 to 25 percent from natural stands, 5 to 5.5 percent from private plantations and 3 to 4 percent from government plantations. This data is rather high compared to the figures presented in Table 3 where only 626,889 pieces of bamboo were gathered from forestlands in 1996.

Rojo in 1996 prepared a list of Philippine bamboos toxonomically recognized and/or published by various authors (Table 4).

In that same year, Rojo reported that there are now 62 species of bamboos growing in the Philippines (Table 5). However, it seems that there are only 21 species of bamboos endemic to the Philippines. Six of these are also native to other countries. Of the endemics, those not found elsewhere but in the Philippines, seven belong to the genus Schizostachybum of which five are climbing and are erect. The rest belong to other genera, of which three are erect and five are climbing. Thus, most Philippines bamboos that are native to the country are mostly climbing (10

species) and only five species are erect ones. The predominance of climbing bamboos over the erect ones of both endemic and native species has an implication on the supply of culms available for commercial use. At present, the climbing bamboos although abundant in terms of the number of culms are used for kaing or basket making and native fences which are priced lower than the products manufactured from erect bamboos.

Of the native and erect bamboos, only four species are of economic and commercial importance (Rojo 1996). These species are: Dendrocalamus (Bambusa species) merrillianus, Shizostachyum lima, S. lumampao and (Bambusa spec. 2) philippinensis. Nevertheless, domestication of introduced bamboos have long been done and are used commercially. The commercially useful bamboos are shown in Table 6. It should be noted that of the twelve species listed only 2 or 3 are native and/or endemic species.

B. Rattan resources

Rattan is a climbing palm with numerous thorns or spines, hairs, and bristles scattered all over the plant. Some rattans have leaves with extended whip-like structure, the cirrus, which is an extension of the midrib. Others have the flagellum, which is also whip-like, that arises from the axil of the leaf sheath. The cirri and flagella enable the palm to climb adjacent trees for support (PCARRD, 1985).

Rattans are observed to be growing throughout the country from Batanes to Tawi-Tawi islands (Table 7). They are found from near sea level and medium elevations in the old and second growth forest but never in the open fields (Pongkaluang, 1987 as cited by Rimando, 1996). Generally, most rattan species have a wide altitudinal range although there are some species, which tend to have specific ranges (Lapis 1995).

The most widely distributed of the Philippine rattan species is ditaan (Daemonorops mollis). This is followed by Tandulang parang (Calamus usitatis) which is found in Batan Island, Babuyan Island, Zambales, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines Norte and Sorsogon.

Palasan (C. merrillii) ranks third in distribution and is generally found in the mountain ranges of Sierra Madre, Cordillera, Kitanglad, Isarog, Halcon and Caraballo. Limuran (C. ornatus var. philippinensis) is well distributed in Luzon, particularly in the mountains of Laguna, Bicol, Quezon, Rizal, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur and Sorsogon.

The distribution of rattan in four provinces was studied by Tandug (1984). The study areas included Palawan, Laguna, Agusan del Sur and Davao del Norte. There were 27 species found, six of these are of commercial value. The harvestable cane of the mature plants is about 4 to 16 percent per hectare. The remaining rattan stands comprise mostly of wildlings. Limuran was dominant in the survey areas with about 1689 lineal meters per hectare.

Species of the genus Korthalsia are found in Quezon, Leyte, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. The Plectocomias are found in Palawan, Bukidnon and Leyte.

The inventory on timber and NTFP (which included bamboo and rattan) was done by the Philippine-German Forest Resources Inventory Project and was completed in 1988 (Tables 7 & 8). The same inventory indicated the rattan species which include 69 known rattan species. These are distributed according to genera as follows: 48 for Calamus, 14 for Daemonorops, 5 for Korthalsia and 2 for Plectocomia. Of these 69 species, 12 are commercially significant. But according to Lapis (1995) there are 91 rattan species found in the Philippines - distributed as Calamus, 70; Daemonorops, 14; Korthalsia, 5; and Plectocomia, 2. Among the 45 species of Calamus, 32 are endemic. In the genus Daemonorops, 12 of the 14 species are endemic. In Korthalsia, two of the five species are endemic and in Plectocomia, one of the two species is endemic. Among these one genera, Calamus is the largest and most widely distributed throughout the country.

However, with the increasing demand for rattan poles, the above mentioned inventory cannot guarantee the annual sustainability level of rattan.

According to the DENR Master Plan for Forestry Development (1990), the demand for small and large diameter sized rattan poles by year 2000 may reach 437.2 million (Table 9). It is assumed that there is a decrease of 5 percent in the annual growth of exports (1996 - 2000) due to competition with Indonesia. However, an increase in growth rate was projected at 8 percent per annum for the years 2010 to 2015. The increase was due to the expected new markets which might have been found and developed.

With regards to rattan production areas 90 percent of the raw materials comes from the wild. These natural stands now face rapid depletion because of rampant timber harvesting, conversion of forest areas into other land uses and the unregulated cutting of rattan which reduces regeneration. Alarmed by the dwindling supply of raw materials, the rattan cottage and furniture manufacturers alerted the government of an imminent collapse of the industry. As an immediate response, development of plantations was initiated to possibly rescue the industry from decline.

In 1977, the then Forest Research Institute now ERDB, established the initial trial planting of commercial species of rattan in Pagbilao, Quezon. At present, about 200 ha are planted with palasan (Calamus merrillii) and limuran (Calamus ornatus var. Philippinensis).

Having shown the feasibility of growing rattan artificially, the National Development Corporation through the Rattan Development Company, ventured into the first commercial and industrial rattan plantation in Mindanao. The plantation is located within the concessions of Paper Industries Corporation (PICOP) and the Bislig Bay Lumber Company in Surigao del Sur. The total plantation established in a period of eight years (1984-1992) was 5,185 ha. Another private company, the Swedish Match Hillshog Philippines, Inc., in cooperation with the Provident Tree Farms, Inc., established a 50-ha plantation in Mindoro Island and 150-ha plantation in Talacogon, Agusan province. In both companies, the species planted were only palasan and limuran.

In 1983, the Iloilo National College of Agriculture established a 3-ha rattan plantation. Solitary type rattan species found in the vicinity were used as planting materials (Lapis, 1996). In the same report of Lapis, a 4-ha farm planted during the pre-war times was mentioned to still be the source of rattan poles for domestic use with Taguiti (Calamus vidalianus) being cultivated.

Furthermore, under DENR 抯 reforestation program which started in 1989, various rattan plantation development projects were contracted throughout the various regions.

II. PRODUCTION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

A. Bamboo

1. Propagation techniques

Bamboos can be propagated either by sexual ( reproductive ) or asexual (vegetative) means. Sexual propagation is by means of seeds. However, this is not popular in the country due to the irregularity and rarity of flowering of common bamboo species. Nevertheless, some species like buho (Schizostachyum lumampao) flower gregariously. According to studies made on Kayauan tinik (Bambusa blumeana), even if seeds are available, these are mostly infertile and viability is low. Vegetative or asexual propagation makes use of different parts of bamboo plants as propagation material. There are various methods of vegetative propagation described by various authors, ERDB-DENR/FAO/UNDP (1994) and PCCARD (1991). These are as follows:

a. Clump division

The safest method is by clump division. This is normally used for bamboo species which are difficult to propagate. This method is also preferred when there is a need for rapid growth. However, this method is laborious and affects the productive capacity of the clump.

b. Basal Culm Division or Offset

This method makes use of the rhizomes and the portion of the culms. It is commonly used in the monopodial or non-clump forming bamboos. It can be applied to some sympodial bamboo species with loose clumps such as "Anos" (S. lima) and "Buho" (S. Lumampao) because these are difficult to propagate either by culm or branch cutting.

c. Culm cutting

This uses segments of culm (cuttings) bearing buds or fascicles of branches. Cuttings are extensively used to propagate bamboo of the genera Bambusa, Dendrocalamus and Gigantochloa.

d. Branch cutting

This method ia an alternative method of propagating rhizomatous branch producing bamboos like "Bayog" (D.asper), "Kauayan tinik" ( B. blumeana), kauayan kiling, (B. vulgaris) and other similar varieties.

e. Branch Marcot Culm cutting

This method is similar to culm cutting method. However, it induces first the rooting of branches by marcotage, before the culm is cut into one-node pieces for planting.

f. Tissue culture

This involves the development of new plants from plant tissues in artificial media under aseptic conditions. Dr. Alfinetta Zamora of the Institute of Plant Breeding at UPLB has developed satisfactory protocols for machiku (D. latiflorus), calcutta bamboo (D. strictus) and "Buho" (S. lumampao).

g. Airponics

It is a method of accelerating the growth of plants in oxygen-rich environment without soil (Maravilla, 1996 ). The plant root zone is suspended in a growing chamber and intermittently pulse misted with a nutrient solution. Propagation of bamboo through this method is still very new. The facility of airponics plant propagation system (APPS) is located in Sta. Barbara, Iloilo, Central Philippines.

Given these various propagation methods, the most common method practiced in the country is culm cutting with some procedural variations found practical and effective by individual propagators. This is applied to the most common commercial species such as "Bayog", "Kauayan tinik"," kauayan kiling", "Bolo", 搇 aak", and "Kayali." For giant bamboo and "Bayog," branch cutting and branch marcotting have been employed, respectively ( Gigare et al. 1992 and Alfonso, D. 1990). Offset method is found to be effective in propagating buho where culm cutting is not so successful. Tissue culture derived plants of Dendrocalamus strictus and Schizostchyum lumampao have been produced and seedlings have been trial planted and are now vigorously growing in the field (Zamora and Gruezo, 1992). Maravilla (1996) reported that branch cutting of giant bamboo has been successfully propagated through APPS.

2. Plantation establishment

a. Site requirements

The growth and development of bamboo depends on water, sunlight, nutrients and other growth requirements. However, these growth requirements vary from one species to another. Nevertheless, these important requirements as forwarded by some authors (PCARRD 1992, Malvas 1995, Hoang et al. 1992 and MPFD 1990) hold true for Philippine bamboo.

b. Site preparation

The Bamboo Farming Manual published by the ERDB-DENR/UNDP/FAO (1994), PCARRD (1989), Pinol et al.(1991), Lapis et al. (1987), Hoang (1991), and Malab et al. (1996) describe the various steps in the preparation of planting site for bamboo:

i. Sketching or mapping and delineation of area

It is important to sketch the main features of the planting site to assess the accessibility of the area to water sources and determine the location, size and form of the plantation

ii. Staking

Four corners of the plantation should be marked with long poles. If the plantation is too large, it should be divided into compartments measuring 100m x 100m.

iii. Field layout

The recommended spacing for most commercial bamboo species and other large clump and culm bamboo is from 7m x 7m to 10m x 10m. For medium size clump bamboos like laak and boho the spacing is 4m x 5m. For riverbank and enbankment stabilization planting quincunx system is suggested at a closer spacing of 5m x 5m.

iv. Clearing

Weeds and unwanted vegetation is removed from the area. Depending on vegetation site, complete clearing or strip clearing may be done. For riverbank or hillside planting, spot clearing is recommended for least soil disturbance.

v. Planting hole preparation

The planting hole which is prepared in advance should be wide enough to accommodate the propagules either rooted or directly planted. The suggested dimension of the planting hole is 50 cm wide and 40 cm deep.

c. Transporting/Hardening of planting stock

Hardening of the plants prior to transporting for outplanting which is about 4 to 6 months after potting is recommended. Loading and unloading of potted propagules is carefully done to avoid damage especially to the roots and new shoots.

d. Planting

Planting of bamboo in plantation can be done either by direct planting of cuttings or by outplanting the nursery-raised propagules.

e. Plantation maintenance and silvicultural treatments

i. Fertilization

Although bamboo can grow in harsh conditions, it is sometimes necessary to apply fertilizer to provide the plants the nutrients necessary for optimum growth, especially in very poor and marginal areas. Fertilizer application which is about 200 to 300 gm of complete fertilizer is done at planting time and every 3 to 4 months thereafter. Organic fertilizer such as cow dung and chicken manure is also recommended.

ii. Watering

When rainfall is irregular and plants show signs of wilting during the first few months after planting, watering is deemed essential.

iii. Mulching

To reduce moisture loss from the soil and from the plant, mulching is recommended. This entails covering the hills and the plant with grasses and other organic materials.

iv. Replacement of mortality

Replacement of plants that have died should be done as soon as possible because the growth of the replanted plants may be suppresed by the older plants.

v. Weeding and brushing

Regular weeding and brushing is done during the first two years of plantation establishment to eliminate competition for light, water and nutrients from other vegetation.

vi. Thinning

Thinning is done three years after planting to remove damaged, defective and dead culms. More space is provided for the growth of new shoots and for better facilitation of management activities.

vii. Pruning

Pruning of lower branches of the culms is recommended to provide access to the clums during fertilization and harvesting.

viii. Protection

Establishment of firebreaks along the boundaries and compartment of plantations especially during dry months is recommended to prevent fires. Planting of fast growing fire resistant species is also recommended.

Fencing the plantation perimeters should be done if grazing animals like cattle, goats, carabao are prevalent in the area.

Rodents are common pests which damage shoots and young culms. Termites also destroy roots and lower portions of the culm. Other bamboo pests commonly observed are cottony cushion mealy bug, bamboo scale, locust, leaf roller, tussick, moth and aphids. Bamboo diseases include tar spot, leafspot, leaf rust, culm blight, and other physiological diseases. Commercial rodenticides, insecticide and fungicide can be applied to control these pests and diseases. However, none of these have been reported to be in widespread proportion to pose a serious problem.

f. Bamboo Harvesting Systems/Methods

Harvesting is of great importance because it is the culmination of all production activities and efforts.

There are two known methods or systems of harvesting as practiced in the country:

i. Selective cutting

This is the most common and traditional practice where only the selected culms or poles of some specific age are harvested.

ii. Clear cut or blanket method

All poles/culms regardless of age are cut leaving only the very young culms and shoots. However, this system is practiced in very limited areas and for specific purpose. This method is known to be applied in laak species (Bambusa sp. 2) which are used as banana props.

Factors to consider in harvesting bamboo

Culm age

Generally, most of the commercial bamboo species are harvested between 3-5 years old.

Cutting time/season

Dry season is the best time to harvest bamboo when the culms are lowest in terms of starch content level making it less susceptible to powder post beetle attack. No shoot emergence also occurs during this time, hence shoot damage is evaded.

Cutting height

Cutting of poles/culms should be done as close as possible to the ground preferably after the first node for maximum pole utilization and growing space management.

Distribution

Culms to be harvested should be uniformly distributed within the clump periphery. This allows even spacing of the culms to be left and eventually of the new shoots that will emerge.

Harvesting Treatment for Old Unmanaged Bamboo Clumps

Due to inappropriate harvesting practices and absence of proper management, most of the existing bamboo stands have become dense and congested. However, these bamboo stands can be reinvigorated and improved by hilling-up of the soil occupied by the clumps and through fertilizer application. Thinning/cleaning can also improve productivity. There are two known methods of thinning old clumps - horse shoe and cross pattern methods.

B. Rattan

Rattan planting stocks can be propagated either from seeds or vegetatively (FORI, 1986). If seeds are used, the following activities are pursued:

1. Seed Collection/Seed Extraction

Only ripe rattan fruits are collected and the best season to collect is from October to November.

Seeds may be extracted from the fruit either by crushing with the hands or by soaking in water.

2. Planting Stock Production

Removal of the hilar cover is done to reduce the germination time from 365 days to 2 days. The breakthrough was done by the then Forest Research Institute (FORI) now ERDB which successfully germinated palasan seeds in two days only with 96.5% germination. It rattan wildlings are collected, these should be not more than 30 cm. tall. Collection must be done during the rainy season. Fertilizer application at a rate of 5-7 grams complete fertilizer per

seedling is recommended. Gradual exposure to sunlight for at least three months before outplanting in the field is necessary.

Production of rattan planting stock by vegetative means is possible. However, these methods are not as popular as the use of seeds. Cuttings, suckers/aerial roots and tissue culture are presently used in some research studies.

3. Plantation establishment

a. Selection of Planting Site

Rattan requires the presence of vegetation as shade when young and support as its matures.

The following are areas suitable for rattan development:

brushlands or tracts of forestlands generally covered with trees which are not scheduled for reforestation within the next 10 years.

recently logged over-areas (with residuals second growth forests not scheduled for re-logging within the next 10 years areas accessible for easier management and supervision

b. Site preparation

Soil analysis is done to know the soil condition of the site and determine the kind and dosage of fertilizer necessary for rattan growth. Underbrushing, staking and preparation of holes are also done.

c. Outplanting

Transporting the seedlings/planting materials to the planting site should be done with utmost care and least disturbance. Distance of planting should be 5m x 5m. Furthermore, rattans should be planted .5m to 1m away from the trunk of the existing tree/brush.

d. Maintenance

Ring weeding of a radius of 50 cm around the plant for a period of 2 years is recommended. On the other hand fertilizer application is done one month after planting then once a year for three years at a rate of 10 gm. per plant.

4. Harvesting

Kilmer (1994) reported that there has been little if any change in the technologies used for collecting rattan poles. Harvesting is usually done by a team of two harvesters. One climbs the trees to loosen the "grip" of long canes while the other stays on the ground to pull and cut using a bolo the cane into poles.

Virtucio et.al. 1988 reported that in the harvesting and trimming process, as much as 32 percent of the merchantable length might have been wasted. Wastage occurs when long canes cannot be pulled down from the forest canopy in one piece. These are cut so that only the accessible parts can be harvested.

IV. PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION

1. Major Products and Uses

Bamboo

Generally, bamboo products are classified as primary (poles, shoots and stumps), secondary or semi-processed (sawali, splits, sticks, boards) and finished products (handicraft, furniture and ready to cook/eat shoots). Primary and secondary products are inputs for various industries including housing, fishing, agriculture and manufacturing while finished products are directly channelled to end-users in both domestic and export markets for direct consumption (OIDCI, 1997).

Primary Products

a. Poles - The most common shape of the full culm is usuallly tapered from the butt to the tip.

b. Shoots - This is the emerging portion of the rhizome that becomes the culm/pole, a number of bamboo shoots are edible.

c. Stump - This is the portion of the bamboo plant/clump left after harvesting.

Secondary Products

a. Sawali

Bamboo mats are made by plaiting splits. The matting is used for interior walls partitions, ceilings doors and windows and for exterior walls. Mats are produced in a variety of shapes and patterns.

b. Splits

The term split is used for any shape smaller than a quarter of the culm. Generally, splits are not used as building components but are woven into mats or made into lashing.

c. Boards

Bamboo boards are commonly used for flooring walls and even roofing. A board consists of culm that has been cut and unfolded until it is almost flat.

Finished Products

a. Furniture

Furniture made of bamboo include sala set, dining tables, corner and center tables, cabinets, beds, lounging chairs, sofa beds and rocking chairs.

b. Handicraft

These are non-traditional products made of indigenous raw materials like wood, rattan, bamboo, buri, abaca and handwomen, fibers. Products of the handicraft industry include trays, brooches, pen holders, wall decor, boxes, decorative baskets, vases, fans, and fancy items.

c. Processed foods

Bamboo shoots throughout Southeast Asia are eaten fresh, pickled or diced. Processed bamboo shoots from various producing countries are being exported to more than 20 countries including the Philippines.\

2. The role of bamboo in the construction industry, fishing, agriculture and pulp/paper industry

Bamboo is a popular construction material for low cost houses among the Filipinos especially those living in the countryside. Its popularity is due to several reasons which include 1) abundance of material, 2) simple tools may be used in building a house, 3) existence of traditional skills and methods necessary for construction, and 4) the bamboo house which can easily be built is well ventilated, sturdy and earthquake resistant.

Inspite of these reasons, there are difficulties faced by the users in processing and mechanically fabricating bamboos due to its physical characteristics. These are the variation in dimensions, crookedness of the culms, non-uniformity of internodes and uneveness of taper.

Bamboo is developed into various product lines for the construction industry (OIDCI 1997) and this include packaged "Bahay kubo", sawali sheets, bamboo roof (shinges), bamboo spokes and bamboo splits. There are likewise new products such as panel boards, plyboo, sawali board, plyboard, and laminated board which are potential substitutes for plywood and lawanit.

Table 10 shows the uses, product lines, and survey areas according to various sources.

Table 10. Bamboo survey areas and construction use/product lines.

SURVEY AREA PERCENT USAGE OF POPULATION

USE/PRODUCT LINE

Camarines Sur

(Lopez, 1997)

95% of rural population house posts, doors, stairs, bridges, windows, cooking area, sink, gates, fences, scaffolding animal pens, out houses, storage areas

Central Visayas

(Alino, 1989)

48% of interviews home dwellings

1997 OIDCI survey   packaged "bahay kubo" "sawali sheets

bamboo roof (shingles)

bamboo spokes

bamboo splits

panel boards, plyboo, sawali board, plyboard, laminated board

There are also novel products manufactured from bamboo which may have an important role in the construction industry in the very near future (OIDCI, 1997) as shown in Table 11.

Table 11. New bamboo manufactured products.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Bamboo parquet block composite material made of wood vencers and bamboo slots

Bamboo particle board combination of ipil-ipil wood and bamboo particles glued, and pressed to form a board

Resin-bonded bamboo mat

urea formaldehyde is used to glue bamboo mats

Corrigated bamboo sheet (CBS)

Bamboo plyboard

woven, glued and hot pressed bamboo slivers in the fabricated corrugated mold

pre-painted panel board made basically out of waste plastics, rice hull ash and bamboo

In Northern Philippines, mussel cultivators and fishpen operators are two major bamboo users for this industry. One hundred thirty-five cultivators have an annual culm requirement of 13,500 bayog poles and 8 fishpen operators need 25,500 kawayan tinik (B. alumeana) culms per year. Bamboos used in the fishing industry are not treated with preservatives. Prolonged immersion in water has a preservative effect on the culms. The other uses of bamboo in the fishing industry include rafts, traps/coral, fishpen, boat outriggers, fish shelters, stakes and fishing rods.

Bamboo poles are used as props to support fruit-bearing bananas. The species used as props are: "kawayan tinik" (B. alumeana), "bolo" (G. levis), "Laak" (B.gp. 2), and "Kayali" (G. atter). Drying and preservation techniques applied on bamboo for construction are also done for bamboos used as banana props.

Bamboo is an important raw material for pulp and paper manufacture. Bamboo was used by the Bataan Pulp and Paper Mills Inc. (BPPMI) in the late 1960s for the production of quality printing and writing paper. However, after a number of years of operation the company shifted to logging residues from Mindanao. In 1993, a small paper factory in Calamba, Laguna utilized bamboo to produce pulp which was processed into incense paper for export to Taiwan.

Rattan

There are two major product types in the rattan marketing system: - 1) raw materials which include poles and splits which have undergone first stage processing like scraping drying and splitting and the wicker and core which have gone through second stage processing and 2) finished products which include furniture and handicrafts in varying designs, market outlets and uses (Pabuayon, et. al. 1996).

Novel Method in improving rattan products

Simple dip treatment

The Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRRDI) has developed a method of reducing fungal staining of the poles consequently increasing pole quality/value (Kilmer, 1994). This treatment which involves dipping freshly cut poles in a solution of water and fungicide (sodium pentachloraphenate) can be applied in the forest and is most effective when done immediately after harvesting.

3. State of bamboo and rattan handicrafts in the country

Majority of the country’s regions are engaged in bamboo handicraft production. Because bamboo is readily available, it is crafted into various household items/commercial articles for both local and foreign markets. Common items include trays, lampshades, fancy baskets, brooches, napkin rings, pen holder, jewelry boxes, flower vases.

In Northern Philippines, the basket making industry is distinctly separated from handicrafts because a lot of people are specializing in kaing (basket) making. Three towns in Pangasinan exclusively produce these two product lines. The annual bamboo requirement of the 611 basket makers is about 97,760 culms.

Rattan handicrafts are much less dependent than furniture on having large quantities of high quality, large diameter rattan poles available. Filipino designers and manufacturers have gained a well justified reputation for innovation in the use of alternative materials and the production of higher value handicraft products.

The total value of Philippine handicraft exports was held relatively stable from 1989 through 1992 (Table 12). The US was the primary recipient of these products accounting for nearly 50 percent of total exports in 1992.

Table 12. Philippine handicraft exports.

  EXPORTS (IN US$ THOUSANDS)

  1989 1990 1991 1992

Bags and Baskets

(Mixed material)

63691 65133 n.a. 78058

Articles of Basketwork or wickerwork

57963 52612 n.a. 43021

TOTAL 121,654 117,745   121,079

Source: Philippine Trade Statistics as cited by OIDCI 1997.

4. Standard of Classification for Bamboo and Rattan

In marketing bamboo raw materials, there seemed to be inadequate or lack of common classification standards (Rivera et.al. 1996). Bamboo was purchased based on length, diameter size, straightness of pole and age/maturity.

Manufacturing firms of high end products usually have standards which they keep when purchasing rattan raw materials to ensure high quality manufactured products. These standards are shown in Table 13. However, the other buyers do not observe these criteria.

Table 13. Criteria used by manufacturers in purchasing rattan raw materials.

SPECIES CRITERIA CONDITION ALLOWANCE

Kalapi (C. ornatus var. philippinensis

Size (diameter)

1 1/8" down

1 3/16

Grade/Class

BC Class:

Acceptable

D Class

Acceptable

Not acceptable

full dry single scrape

half dry single scrape

with bolo marks

with skin

full dry, single scape

half dry, single scape

with bolo marks

with skin

one side black

all side black

shrinkage (maximum

of 1 foot)

about 2 pinholes per

foot or maximum of

20 per pole

all side black

shrinkage (maximum

of 2 feet)

pinholes per feet

more than 2 feet

shrinkage

flat (no allowance)

1 1/16"

1 1/16"

1 1/16"

flat

flat

1 1/16"

1 1/16"

Broken

Brittle

Twisted

Full of pin holes

especially if

concentrated on

nodes

Palasan (C. merrillii) All sizes

Grade/Class

ABC Class

Acceptable

Not acceptable

full dry, single scape

half dry, single scape

with skin, single scape

one side black

(maximum of 2 feet)

all sides black

(maximum of 1 feet)

shrinkage (maximum

of 6 inches)

about 20 pinholes/pole

more than 6 inches

shrinkage

Broken

Brittle

Twisted

Full of pinholes

flat

1 1/16"

1 1/16"

especially if

concentrated on nodes

Source: Rivera, 1988

IV. MARKETS AND SOCIO-ECONOMICS

A. Bamboo

Bamboo export mainly consisted of basket/basketware (92.47%) and furniture (7.41%). For basket/basketware, 28.08 million pieces valued at US$39.93 million were exported to various countries with USA as the biggest buyer of volume valued at US$ 21.46 million. Other buyers include Japan, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Spain and others (1996 Philippine Forestry Statistics).

Bamboo was also reported by the 1996 Philippine Forestry Statistics to have been exported with a volume of 19,000 kg. valued at US$43,000 FOB compared to 1995 exports of 9,000 kg. valued at US$22,000 FOB.

On the other hand, there were reports that 293 seats of bamboo valued at US$12,188 FOB and US$13950 CIF were imported from Thailand and Vietnam in 1996 (1996 PFS). Likewise the same source reported that a total of 98,065 kg. of bamboo valued at US$57,575 FOB and US$57484 CIF were imported mostly from Indonesia, Hongkong, Thailand and Vietnam.

Participants in the Bamboo Sector

The bamboo sector involves various participants ranging from licensees, gatherers, manufacturers, factory workers, traders and consumers. They are not mutually exclusive such that a market participant may be involved in various activities at varying extent.

Determination of the total number of market-participants may not be possible due to various reasons (OIDCI, 1997). First is the proliferation of small unregistered firms and informal market transactions. Another reason is that some firms also handle non-bamboo materials and products which may be listed under non-bamboo firms. Lastly, the dynamism of the market prompts participants to shift to other products and/or economic activities.

Pabuayon and Espanto in 1997 as cited by the 1997 OIDCI document report that there are more than 70,000 participants including licensees, processors, exporters, manufacturers and workers (Table 14). The same table shows that there are 171 participants including bamboo - based firms but exludes workers involved in gathering, manufacturing and trading.

Characteristics of Market Participants

Based on a survey of participants in the Cordilleras and Western Visayas as presented in Table 15, all of the respondents have gone to school with majority of the workers having attended the secondary and vocational levels. Workers include both males and females with most of them depending on bamboo activities as a primary source of income. However, annual income from bamboo except for traders and manufacturers is low for gatherers with an average of P5000. The same is experienced by raw material producers and furniture workers with an income of P5000 - 10000 per year. Raw material traders and handicraft workers earned an average of P15000 per annum.

Product flow through various market levels

An survey done by Navera in 1996, shows that there are two sources of bamboo. These are from natural stands and plantations. The survey revealed that half of the 73 bamboo enterprises interviewed obtained their bamboo poles from natural stands while the rest obtained their poles from local traders. Sixty percent (60%) of the firms sell their finished products directly to households and the rest to exporters and other manufacturers.

On the other hand, Rivera et. al. 1996 described the various market channels involved for raw materials and selected finished products such as bamboo poles, mats, sala set, mirror frames etc. in Iloilo, Negros Occidental and Abra (Figures 1, 2, 3). The various services rendered at a given channel were also listed together with the value addition incurred at each respective channel.

B. Rattan

In general, the rattan industry contributes significantly to the economy in generating foreign exchange, income and employment of dependent groups. In 1996, the export of non-timber manufactured articles, including rattan articles, amounted close to US$40M. This amount however, is smaller compared to 1993 figures where exports reached US$73M (Lapis, 1998).

Determination of the exact number of people involved in the rattan production, marketing, manufacturing and exporting is rather difficult because of the existence of unregistered and small firms. Nevertheless, various reports provide an indication of the number of people employed by the industry.

Table 16 shows the estimated number of firms and workers in the gathering, trading, manufacturing and exporting activities in the rattan industry while Table 17 presents the respective wages received by the workers.

Participants in the Rattan Sector

Because of the difficulty of coming up with the total number of participants in the rattan sector only site specific socio-economic information have been generated. Aquino (1993) provided the characteristics of the disadvantaged groups in the bamboo and rattan sectors (Table 18). Furthermore, Table 19 presents the characteristics of rattan manufacturers firm size, in Luzon and Cebu while Table 20 shows the general characteristics of rattan based handicraft sellers and buyers in Quezon and Metro Manila. On the other hand, the distribution and characteristics of rattan traders by type of product is shown in Table 21. Lastly, Tables 22 and 23 show the general characteristics of bamboo and rattan based furniture and handicraft manufacturer-exporters.

Market Channels

The marketing system of rattan raw materials in terms of five channels was summarized by Kilmer in 1994 (Figure 4). The first channel shows the flow of products from the gatherers to the small scale manufacturers who produce for their local markets. These manufacturers purchase from cutting group leaders or from gatherers. Drying and scraping is done by them and simple products are manufactured for direct sale to the public. The major part of local manufacture is based on orders placed by consumers before production begins.

Channels 2 to 5 are oriented toward the export market although a small portion is channelled to local consumers.

Rivera in 1988 described the marketing system of rattan raw materials which followed a general trend (Figure 5). A permittee hires an authorized representative or contractor who in turn hires natives or local folks to do the actual harvesting. The poles are then transported to the permittees’ stockyard and finally to the middlemen who supply the furniture/handicraft manufacturers.

Pabuayon et. al. (1988) described the marketing channels of rattan furniture and handicraft products from raw form into finished form. Raw materials are obtained from concessionnaires or traders (Figure 6). These are then sold to

furniture handicraft manufacturers or contractors. Finished products are distributed through several channels before reaching the final end-user.

Prices by Product Type and Quality

Bamboo

At a given market level, bamboo prices differ by species and quality, the latter differentiated by diameter size and length. In a study made by Maligalig and Saguin (1990), it was reported that in some cases, poles are traded assorted or unclassified while others simply classify bamboo poles as big or small.

In a 1996 survey by Rivera, et. al. It was revealed that higher grades commanded better prices and lower grades, lower prices. The prices in pesos (P) per pole at the producers and traders levels are shown in Table 24:

Table 24. Price of bamboo raw materials at the producers and traders level.

BAMBOO TYPE PRODUCER (P) TRADER (P)

Class A (10 - 15ft)

Class B (6 - 9ft )

Class C (4 - 5 ft)

Poser (1000 抯)

Split (6 ft, 50s)

Split (8 ft, 50 抯)

25.00

14.00

6.00

100.00

28.12

47.50

45.00

31.67

11.33

120.00

46.62

67.50

Rattan

Rivera 1988 and Pabuayon et.al. 1988 computed for the profit rates (before taxes) of rattan traders and manufacturers (Table 25). Profits for traders ranged from -2 to 329 percent of the total cost per truckload or container van while manufacturers of furniture obtained 49 percent of the total cost compared to the 32 percent obtained by handicraft manufacturers. On the other hand, traders of rattan furniture obtained a higher profit margin than traders of handicraft.

Table 25. Profit rates (before taxes) of rattan traders and manufacturers, Philippines.

OPERATOR PROFIT (PESOS) a/ % OF TOTAL COST

Traders of rattan poles (1989) b/ Per truckload or container van c/

Quirino 163,849 329

Pampanga

Quezon

Palawan

Leyte

Samar

Agusan

Davao

3,528

74,501

21,004

53,346

(2,604)

1,944

37,025

3

161

46

32

(2)

2

7

Manufacturers (1986-87) Per month operation

Furniture d/

Handicraft e/

416,556

31,340

49

32

Traders of rattan products (1986-87)

Per month operation

Furniture f/

Handicraft g/

40,389

69,601

73

52

a/ Exchange rates: US$1.00 - P20.34 for 1986-87 and US$1.00 - P21.20 for 1989.

b/ Averages for different species (palasan, kalapi, tumalim, and limuran) and from different destinations with the Philippines

c/ 12,500 poles per truckload and 9,000 poles per container van

d/ For major manufacturing centers (Cebu, Pampanga and Manila)

e/ For Pangasinan only

f/ For Angeles, Pangasinan and Manila

g/ For Baguio, Angeles and Manila

In a study by UNAC, PBSP in 1993 (Table 26), the price, cost and income structure of rattan cutting contractors in Amas, Palawan was obtained. However, the annual net income could not be estimated because the study reported net profit data on a per pole basis for only one particular shipment.

Kilmer (1994) reported that a ¾ inch x 10 feet rattan pole is priced from P3.50/piece to P7.25 per piece (Table 27).

Table 27. Price structure of a 3/4 x 10 ft rattan pole from a Palawan forest to a Manila Manufacturer.

MARKET LEVEL SELLING PRICE

Gatherer

Group leader at collection center

Provincial trader in Puerto Princesa, Palawan

Wholesaler/Trader in Manila

3.50

5.50

7.50

9.25

Source: Kilmer Interviews, September, 1994

Value Addition

As the materials move along the market chain to a higher level, prices, generally increase due to value addition associated with services performed and profit associated with services performed and profit or margins of market intermediaries.

In survey of Rivera et. al. (1996) the respective shares of the market participants both in cost and profit involved in the production and sale of some selected bamboo finished products are shown below. It can be observed that greater value occurs at the manufacturing stage due to inputs and profit margin.

Table 28. Cost and profit shares of market participants in the production and sale of selected bamboo finished products.

MARK

PARTICIPANTS

SOFA PALAY STORAGE SINGLE BED

  P % P % P %

Gatherer

Producer Cost

Producer Profit

Manufacturer Cost

Manufacturer Profit

Product Value

20

48

30

105

47

250

8

19

12

42

19

100

-

25

100

270

5

400

-

6

25

68

1

100

-

10

20

30

90

150

-

7

13

20

60

100

POLICY AND LEGISLATION

Bamboos found in forest lands are considered and lumped with other non-wood (minor) forest products. Therefore, collection and harvesting is governed by DENR Policies and Regulations as specified for in the Revised Forestry Administrative Order No. 11 dated September 14, 1970 wherein cutting permits should be secured prior to collection and harvesting. The Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) of a permittee is guided by the following formula:

AAC = Ap x Ar x 4

where:

Ap = area covered by permit (ha.)

Ar = number of clump per hectare

4 = number of culms harvested per chump

It is assumed that a clump could yield 4 culms per year.

Bamboos collected from forest lands are also subject to forest charges pursuant to DAO 40 dated November 8, 1994. The forest charges which are based on RA 7181, species and FOB market price of forest products are shown below:

Table 29. Bamboo forest charges.

COMMON NAME SPECIES RATE (P/PIECE)

Kawayan kiling/tinik

Bayog

Boho/Bolo

Other species of erect bamboo

All climbing bamboo

6.00

3.00

2.00

1.50

.50

Bamboos harvested from Industrial Tree Plantations and private lands covered by titles are exempted from payment of forest charges.

Bamboo has also been included in the list of species recommended for the Forestation Program of the DENR. It has also been considered for DENR watershed rehabilitation and soil erosion control projects. It is also used by the DENR in the community based forest management program.

Policy controlling or regulating interval and/or external trade of bamboo

Aside from the cutting permit and forest charges to be paid for bamboo collected from public lands, DENR monitors movement and transport of bamboo by requiring a Certificate on Non-Timber Forest Product Origin (CNFPO). This is specified in DENR Administrative Order 59 dated September 30, 1993. Bamboo harvested from industrial tree

plantations and private or titled lands are exempted provided they are certified by the DENR Community Environment and Natural Resources Office. However, some irregularities may be experienced since even those coming from public lands may still be certified coming from private lands. This may be the reason why DENR Statistics on harvest and forest charges remain underestimated, thus losses in terms of government revenue and unsustainable harvesting practices.

As far as import/export regulations are concerned, bamboo poles are prohibited for exportation except for scientific or testing purposes and need export clearance from the government as provided for by the amended rules and regulations implementing Presidential Decree 930.

For exporters of manufactured bamboo products, general procedures required for exportation such as securing export clearance, standardization and inspection, payment of inspection fees, submission and registration of export declaration must be complied with. Importation of bamboo poles for commercial purposes is not allowed except for non-commercial purposes such as pearl farm fencing. Nevertheless, these policies should be reviewed to encourage bamboo plantation development and consequently, support the development of the bamboo based industries.

Policy controlling or regulating access to rattan

Rattan gathering is controlled by the DENR since the government has jurisdiction over forest resources where rattan thrives. Before one can have access to these rattan resources a rattan cutting concession, an annual cutting concession and an annual cutting license should first be obtained. The concession agreement specifies certain geographic boundaries where rattan may be collected. Concessions are generally granted to individuals, private companies or indigenous cultural communities (ICCs). The government have also started granting ancestral domain claims to ICCs which gives them the right to sustainably use the resources including rattan found within their claims.

As of 1996 (PFS, 1996), the government has issued a total of 355 rattan cutting contracts covering 3.2M ha to individuals, corporations and ICCs for the purpose of managing rattan resources.

All concessionaires are required to file harvesting plans with the local/regional DENR offices to limit their harvesting to a calculated annual allowable cut specified in the concession agreement. They are also required to pay a Rattan Special Deposit Fund for reforestation which will be used to carry out the reforestation activities within the concessions. It is currently set at P0.50 per linear meter for poles over 2 cm. in diameter and P0.20 per linear meter for smaller poles.

Forest charges are also paid by the concessionnaires to DENR. Forest charges are set at rate equal to 10 percent of the market price of the product in Manila. However, Kilmer in 1994 observed that effective rates for the largest poles are somewhat lower than the 10 percent target. For more common small poles, effective rates can reach as high as 26 percent or 100 percent of the price received by the gatherer.

Shipping documents such as the Certificate of Minor Forest Products (CMFOs) are required from traders.

Kilmer 1994 reported that the cutters and traders have developed a system of reducing the local charges to an affordable level. While the DENR is reportedly trying to clean up the forest charge collection system, the effective collection of full forest charges would have the effect of increasing the market price of small diameter poles and further weakening the position of Filipino manufacturers in international markets.

The evasion of forest charges also has the effect of undermining the DENR 抯 ability to control and even monitor the amount of cutting being done. The data on the volume of harvest is determined on the basis of the same documents which serve as the basis for the collection of forest charges thus, underestimation of cut is highly possible.

Policies on biological protection and genetic conservation

As far as biological protection and genetic conservation of bamboo and rattan are concerned various government policies and DENR administrative orders have been formulated and implemented (Lapis, 1998). These are as follows:

1. RA 7586 (1992)

An act providing for the establishment and management of Natural Integrated Protected Areas System.

2. DAO 25 (1992)

The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) implementing rules and regulations focusing on the twin objectives of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

3. PD 1586 (1978)

Establishment of Environmental Impact Statement System

4. DAO 21 (1992)

Revision of rules and regulation on EIS System

5. DAO 96-37 (1996)

Revisions of DAO 21 (1992) to further strengthen the implementation of the Environmental Impact Statement System.

6. EO 247 (1995)

Prescribing guidelines and establishing a regulatory framework for the prospecting of biological and genetic resources, their by-products and derivations for scientific and commercial purposes.

7. DAO 96-20 (1996)

Implementing rules and regulations on the prospecting of biological and genetic resources.

Relevant studies under considerationThe forest charges presently obtained from the permittees may not reflect the true value of the commodity produced, in this case, bamboo and rattan. These products come from forest or public lands and are charged according to diameter size, species and length. However, the other inputs to production have not been considered particularly the use of the land and the total economic value of the commodity.

A study is being prepared to review and assess the present forest charges pegged on bamboo and rattan with consideration of the various valuation methods to arrive at the true value of bamboo and rattan.

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

Various government and non-government agencies/entities, state colleges, universities, and international agencies have in one way or the other undertaken research and development activities to encourage and promote the bamboo and rattan sectors.

AcademeResearch activities on bamboo and rattan are being undertaken by state colleges and universities in coordination with government and private sectors. These include the University of the Philippines at Los Ba 駉 s (UPLB), Benguet State University (BSU), Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU), Nueva Viscaya State Institute of Technology (NVSIT), Tarlac College of Agriculture (TCA), Palawan National Agricultural College (PNAC), Panay State Polytechnic College (PSPC), Mindanao State University (MSU) and Visayas State College of Agriculture (VISCA).

Government

AGENCY  

College Industry and Technology Center (CITC)

Role in Bamboo and Rattan mandated to encourage and promote the establishment of micro cottage, and small enterprises and improve product quality and productivity towards global competitiveness for generating employment and livelihood opportunities

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB)

Ecosystems Research and Development Sector (ERDS)

Both under DENR and support the R & D activities of the forestry sector in the technical socio-economic and marketing aspects of raw materials

Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI)

Under Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and undertakes R & D relating to technical socio-economics and marketing aspects of forest products particularly on post-harvest and utilization.

Technology Application and Promotions Institute (TAPI)

Under DOST and is responsible for technology commercialization and promotion

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources and Development (PCARRD)

Under DOST and responsible for R & D evaluation monitoring providing financial, support and promoting linkages among R & D institutions and individuals

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) A major agency which has a number of bureaus and attached agencies which directly affect the bamboo and rattan industry. It coordinates, promotes, facilitates the country 抯 trade industry and investment activities.

National Statistical Coordinating Board (NSCB)

Recognize and strengthen Philippine Statistical System. Its objective is to achieve the development of an orderly statistical system capable of providing timely, accurate, sufficient

and useful data to suit planning, programming and evaluation needs of all sectors of the Philippine economy

Non-Government Organization

NAME ROLE

Philippine Bamboo Society Baguio Benguet Chapter

Supports the activities of the Philippine Bambusetum in Baguio. There are only 11 officers and members dominated by women with only one male member. Membership comes from government offices, NGOs, academe and private entities.

Iloilo Furniture Manufacturers Association (IFMA)

Non-stock, non-profit organization which focuses on Bamboo Development Project. It aims to complement existing wood furniture production optimize use of widely materials and skilled work force and penetrate new markets.

Iloilo Manufacturers Multipurpose Cooperative (IMMPC)

Cooperative organized by IFMA for undertaking profit making initiatives. It focuses on penetrating the export market through complementation and specialization among members

Aklan Furniture Makers Association  

Bamboo Development Cooperative in Davao

Philippine Business for Social Progress Responsible for implementing marketing programs that link livelihood activities for rural communities for equitable markets. One of the major components is the transfer of technologies including marketing and business technologies to the clients.

Center of International Trade Expositions and Mission, Inc. (CITEM)

Organizes trade fairs where Filipino exporters may participate. The center consist of product officers who assist foreign buyers in their inquiries and maintains a permanent exhibit of Philippines export products including bamboo and rattan based products

Industry Associations

NAME OF AGENCY FUNCTIONS/SERVICES PROVIDED

Chamber of Furniture Industries of the Philippines

Group of furniture exporters whose mission is to promote the continued growth of the Philippine furniture industry. It also provides direction to its development efforts. Serves as a forum for industry related issues

Philippine Chamber of Handicraft Industries

Non-stock, non-profit organization which aims to contribute to the growth of the Philippine handicraft industry by promoting handicrafts in both local and international markets

Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industries

An umbrella private sector representative organization with 139 sectoral trade associations which provides trade opportunities and buyer-seller matching services for its members and foreign buyers. It also mounts overseas missions and hosts incoming missions. Some bamboo and rattan manufacturer-exporters are members of the chamber

Confederation of Filipino Exporters Foundation

This is an industry association composed of private sector exporters. It is a non-stock, non-profit service foundation which seeks to facilitate exporters’ access to trade information and technical services towards expanding and diversifying markets. It also aims at organizing Philippine exporters into a persuasive collective advocate for policy and administrative reforms needed to transform the country into a progressive nation. It provides trade opportunities and buyers-sellers matching services and regular publications. It also has regional networks. Some bamboo and rattan manufacturer exporters.

European Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines

The only European bilateral chamber represented in the Philippine and represents the interest of all European countries as well as those Filipino members. ECCP provides a full range of services including personalized buyer-seller matching and circulation of trade opportunities through the regular publication

Cebu Furniture Industries Foundation  

Chamber of Cottage Industries of the Philippines

Christmas Decor Producers and Exporters Association of the Philippines

Private Sector

NEPA-Q-MART Industries Bamboo Production Pilot Project headed by Atty. Nereo J. Paculdo

Gives out bamboo seedlings free of charge. However, on the 4th year five seedlings for every seedlings will be given back to NEPA-Q-MART to again be distributed to other participants

Kawayan Farm c/o Engr. D.J. Alfonso Sells ready to plant bamboo propagules and offers a training package on bamboo propagation

Mr. M. Caasi of Davao Provides technical assistance on bamboo growing. He is known as 揵 amboo king" who started organizing farmers cooperative since 1989

Issues and Concerns, Recommended Solutions and R & D Strategies for the Bamboo and Rattan Sectors

ISSUE/CONCERN RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS

R & D STRATEGIES

BAMBOO

Production

Lack of concerted planned effort for bamboo plantation development

premature harvesting as an offshoot of increased demand

delineation of areas for bamboo development

formulation of guidelines in reforestation projects

strengthened IEC campaign

adequate technology transfer mechanisms

provision of support services (credit technical assistance markets)

provision of incentives

physiological properties-end product matching

species-site matching

maintenance of Bambuseta

R & D on physiological aspects vis a vis market research

Marketing

limited social acceptance of bamboo

increased IEC

researches on the perception, attitude and extension strategies and other IEC approaches

inadequate support services establishment of strategically located buying stations accessible to all actors in the bamboo industry

market research with some linear programming applications

unorganized marketing system

organization of industry associations/societies

market linkaging/ networking through GO 抯, NGO 抯, private/industry sectors

comprehensive market research

unfavorable market developments e.g. decline in demand for banana propping materials

diversification of uses of bamboo species

market research

species/product matching

no standards for grading and classification of raw materials

development of grading and classification standards for raw materials

R & D on grading and classification standards

Utilization

products limited to traditional uses

commercialization of new bamboo products

development of state-of-the-art technologies

conduct of seminars, workshops, trainings sponsored by government and/or industry associations

R & D on product development designs

Policy    

annual allowable cut (AAC) conduct of policy studies to determine the AAC based on species, growth, yield, clump development in relation to climatic and edaphic factors

Information Systems

inadequate information system

establishment of a centralized repository of bamboo database on production, management, marketing, utilization

information systems analysis

RATTAN

Production

lack of concerted effort on rattan plantation development

poor replanting programs if any, by gatherers

delineation of rattan seed production areas

development of support facilities for producers of raw materials

CBFM approach

gatherers must be encouraged and assisted in developing their replanting programs through CBFM

plantation establishment of indigenous commercial species of phenotypically superior strains

policy studies

  CBFM approach  

long period of production CBFM - incorporation of rattan with agroforestry development schemes

provision of alternative sources of livelihood

R & D to determine the age of maturity for rattan poles in relation to the physiological properties demanded by the market

pilot testing of livelihood projects

Marketing

value addition

community enterprise development

organization of cooperatives/ associations

Impact studies on:

gender

socio-economic parameters

environmental parameters

dependence of gatherer groups on advance payments from outside traders and purchasing agents

establishment of a central marketing center same as NATRIPAL in Palawan. It reduces the extent to which gatherers are controlled by individual purchase contracts. Gatherers are more free to work according to their own schedules against longer term contracts with the marketing organization while remaining file to sell their poles to other buyers when a more profitable opportunity appears in the short run (Kilmer, 1994)

Protection

poaching and illegal harvesting

limited/inadequate preservation techniques

CBFM approach

technology development

R & D efforts on efficient and effective preservation technologies

Tenure

inadequate tenurial rights to solicit increased and sustained participation in maintaining productivity of rattan areas

provision of ancestral domain claims to indigenous people

empowerment of communities

researches on tenurial rights

Information Systems

unorganized information on rattan resources

establishment of a centralized repository of rattan database on production, management, marketing, utilization

information systems analysis

Administrative  

assessment of existing policies

ineffective government policies on the cutting, transporting and monitoring of rattan and rattan activities

on

- length of poles marketed

- allowable cut

assessment of administrative feasibility of policies

policy studies

inappropriate forest charges updating of forest charges resource inventory

economic valuation studies

weak linkage between government and private sector

strengthening research collaboration among government and private institutions for a holistic approach to rattan production and utilization

Table 1. List of existing bamboo plantations in the Philippines

LOCATION OWNER SPECIES AREA(Ha)

Luzon

Isla Verde, Batangas City Jose Ma. Pastor Kauayan Tinik 50

Pililia, Rizal Alfonso Domingo Kauayan Tinik 20

Agno, Pangasinan Doctor's Farm Kauayan Tinik 5

Pangasinan NEPA Q-Mart Bayog and Botong 50

Coron, Palawan Francisco Fernada Kauayan Tinik 5

Del Monte, Bulacan Sighn Bambusetum Kauayan Tinik 20

Bula, Camarines Sur Mike Laya Kauayan Tinik and

Kauayan Buddha 4

Laguna Various Private Groups K. Tinik, Giant bamboo 890a/

and 80% Laak

Sub-total 1043

Visayas

Murcia, Negros Occ. R. Jalandoni Kauayan Tinik 160

Murcia, Negros Occ. T. Trebol Kauayan Tinik 20

Murcia, Negros Occ. N. L. Agustin Farms Kauayan Tinik 30

Isabela, Negros Occ. R. Suatenco Kauayan Tinik 5

La Castellana, Negros Occ. Ferria Farms Kauayan Tinik 14

Manapla, Negros Occ. Lamata Farms Kauayan Tinik 14

Cadiz, Negros Occ. Mirasol Kauayan Tinik 10

Victoria, Negros Occ. Maravilla Farms Kauayan Tinik 10

Moises Padilla Negros Occ. Feria Farms Kauayan Tinik 7

Valladolid, Negros Occ. Mayor Presbitero Kauayan Tinik 2

Dingle, Iloilo Hermontt Enterprise Kauayan Tinik 8

Duenas, Iloilo Paterno Larida Kauayan Tinik 10

Anilao, Iloilo Maravila Enterprise Giant Bamboo 10

Guimaras SMILE Giant Bamboo 12

Sub-total 312

Mindanao

Panabo, Davao N. TADECO Spiny, Laak, Lunas 140

Davao del Norte Nest Farm Spiny, Laak, Lunas 161

Panabo, Davao N. DAPECOL Spiny, Laak, Lunas 303

Davao del Norte WADECOR Spiny, Laak, Lunas 80

Davao del Norte F. S. Dizon & Sons Inc. Spiny, Laak 110

Davao del Norte AMS-FC Davao del Norte Spiny, Laak 100

Davao del Norte SFC, Davao del Norte Laak 5

Davao CFI, Agusan del Norte Laak 12

Davao del Norte Davao Fruits Corp. Laak 434

Davao del Norte Twin River Plantation Inc. Laak 132

Pandadan, Tagum D. N. Caasi Farm Laak 5

San Isidro, Nabunturean D. N. Caasi Farm Kayali 10

Piang Village, T'boli S. Cot. P. R. Virrey Laak 2

Mati, Davao Oriental Rabat Tini, botong 5

Compostela, Montevista D. N. CBMC Laak 186

Sub-total 1,685

Grand Total 3,040

Sources: Virtucio and Rivera (1995), Pastor (1995), Alfonso (1995), Caasi (1994), Uriarte and Marquez, C. (1995), Basada et al

1997, and Binoya 1997 consultant 1997

a/ Based on the 255,000 seedlings planted as of February 1997 through Kawayan: Yaman Laguna Project by private

individuals and organizations at survival rate of 70% and 200 planst/ha

bookUa.xls sheet 2

Table 2. Estimated total aggregate area planted to erect bamboos and pole/culm production

in the Philippines from various sources a/

Estimated Total Estimated Total Estimated Total

Source/Origin Aggregate Area Number of Clumps Culm Productivity

Planted (Has) (in million) per year (in million)

Has % of Clumps % of Culms % of Total

Total Total

Forest Lands 20,500 - 52.3 - 4.10 - 68.70 20.5 - 68.7-

34,000 64.50 6.80 64.5 34.0 64.8

Government Plantations

2,236 5.7 - 4.2 0.2236 - 3.7 - 4.2 1,118 - 3.7-4.2

Private Plantation

3,040 7.7 -5.8 0.337 - 5.1 - 5.8 1,520 - 5.1-

0.6074 3,040 5.8

"Natural Stand" b/

13,435 34.3 - 25.5 1.343 - 22.5 - 6,715 - 22.5-

2.687 25.5 13,435 25.5

TOTAL 39,211 - 100 5.9703 - 100 29,817 - 100

52,711 10.5416 52,653

a/ Estimated by the consultant

b/ Existing bamboo stands found growing sporadically or in patches in the backyards and/or along riverbanks

in either public or private land not covered by forest and established plantations.

priceUc.xls sheet 2

Table 3. Extent, distribution and production of bamboo from forest lands, 1996,

Philippines.

Region Bamboo produced (pc)

CAR 29,474

Abra 14,369

Benguet 942

Ifugao 33

Kalinga-Apayao 14,130

I 82,370

Ilocos Norte 42,400

Ilocos Sur 39,970

III 1,500

Zambales 1,500

IV-A 950

Quezon 950

V 58,913

Albay 3

Camarines Sur 58,910

XI 453,682

Davao del Norte 377,343

Davao del Sur 14,206

Davao Oriental 49,050

Saranggani Province 8,653

South Cotabato 4,430

TOTAL 626,889

Source: 1996 Philippine Forestry Statistics

bam/Ua.xls sheet 1

Table 4. Number of Philippine Bamboos taxonomically recognized and/or published by various authors.

Authors/Number of Species

Genera Gamble Merrill Santos Pancho and PCARRD

(1916) (1923) (1986) Obien (1988) (1991)

Arundinaria 1 1 - 3 3

Bambusa 5 5 + 1 var. 7 + 1 var. 6 +1 var. 14 + 2 vars.

Cephalustachyum 1 1 1 - 1

Chimonobambusa - - - - -

Dendrocalamus 2 1 3 3 4

Dinochloa 4 + 1 var. 4 3 - 4

Gigantochloa 1 1 1 - 2

Guadua - 1 - - -

Phyllostachys - - - 3 3

Pleioblastus - - - - -

Pseudosasa - - - - -

Pseudostachyum - - 1 - -

Racemobambos - - - - -

Sasa - - - - -

Sasaella - - - - -

Schizostachyum 10 10 8 1 11

Shibataea - - - - -

Sphaerobambos - - - - 1

Thyrsostachys - - - 1 1

Yushania - - 1 - 1

TOTAL 19 25 25 26 18 47

Table 5. Bamboos reported found in the Philippines as of 1996 (Rojo, 1996)

Scientific Name Common Name Habit Uses Origin

1. Arundinanaamabilisauct. ... Erect Ornamental Chile

2. A. arqenteostriata (Regel) Ohwi Variegated dwarf bamboo

Erect Ornamental Native to Japan

3. A, graminea (Bean) Makino Taimin-chiku or tsusi-chiku

Erect Ornamental Native to Ryukyu Is.

4. A^ pygmaea (Miq.) Mitt. Dwarf bamboo Erect Ornamental Native to Japan

5. Bambusa atra Undley Loleba Erect Basketry, handicraft New Guniea, Moluccas and probably Southern Mindanao

6- B. bambos (L.) Voss Syn. B. arundinacea (Retzius) Wilid.

India Bamboo Erect Multipurpose: edible shoots, household uses, basic construction material

India to Southern China, Thailand and Indo-China

B. spinosa Roxb.

7. B blumeana J. A. & J. H. Schultes Syn. B. spinosa Roxb. sensu MeiTill

Kauayan tinik Erect Multipurpose: edible shoots, basketry, constructuon material, household uses, pulp and paper

Native to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Lesser Sunda Islands. Probably introduced in the Philippines in the pre-historic times.

B pungens Blanco Bambus arundo Blanco

8. B. comuta Munro Syn. B. horsfieldii Munro Lopa Erect Household use Native of Java and the Philippines (Nueva Vizcaya and Benguet; a rare species).

9. B. dolichoclada Hayata Chinese bamboo Erect Construction purposes, agricultural tools, windbreaks

Endemic to China, Taiwan and Hainan

10. B.dolichomerithalla Hayata Taiwan bamboo Erect Ornamental; in Taiwan as blow pipes Endemic to Taiwan

11. B. floribunda Nakai 12. B. merrilli Gamble

Memll bamboo Erect Erect Ornamental Household use Probably native to Japan Endemic to the Philippines; rare.

13. B. multiplex (Lour.)

Raeuschel ex. J. A. & J. H. Schultes Syn. el nana Roxb. B. alaucescens (Wilid.) Sieb. Ex Munro

14. B. oldharnii Munro

15. B. tulda Roxb.

16. B. tuldoides Munro Syn. B. ventricosa McClure

17. B. utilis Lin

18. el vulaaris Schrader ex Wendland

(There exist three groups of this species namely: green culm group, yellow culm group and Buddha's belly group called wamin in Burma).

19.Cephalustachvum mindorense Gamble

20. Chimonobambusa falcata Mak.

21. Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Backer ex Heyne

Syn. D. merrillianus (Elmer) Elmer sensu Dransfield & Widjaja (1995)

Kauayan-tsina

Oldham bamboo

Spineless India bamboo

Buddha bamboo

Taiwan useful bamboo

Kauayan-kiling

Mindoro bikal or bakto

---

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Subscandent or semi-erec

Erect

Erect

Excellent hedges and as ornamental

Construction purposes

Construction, edible shoots, household use, handicrafts, windbreaks

Ornamental, hedges, handicrafts, farm implements

Windbreaks, for farm implements, building and supporting poles, edible shoots.

The most used of all bamboos, rather rarely used as construction material because it is susceptible to powder post beetle attack.

Can probably used for making kaing

Ornamental

Building material for houses: edible shoots

Giant bamboo

22. D. aiganteus Wallich ex Munro

23. D. latifloms Munro

(This species was introduced in the 1970's. Gamble's D. latiflorus was reduced by Merrill to G. levis)

24. D. memllianus (Elmer) Elmer. (In the sense of Dransfield and Widjaja thus species is reduced to D. asper). Syn. D. parviflorus Hack.

25. D. strictus (Roxb.) Nees

26. Dinochloa dielseana Pilger

27. D. elmeri Gamble

28. D_ luconiae (Munro) Merr. Syn. D. aguilarii Elmer D. scandens var. angustifolia Merr.

29. D_ oblonga S. Dransf.

30. D. palawanensis (Gamble) S. Dransf.

31. D, pubiramea (Blume) 0. Kuntze

Giant bamboo

Machiku

Bayog (Note: Bayog, as we have known it , does not botanically belong to Dendro-calamus. It is tentatively designated as Bambusa spec. 1)

Solid bamboo

Tagisi

Elmer bikal

Osiu

Palawan bukaui

Palawan bikal

Bukau

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Climbing

Climbing

Climbing

Climbing

Construction material, edible shoots, thich culm wall good for production of bamboo boards, etc. as well as for ornamental puroposes.

Most important for its young shoot which is considered delicious, also household use and construction purposes.

Construction material, farm implements

Used for many purposes such as building materials, furniture, basketry, mats, agricultural implements, rafts and wares.

General purpose

No known uses.

For fences, basketry, household use.

Maybe put to use as bikal

Maybe put to use as bikal

Southern Burma and Western Thailand

No precise origin. Distributed from Burma, Southern China and Taiwan

Endemic to the Philippines

Widespread and native in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma and Thailand.

Endemic to the Philippines

Endemic to the Philippines

Native to Borneo and the Philippines

.

Endemic to Palawan

Endemic to Palawan

Native, also Bormeo

Climbing

Climbing

General purpose, baskets

32. Giaantochloa after (Hassk.) Kurz

33. G. levis (Blanco) Memll Syn. Dendrocalamus curranii

Gamble D. scribneriana Merr.

34. Guadua anaustifolia Kunth

35. G. anaustifolia Kunth var. bicolor Londofto

36. Phyllostachys aurea Carr. Ex A. & C. Riviere Syn. P_ bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc. var. aurea Makino

37. P. humilis Muroi

38. P_ niara (Lodd. Ex Lindi.) Munro

39. P. pubescens Maze! ex H. de Leh.

40. Pleioblastus aroentostraitus auct. forma akebeno

41. P.chino Makino forma eleaantissimus forma pumilus forma pyamaeus

42. P. distichus Muroi & Okamura

43. P_ fortunei auct. cv. fortunei

Kayali

Bolo, botong, patong

---

---

Running bamboo

---

Black bamboo

Edible bamboo

Akebono-nesasa

Kamoro-sasa

Gori-dake

Ke-oroshimasasa

Oroshima-chiku

Chigo-zasa

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Building materials, household utensils, basketry, handicrafts.

Construction of rural houses, furniture, rafts, fish traps, fish pens, outriggers, edible shoots.

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental garden plant, also hedges, walking sticks, umbrella handles, novelties

---

Ornamental, also musical instruments and handicrafts, walking sticks and pipe stems.

Edible shoots.

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental

Origin is unknown. Cultivated in Indonesia, Malaysia, Borneo and Philippines (Davao).

No known origin. Commonly cultivated in the Philippines and Northern and Western Borneo.

Colombia

Colombia

Probably originated from temperate and subtemperate Southern China and Japan

---

Introduced probably from China.

Warm temperate part of China

Japan

Japan

Japan

Japan

Japan

Japan

44. Pseudosasa amabilis auct.

45. Pseudostachvum polymorphum Munro

46. Racemobambos hirsuta Hoittum

47. Sasa kurilensis (Rupr.) Mak. Et Shibata

48. S. nipponica Mak.

49. S. palmata Nakai

50. Sasaella ramosa (Mak.) Mak. Et Shibata

51. Schizostachvum brachviadum Kurz (Reduced to S. lima sensu Memll).

52. Schizostachvum brachviadum Gamble

53. S, diffusum (Blanco) Merr.

54. S. fenixii Gamble

55. S^ lima (Blanco) Merr. Syn. sl zollinaeri Merr. S. hallieri Gamble B. lima Blanco

56. S^ lumampao (Blanco) Merr. Syn. S^ hirtiflorum Hack. S^ mucronatum Hack.

57. S. luzonicum Gamble

58. S. textorium (Blanco) Merr. Syn. S. merrilli Gamble

Cha'D-konchuck

Bayto

---

Chisima-zasa

Miyako-zasa

Chimaki-zasa

Uzuma-zasa

Bohong dilau

Curran bikal

Bikal

Puser

Anos

Boho

Luzon bikal

Kalbam\ng

Erect

Erect

Climbing

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Erect

Climbing

Climbing

Climbing

Erect

Erect

Climbing

Erect

Ornamental

Ornamental

General purpose

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental

Ornamental, split culms for roofing, handicrafts, props, etc.

Maybe put to use as bikal

Sometimes for kaing making

Fences, other uses.

Material for housign, like sawali-making, musical instruments, fishing rods, etc.

For sawali-making, basketry, fences, flutes, handicraft and many other uses.

Could be put to use as bikal

Could be put to use as bikal

Japan

Japan

Palawan and Malaysia

Japan, Chile

Japan

Japan, Chile

Japan, Chile

South-East Asia, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Moluccas.

Endemic to the Philippines

Endemic to the Philippines

Endemic to the Philippines

Native to Borneo, Celebes, Mollucas, New Guinea and Solomon Is. And the Philippines

Endemic to the Philippines, occassionally cultivated.

Endemic to the Philippines

Endemic to the Philippines

59. S. toppinaii Gamble

60. Sphaerobambos philippinensis (Hayata) Keng f. (formerly Arundinaria niikatavamensis Hayata).

61. Thrsostachvs siamensis Gamble

62. Yushania niitakavamensis (Hayata) Keng f. (formerly Arundinaria niikatavamensis

Topping bikal

Laak

(Note: the Laak which Mr. Caasi extensively used in his bamboo farm in Davao does not botanically belong to Sphaerobambos but now tentatively designated as Bambusa spec. 2.)

Thailand bamboo

Utod

Climbing

Erect

Erect

Erect

May be put to use as bikal

General purpose, banana props, used as kauayan-kiling

House construction, household uses, baskets, handicrafts, chopsticks, pulp and paper, ornamental windbreak

Erosion control, ornamental in low temperature area

Endemic to the Philippines

Endemic to the Philippines (Davao)

Native to Burma and Thailand where it occurs in pure stand.

Native to Taiwan and the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, about 800 m and above altitude)

Table 6. Twelve economically important Philippine bamboos according to UNDP/FAO Bamboo R & D Project conducted by the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB)

Scientific Name Common name

1. Bambusa blumeana

2. B. Vulgaris

3. B. spec 1 (Dendrocalamus merrillianus)

4.Dendrocalamus asper

5. D. Latiflorus

6. Gigantochloa levis

7. Schizostachyum lumampao

8. S. lima (Blanco) Merr.

9. S. brachycladum Kurz

10. G. Alter(Hassk.)Kurz

11. B_ dolichoclada Hayata

12. B_ oldhami (Munroe) Me Clure

Kauayan tinik

Kauayan-kiling

Bayog

Giant bamboo

Machiku (called Botong in Davao)

Bolo, botong

Buho

Anos

Bulo Padi

Kayali

Look

Moroku-Chiku

.

Table 9

PROJECTED DEMAND FOR RATTAN POLES BASED ON PROJECTED

VALUE EXPORTS, 1990-2015 a/

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000

Value of Exports (US$'000,000) 163.6 180.0 198.0 215.7 239.5 263.5 336.3 b/

Rattan poles (million lm) 212.7 234.0 257.4 283.0 311.4 342.6 437.2

Large Diameter Rattan (40% of

requirement) 85.1 93.6 103.0 113.2 124.6 137.0 174.9

Small Diameter Rattan (60% of

requirement) 127.6 140.4 154.4 169.8 186.8 205.6 262.3

a/ Raw materials requirement is based on 1.3 lm of rattan for every US$1.0 sales.

b/ Estimate of annual growth of export value from 1996 to 2005 decreases to 5% annually due to competition from Indonesia

c/ From 2006 to 2015, the estimate of annual growth increases to 8%. It is expected that new markets will have been found and developed.

Source: DENR. 1990. Master Plan for Forestry Development (Rattan)

priceUc.xls sheet3

Table 15. Socio-economic characteristics of bamboo participants, lloilo. Negros Occidental and Abra. 1995

MARKET PARTICIPANT/ITEM NUMBER REPORTING PERCENT

Producers of raw materials

Education: Elementary Secondary to College

Annual income from bamboo (P): P5.000 and below P5.001 to 20,000

Other sources of income

Farming

Non-Farming

7

5

4

4

10

4

58

42

57

43

71

29

Gatherers

Education: Elementary

Secondary to

9

9

15

50

50

83

Vocational

Household size: 1-6

7-9

Member involved in bamboo activity:

1-4

None

Annual income from bamboo:

P3.000 and below

Greater than P3.000

3

12

6

8

3

183

67

33

73

27

Trader

Education: Elementary

Secondary to College

Household size: 1-6

7-12

Member involved in bamboo activity:

1. 7

None

Annual income from bamboo:

PI 0,000 and below

PIO.OOI-30,000

P30,000-50,000

7

20

18

9

7

10

8

7

4

26

74

67

33

63

37

42

37

21

Manufacturers Annual income from bamboo:

PI0,000 and below

25

PIO.OOI-20,000

Greater than P20.000

4

3

9

19

56

Labor Force

Sex: Male Female

Education: Elementary

Secondary to Vocational

Primary source of income:

Bamboo activities

Farming and others

Annual income from bamboo:

PI 5,000 and below

Greater than PI 5,000

15

28

8

35

8

21

20

35

65

19

81

81

19

51

49

Source of basic data: Rivera and Austria, 1996

Table 17. Wages received byworkers in rattan gathering, trading, manufacturing and

exporting, Philippines.

ACTIVITY/YEAR CITED BY SOURCE WAGES RECEIVED (P/DAY) LEGISLATED MINIMUM WAGE (P/DAY)

Gathering Kilmer (1994) 100 ($4.00) a/ 101.33 b/

Trading Manufactured Products: Furniture/Handicraft Kilmer (1994) Manufacturing

100 ($4.00) c/ Full-time-51.17 Part-time - 47.17 Piecework - 50.00 Average - 45.50

101.3 b/ 55.00-56.00

Furniture: Pabuayon, 1. M. et. al. [1986-87]

Lapis (1998) Average - 40.50

Handicraft: Pabuayon, 1. M. et. al. [1986-87] Full-time - 40.33 Piecework - 31.00 Average - 35.67

Geonzon, Z. L. [1987] 55.17 d/ 57.66

Kilmer (1994) 100 ($4.00) C/ 101.33 b/

Lapis (1998) 299.7 e/

a/ Kilmer, G. D. (1994) - Based on an estimated total earning of $3.3 million/year or $220/worker and work of

average of 4 days/month (55 days/year) (Exchange rate used in the study: P25/US$1.00) b/ Average legislated minimum wage for 1993 c/ Based on total earnings of $60M for a total of 100,000 workers, with working days of 150/year

(Exchange rate used in the study is same as a/

d/ Based on daily average receipts of weavers of round, oval and pyramid shaped baskets in Tayabas, Quezon. e/ Based on a daily earnings of P650.000 for 2169 workers.

Foreign Exchange Rates: 1986: P20.40/US$1.00 1987: P20.56/US$1.00 1993: P26.73/US$1.00

Table 18

Table 18 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISADVANTAGED GROUP IN THE B & R SECTOR, PHILIPPINES

RATTAN BAMBOO

Number

Location

Average age Household

size Housing

Major occupation Land ownership Farm area Farm output

Cash income/year Prop. of income from B & R B & R activities

Rice yield

Fertilizer use

15,000

rural villages, foothills

29

5

temporary/semi-permanent farming

no legal claims: forest areas 2.17 ha (uplands)

home use

P20.642

16%

cutting, hauling, primary processing

1.7 tons

none to minimal

undetermined rural villages

35

6

temporary/semi-permanent farming

alienable & disposable, titled

2.33 ha (palins)

home use and sale

P33.522

14%

cutting, lopping, culm, topping, hauling

2.35 tons

none to minimal

Source of basic data: Aquino, D. (1993); Table 3 from Pabuayon (1995)

Table 20

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RATTAN BASED HANDICRAFT SELLERS AND

BUYERS, TAYABAS, QUEZON, AND METRO MANILA, 1987

CHARACTERISTICS NO. OF MARKET PARTICIPANTS

SELLER BUYER ALL

Number reporting 20 25

Average age (years) 42 42

Year established

1970-75 5 - 5

1976-80 3 5

1981-85 7 10

1986-87 5 - 5

Type of ownership

Single proprietor 19 20

Partnership - -

Corporation 1 5

Type of business management

Owner 19 5 24

Hired 1 - 1

Average capital (P 000) (n=20) (n=5)

Initial 41 494 130

Present 189 1,413 412

Educational attainment

Elementary a/ 2 2

High school b/ 6 6

College 2 2

College graduate 9 5 14

Post-graduate c/ 1 1

a/ Includes both elementary graduate and below

b/ Between first year high school and high school graduate

c/ One with some units in graduate studies.

Source: Geonzon, Z. L. (1988)

characUc.xls sheet 1

Table 21

DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RATTAN TRADERS

BY TYPE OF PRODUCT HANDLED, LUZON, 1987

CHARCTERISTICS FURNITURE HANDICRAFT ALL

Number reporting 18 37 55

Manila 6 15 21

Angeles 9 12 21

Pampanga 3 - 3

Baguio - 10 10

Average age (years) 35 36 36

Average years in business 5 5 5

Years established

1975-1980 7 9 16

1981-1987 11 28 39

Type of respondent

Wholesaler-retailer 2 3 5

Retailer 15 28 43

Exporter 1 6 7

Type of ownership

Single Proprietorship 18 32 50

Corporation - 5 5

Nature of operation a,b/

Purchase from source upon

order of costumer 17 20 37

Maintain a given level of

stock 8 27 35

Average capital (P'000) 74 220 172

Membership in association a,c/

CFIP 1 - 1

PCCI - 3 3

Others 2 2 4

None 15 32 47

Other sources of income a,b/

Selling wood furniture/handicraft

and other products made of buri,

shell, bamboo and macrame

15 21 36

Others (garments, electric

appliances, farming, air-freight

forwarding) 3 7 10

None 2 9 11a/ Number reporting

b/ Some respondents gave more than one answers

c/ CFIP - Chamber of Furniture Industries of the Philippines

PCCI - Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industries

Others include FOBAP, Hardkins, etc.

Source: Pabuayon, I. M., G. G. Rosario and I. H. Manalo (1988) characUc.xls sheet 2

Table 22

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF B/R-BASED FURNITURE

MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS, PHILIPPINES

CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER REPORTING

PERCENT (%)

Business status

Corporation 12 92

Partnership 1 8

Total 13 100

Year established

Before 1970 1 8

1970-1975 1 8

1976-1980 2 15

1981-1985 5 38

1986-1991 4 31

Total 13 100

Capital Equity (n=13)

(million pesos) 12.78

Number of employees (ave) 342

Permanent staff 89

Contractual staff 253

Professional Membership a/ (n=13)

CFIP 11 85

ECCP 5 38

PhilExport 7 54

CITEM 1 8

PCCI 1 8

Cebu FIP 1 8

Valenzuela Chamber of Commerce 1 8

Major Export Markets USA, European countries, Japan, Australia,

Middle East, etc.,

Major Export Products Rattan-based furniture, or a combination of

rattan/wicker-metal, bamboo, leather, wrought

iron-based furniture and accessories

Major raw and intermediate materials/

goods used

100% raw materials 2 15

Combination of raw materials (less

than 100% domestic) 11 85

No imported materials 5 38

With imported materials 8 62

Business Plan Utilization of Free Capacities Penetration of new

Sales Expansion markets with present products in European

Diversification countries, Japan, Middle East, USA,

Germany, etc.

a/ Total may not add to 100% due to multiple answers

Source: International Trade Group/BBTP-Philippine German Export

Export Development Project, DTI (1994) Furniture Industry Sector Profile charac.Uc.xls s3

Table 23

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF B/R-BASED HANDICRAFT

MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS, PHILIPPINES

CHARACTERISTIC NUMBER REPORTING

Business status

Corporation 2

Partnership 2

Total 4

Year established

1973 2

1983-1984 2

Total 4

Capital Equity (n=4)

(million pesos) 3.3

Number of employees (ave) 70

Permanent staff 26

Contractual staff 44

Professional Membership a/ (n=4)

PCHI 2

BCCP 2

PhilExport 1

CITEM 1

Phil. World Trade Foundation 2

Major Export Markets USA, Europe, Japan, Australia, Asia

Major Export Products Potteries, baskets, placemats and accessories,

tin containers, decors

Major raw and intermediate materials/

goods used

100% raw materials 2

Combination of raw materials (less

than 100% domestic) 2

No imported materials 4

Business Plan Utilization of Free Capacities Penetration of new

Sales Expansion markets with present products in European

Diversification countries, Japan, Middle East, USA,

Germany, etc.

a/ Total may not add to 100% due to multiple answers

Source: International Trade Group/BBTP-Philippine German Export Development Project,

DTI (1994). Christmas/Holiday Decors and Basketwares - Industry Sector Profile

charac.Uc.xls sheet 4

Table 26

Price, Cost and Income Structure of Amas, Palawan, Philippines, September 1993Item 1 1/8 - 1 1/4" 3/4 - 1" 5/8" 1/2"

Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent

Per pole

Selling price a/ 12.00 6.50 3.00 2.00

Buying price a/ 5.00 52.30 3.50 43.97 1.50 25.60 1.00 18.83

Transport 1 b/ 0.59 6.17 0.59 7.41 0.59 10.07 0.59 11.11

Scraping c/ 0.50 5.23 0.40 5.03 0.30 5.12 0.25 4.71

Bundling d/ 0.50 5.23 0.50 6.28 0.50 8.53 0.50 9.42

Cash-in-site e/ 0.09 0.94 0.09 1.13 0.09 1.54 0.09 1.69

Cash-in-CENRO f/ 0.25 2.62 0.25 3.14 0.25 4.27 0.25 4.71

Forest charges g/ 0.67 7.01 0.67 8.42 0.67 11.43 0.67 12.62

Transport 2 h/ 0.34 3.56 0.34 4.27 0.34 5.80 0.34 6.40

Cash-in-pier

Brooke's Point i/ 0.25 2.62 0.25 3.14 0.25 4.27 0.25 4.71

Arrast re-Brooke's

point j/ 0.12 1.26 0.12 1.51 0.12 2.05 0.12 2.26

FOB k/ 0.69 7.22 0.69 8.67 0.69 11.77 0.69 12.99

Cash-in-pier

Manila l/ 0.09 0.94 0.09 1.13 0.09 1.54 0.09 1.69

Transport 3 m/ 0.42 4.39 0.42 5.28 0.42 7.17 0.42 7.91

Arrast re-Manila n/ 0.05 0.52 0.05 0.63 0.05 0.85 0.05 0.94

Total Expenses o/ 9.56 100.00 7.96 100.00 5.86 100.00 4.31 100.00

Income (loss)/ROI 2.44 25.52 (1.46) (18.34) (2.86) (48.81) (2.31) (53.60)

a/ In Philippine pesos per pole; based on a shipment of 6,000 limuran poles (12 ft) to Manila.

b/ From harvest area to association's warehouse, P600 for jeepney rental of 1,000 pole capacity and P0.50 per pole

for a carabao-led bamboo cart.

c/ Drying and straightening

d/ Classifying and cutting of poles into appropriate sizes, 50 poles in each bundle.

e/ "Grease money" of P500.00 paid to the CENRO Inspector who determines the species, diameter and volume in lineal meters

f/ P1,500 paid to the CENRO for processing the necessary documents for the transport of rattan.

g/ P4,000 for the total volume of 6,000 poles assessed at 8,000 lineal meters, i. e, P0.50 per pole.

h/ P2,000 for transport from the warehouse to Brooke's Point pier

i/ "Grease money" of P1,500 divided as follows: P500 for DENR, P500 for the Philippine Ports Authority and P500 for

the Coast Guard

j/ Total of P714.

k/ P4,150 for 6,000 poles not placed in container.

l/ "Grease money" of P500 paid to DENR and PPA personnel.

m/ From the Manila pier to the buyer's warehouse

n/ P300 at the Manila Pier

o/ Includes the buying price.

Note: Amas is a rattan gatherers association awarded a rattan cutting contract by the government.

Source of basic data: UNAC, PBSP (September 1993)

priceUc.xls sheet 1