Phenology and damage of Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in peach, apricot and nectarine orchards under semi-arid conditions

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Phytoparasitica ISSN 0334-2123Volume 42Number 5 Phytoparasitica (2014) 42:641-649DOI 10.1007/s12600-014-0405-6

Phenology and damage of Anarsialineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)in peach, apricot and nectarine orchardsunder semi-arid conditions

Mehmet Mamay, Ertan Yanık & MahmutDoğramacı

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Phenology and damage of Anarsia lineatella Zell.(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in peach, apricot and nectarineorchards under semi-arid conditions

Mehmet Mamay & Ertan Yanık & Mahmut Doğramacı

Received: 8 November 2013 /Accepted: 5 May 2014 /Published online: 21 May 2014# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Abstract This study was conducted under semi-aridconditions in Şanlıurfa province (Turkey) in 2010–2011. One orchard each of peach, apricot and nectarinewas selected for the study. There was less than one miledistance separating the orchards, and therefore climate,soil and topography were similar. Adult emergence,population peaks, number of generations per year anddamage of the peach twig borer [PTB] [Anarsialineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] on twigsand fruits were determined. Sex pheromone traps wereused to determine moth population dynamics. Fruits andtwigs were checked to determine damage rate and hostpreference of the PTB among peach, apricot and nectar-ine. This study showed that the first adults of the PTBwere detected in early May and pest populations peakedfour times during both years. The highest numbers ofadults captured by the pheromone traps in peach, apricotand nectarine orchards were 115, 86 and 70 adults/trap,respectively. The PTB damage rates on twigs were 38,18 and 16% (2010) (P < 0.05) and 30, 22 and 14%

(2011) (P < 0.05), while damage rates on fruits were 29,6 and 6% (2010) (P < 0.05) and 14, 8 and 5% (2011)(P < 0.05) in peach, nectarine and apricot, respectively.The results showed that A. lineatella caused greaterdamage on peaches than on apricots and nectarines.

Keywords Infestation rate . Population dynamics .

Rosaceae . Şanlıurfa province . Turkey

Introduction

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), peach (Prunus persica(L.) Batsch.) and nectarine (Prunus persica var.nucipersica (Borkh) C. K. Schneider) of the Rosaceaefamily require a temperate climate. Turkey is the leadingproducer of apricots in the world (476,000 ton/year) andthe sixth peach and nectarine (535,000 ton/year) pro-ducer (FAO 2010). As a result of the SoutheasternAnatolia Project, a regional development project, fruitproduction in Şanlıurfa province has increased as irri-gated land has expanded. In Şanlıurfa province apricot,peach and nectarine production increased 300% from2002 to 2010 (Anon. 2012a) and more production isexpected in the coming years.

Extensive production of apricot, peach and nectarinein Turkey is important for domestic consumption andexportation. There are many economically importantpests that cause significant yield reduction. The peachtwig borer [PTB], Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lep.:Gelechiidae), is the main pest of peach, apricot andnectarine worldwide. Larvae of the overwintering

Phytoparasitica (2014) 42:641–649DOI 10.1007/s12600-014-0405-6

M. Mamay (*)Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock,63100 Şanlıurfa, Turkeye-mail: [email protected]

E. YanıkDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Harran,63200 Şanlıurfa, Turkey

M. DoğramacıDepartment of Entomology and Nematology, University ofFlorida,Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

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generations of the pest first attack flowers and buds.Larvae feed on petals and cause significant damage bypenetrating ovaries. Also larvae attack twigs by mining3–8 cm and eventually kill twigs and buds. Duringsummer, as twig tissue hardens larvae move on to fruits;thus the pest damage on fruit increases late in the season.However, well maintained plants produce greater freshvegetative growth throughout the season so that the PTBcauses greater twig damage in well maintained orchards(Anon. 2008).

Many studies have been conducted to study peachtwig borer host range, damage and management (Alston& Murray 2007; Damos & Savopoulou-Soultani 2007;Iacob 1970; Zalom et al. 1992). In Turkey, peach twigborer faunistics, population dynamics and managementhave been studied (Gençsoylu et al. 2006; Hazır &Ulusoy 2009; Kısakürek 1976; Öztürk et al. 2010).

Many studies have been conducted to study PTB hostrange, damage and management (Alston & Murray2007; Damos & Savopoulou-Soultani 2007; Iacob1970; Zalom et al. 1992; ). In Turkey, PTB faunistics,population dynamics and management have been stud-ied (Gençsoylu et al. 2006; Hazır & Ulusoy 2009;Kısakürek 1976; Öztürk et al. 2010).

Although the pest has been well studied in some partsof Turkey and around the world, no study has beenconducted in southeastern Turkey, such as Şanlıurfa,where semi-arid conditions are dominant and the regionis under quick transition from dry-land row crop pro-duction to irrigated intensive agriculture as a result ofinvestments in massive irrigation infrastructure associ-ated with the Southeastern Anatolia DevelopmentProject. In addition, no studies have compared PTB hostpreference among peach, apricot and nectarine undersemi-arid conditions. Therefore, the objectives of thisstudy were to use pheromone traps to determine (i) adultPTB emergence time, (ii) adult population abundance,(iii) adult population peak time(s), (iv) number of gen-erations using degree days, (v) adult activity durationand (vi) damage to twigs and fruits in peach, apricot andnectarine under semi-arid conditions.

Materials and methods

Trece® incorporated Pherocon® CAP (E5 Decenyl ace-tate 5.0 mg and E5 Decenol 1.0 mg) pheromone trapswere used to record adult PTB activity. Coordinates forstudy sites were determined by a Garmin Dakota 10.

Weather data in 2010 were acquired from the Şanlıurfaregional weather station while 2011 data were recordedwith Hobo data loggers. Hobo data loggers were set torecord hourly data from the beginning of January to theend of November. Average daily maximum and mini-mum temperatures were used to determine degree-daysfor A. lineattella and average temperatures above theminimum developmental threshold of the pest weresummed to estimate degree-days. Azinphos methyl EC230 g l -1 was applied once only to the peach orchard atthe beginning of June in 2011.

Population development of Anarsia lineatellaadults Peach, apricot and nectarine orchards were se-lected in Ögütçü village in the district of Şanlıurfa,Turkey, in 2010 and 2011 (Table 1). PTB adult popula-tion activity was recorded with pheromone traps locatedon the south side of the trees and set at a height of 1.5 –2.0 m. One pheromone trap per orchard was set up at thebeginning of April to monitor pest populations.Pheromone traps were checked twice weekly until thedetection of the first adult and thereafter pheromonetraps were checked weekly and numbers of moths cap-tured by the traps were recorded. Weekly pheromonetrap checks were conducted at approximately the samedates in both years. Pheromone trap lures were replacedonce every 4 weeks; replaced lures were discarded in thesoil away from the experimental orchards. Pheromonetrap sticky plates were replaced as needed.

Using a combination of degree-days and PTB popu-lation peaks we estimated the number of generations ofPTB in Şanlıurfa province. Previous studies have shownthat the PTB development threshold is 10°C with a totalof 600 degree-days needed to complete each generation(Brunner & Rice 1984; Zalom et al. 1992). However,studies conducted in recent years indicated thatA. lineattella’s minimum development threshold as11.4°C with 400 degree-days required for a generation(Damos & Savopoulou-Soultani 2008). Therefore,Şanlıurfa province weather data were used to estimatethe PTB generations per year in the region using cumu-lative temperature higher than 10°C. Additionally, thenumber of population peaks expected to correspond tothe number of generations was calculated.

Determination of Anarsia lineatella infestation Weemployed the University of California, Integrated PestManagement scouting guidelines to quantifyA. lineatella twig and fruit infestation on peach, apricot

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and nectarine plants (Anon. 2012b). Fruit sampling wasconducted during harvest and sampling for twig damagewas conducted after the development of the first sum-mer generation (Barnett 1992).

Twig infestation Twig damage (shoot flagging) was de-termined from late July to early August. We randomlyselected ten trees from each orchard and sampled 50twigs from the upper and lower parts of each tree todetermine infested twig ratio by A. lineatella on peach,apricot and nectarine. Thus, for each orchard 500 twigswere examined. Percent of infested twigs was calculatedfor each orchard using the following equation:

Infested twig rate %ð Þ ¼ Infested twig number

Examined total twig number 500ð Þ � 100

ð1ÞBecause another pest, Grapholita molesta Busck.

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is known to cause twig dam-age similar to A. lineatella, ten pieces of the infestedtwig samples were taken to the laboratory to monitoremerging pests from the twigs. No G. molesta adultswere recorded. In addition, G. molesta pheromone trapswere set up to detect G. molesta adults but no adultswere captured. Therefore, we are certain that recordedtwig and fruit damage was caused by A. lineatella.Additionally, observed fruit damage was characteristicof typical PTB damage. Therefore, we conclude thatrecorded damage was caused by A. lineatella and notby G. molesta.

Fruit infestation Sampling for fruit damage was con-ducted during harvest. Apricots were harvested duringthe first half of June, nectarines in the second half ofJune, and peaches in mid-July. Peach twig borer infes-tation percentage was determined by examining 500randomly selected fruits from the whole orchard duringharvest. After all fruits were examined, infested and

non-infested fruits were recorded and percent fruit in-festation was calculated for each orchard by the follow-ing equation:

Infested fruit rate %ð Þ ¼ Infested fruit number

Examined total fruit number 500ð Þ � 100

ð2ÞDifferences between infestation ratios were tested

using chi-square (χ2) test of independence.

Results and discussion

Anarsia lineatella adult population development PTBpopulation development in peach, apricot and nectarineorchards in Şanlıurfa province under semi-arid condi-tions was determined by using sex pheromone traps andthe results are shown in Figure 1.

During this study, the first adults of PTB weretrapped in apricot on May 6 and May 5, in peach onMay 3 andMay 5, and in nectarine onMay 8 andMay 5in 2010 and 2011, respectively (Fig. 1). PreviouslyKısakürek (1976) reported that the first adults of PTBin apricot located in the southeastern Anatolia regionemerged at the beginning of April and lasted for 1.5months.

In a 3-year study conducted in Adana of theMediterranean region, A. Hazır (2008, Ph.D. thesis,Cukurova Univ., Turkey) showed that the first adultsof PTB in apricot emerged on April 15, April 12 andMay 22, respectively, while in nectarine the first adultswere trapped in the first half of April in each year.Delayed adult emergence of PTB in Şanlıurfa provincecompared with the Mediterranean region could be aresult of colder weather. Öztürk et al. (2004) reportedthat PTB adult activity in Malatya province, whereweather conditions are colder than in Şanlıurfa province,started in the beginning of May. Another study

Table 1 Description of fruitorchards

z The majority of trees in the or-chards were of the listed varieties

Orchard Varietyz Age (yrs) Coordinates Area (ha) Elevation(m)

Apricot Roxana, Apricos, Sakıt-6 9 N37°16′14,37″

E38°43′56,89″

1.1 708

Peach J. H. Hale 12 N37°16′20,70″

E38°43′21,70″

0.8 710

Nectarine Cherokee 12 N37°16′11,57″

E38°43′28,76″

1.0 713

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conducted in the USA also suggests that weather influ-ences the timing of PTB adult emergence: Alston &Murray (2007) showed that adults emerge in southernUtah in April whereas in northern Utah they emerge inMay.

PTB populations had four peaks in all the orchardsduring both years in this study (Fig. 1). A study con-ducted in San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, showedthat the PTB had three flight peaks in peach and fourflight peaks in almond during April–October (Rice &Jones 1975) and adult population peaks indicate that the

pest has three generations in peach and four generationsin almond in California (Weakley et al. 1990). Based onthe population peaks the pest has four flight periods inpeach, apricot and nectarine in Şanlıurfa. Studiesshowed that the pest has three generations in Romania(Iacob 1970) and four generations in southern Utahwhile in the north of the state the pest couldcompleteonly three generations (Alston & Murray2007). A. Hazır (2008, Ph.D. thesis) reported that thepest had four adult peaks throughout the season innectarine in the field conditions. Another study,

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conducted in Iraq, showed that the pest could completetwo generations in April–May and June–July and, insome years, the pest could partially develop a thirdgeneration (Ahmad 1988).

PTB completes four generations in Aydin province insouthern Turkey (Gençsoylu et al. 2006). However, inBursa province in northwestern Turkey the pest is ableto complete four generations because of the availabilityof secondary hosts after the fruit harvest. In the absenceof the secondary host, the pest completes only threegenerations and the last generation larvae overwinteras first or second instars (Barnett 1992; Damos &Savopoulou-Soultani 2007). Kocourek et al. (1996) re-ported that the pest could complete two generations peryear in the Czech Republic. Thus, depending on envi-ronmental conditions, the pest can complete 3–4 gener-ations per year. Our results, based on flight peaks, sug-gest that the PTB can have four generations per year innectarine orchards, similar to patterns in peach andapricot orchards. The results were in agreement with astudy conducted in Adana province by A. Hazır (2008,Ph.D. thesis); however, another study, conducted inIraq, showed the PTB could complete two generationsand sometimes 2.5 generations (Ahmad 1988).

In apricot orchards, the time between the second andthird peaks was shorter than the time between the firstand second and between the third and fourth peaks.There were 20 days between the second and third peakswhile the time between the first and second and the thirdand fourth peaks was 2 months. The results were con-sistent with previous studies (A. Hazır 2008, Ph.D.thesis; Zalom et al. 1992). Price & Summers (1961)reported that PTB on almond has a temporary diapauseperiod during spring or late spring to early summer(May, June and July) and becomes active again inmid-summer, infesting fruits in California. It was found,in a study conducted in Mersin province of Turkey onapricot, that PTB larvae hatching time varied accordingto egg laying time. In addition, some of the larvae spun acocoon and entered a temporary diapause stage.Therefore, the population showed two peaks that hadshort elapsed time between the peaks and overlappedgenerations that resulted in continuous capture of adultsduring the season. In our study two peaks with a shortelapsed time occurred during the hottest months, Julyand August, in Şanlıurfa. In both years, the averagetemperature in July and August was higher than 30°C.Although the results of this study are in agreement withthose of previous studies, we believe that the warm

temperatures during July and August shortened the de-velopment time of the third flight period, thus leading toa short time between peaks. Damos & Savopoulou-Soultani (2008) reported that mean longevity of the pestranged from 12.1 d (35°C) to 45.8 d (15°C) and from10.4 d (15°C) to 50.3 d (35°C) for females and males,respectively, and survival was substantially reduced atlower (15°C) and higher (35°C) temperatures. A studyconducted by Iacob (1970) in Romania showed thatPTB generations needed 48.16, 40.44, 34.07 and28.23 days when reared at 21, 23, 24 and 27°C constanttemperature, respectively, indicating that the PTB needsa shorter development time at higher temperatures.

PTB populations were active in orchards for up to 6months in Şanlıurfa province. The total number of adultscaptured by pheromone traps was 958 and 828 in apri-cot, 1,028 and 450 in peach, and 653 and 789 in nectar-ine in 2010 and 2011, respectively. In a study conductedin Adana province, the highest number of adults cap-tured by pheromone traps was six and never reachedeconomic threshold (Hazır 2008, Ph.D. thesis). AdultPTB activity ended in October in both years inŞanlıurfa. However, in warmer areas, such as theMediterranean region, adults remained active untilOctober 20 and overall adults were active up to 7.5months. In Malatya province, a city in the eastAnatolia region where PTB is a major pest, adults wereobserved from the beginning of May to October.However, initial populations of the pest were less abun-dant (Öztürk et al. 2004). In our study, PTB populationsin peach were less abundant in 2011 (Fig. 1), perhapsdue to a pesticide application (azinphos methyl EC230 g l -1) in 2011.

The pest populations reached economic injury level(EIL) (>20 moths/week, 2% fruit damage or 5 infestedtwigs/tree) in all of the orchards during this study(Fig. 1) in both years (Anon. 2011a,b). Damos &Savopoulou-Soultani (2010a) estimated an EIL andfixed economic threshold of 112 larvae and 84 larvae,respectively, with the mean cost of management tacticsbeing $5.44/0.1 ha and a resulting 90% control efficacy.

Average monthly temperature and relative humidityin Şanlıurfa in 2010 and 2011 are shown in Figure 2.Average overall temperature and relative humidity in thegrowing season in Şanlıurfa province were 20.5°C and50.3% in 2010 and 18.4°C and 45.5% in 2011. In bothyears, with the exception of October, temperatures wereabove 20°C and relative humidity was below 50%. PTBdevelopment threshold has been reported as 10 and

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12.19°C (Brunner & Rice 1984; Iacob 1970). Duringthe present study, in both years, the pest adult activitydecreased in October when the temperature was below10°C.

Based on annual temperature data starting in January,381 degree-days were needed for emergence of the firstadults in 2010 and 306 degree-days were needed in2011. These results are in agreement with Damos &Savopoulou-Soultani (2007), who reported that 371–431 degree days were needed for completion of the firstgeneration of PTB. However, in another study, an aver-age of 400 degree-days was required for egg-to-adultdevelopment (Damos & Savopoulou-Soultani 2008). Atotal of 400–450 degree-days is needed for the firstpopulation peak (Kocourek et al. 1996), while comple-tion of one generation requires 600 degree-days(Brunner & Rice 1984; Zalom et al. 1992). Based onthe average temperatures in Şanlıurfa province, it isestimated that the pest could complete 4–5 generations.

Effective temperatures throughout the first and the lastadult activity was 2,792.5 degree-days in 2010 and3,229 degree-days in 2011. A 3-year study conductedin the Mediterranean region reported similar degree-days requirements (3,151, 2,289 and 2,830) throughoutthe adult activity period (Hazır 2008, Ph.D. thesis). Theresults of that study relative to pest population peaks andthe presence of four complete generations are consistentwith our results in the Şanlıurfa province.

Peach twig borer damage The pest damage on twigsand fruits is shown in Table 2.

The infestation rate on apricot twigs was 16% and14% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Öztürk et al. (2004)reported that the pest preferred peach and almond morethan apricot. It has been speculated that this pattern couldbe due to short growth and hard tissue at the tip of theshoots of apricot plants. In Şanlıurfa province, the pestdamage on apricot fruits was 6% and 5% in 2010 and

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2011, respectively. Patterns in damage corresponded tovariations in population abundance in both years (Fig. 1& Table 2).

In this study apricot fruits were harvested in June andthe early harvest may have contributed to the reduceddamage rate in apricot. The PTB prefers feeding ontwigs early in the season. Peach and nectarine plantswere blooming and in the twig stage whenoverwintering larvae became active; therefore,overwintering larvae attacked twigs rather than smallfruits. The pest lays eggs on fruits only during the timewhen fruits are in the early maturity stage, while the firstgeneration of the PTB lays eggs on twigs (Hazır 2008,Ph.D. thesis). The first generation egg-laying time is lateMay to early June; thus, planting early maturing varie-ties may reduce fruit damage.

The PTB damage on peach twigs was 38% and 30%and fruit damage was 29% and 14% in 2010 and 2011,respectively. In this study, low damage in 2011 couldhave been due to the chemical treatment (azinphosmethyl EC 230 g l-1) of the pest. In California, pestdamage was significantly reduced by application ofBacillus thuringiensis (Barnett 1992). The pest damagein B. thuringiensi- applied orchards was 25.8% infestedtwigs per tree, whereas infestation in untreated plantswas 80% twigs per tree.

The pest caused 18% and 22% shoot flagging and6% and 8% fruit damage in nectarine in 2010 and 2011,respectively (Table 2). Patterns in shoot flaggingcorresponded to variations in population abundance in2010 and 2011.

Comparison of Anarsia lineatella population and damagewith respect to host The first adults were trapped bypheromone traps at the beginning of May and the pesthad four flight periods in all orchards in both years.

On average, the highest pest abundance was recordedin apricot and the lowest in nectarine orchards. Adultactivity was approximately 6 months in peach, apricotand nectarine orchards. Based on 2 years’ data aver-age, the first adult flights and first, second, thirdand fourth peaks occurred at 352, 506, 1,533, 2,198and 3,398 degree-days on apricot, 331, 566, 1,328,2,116 and 3,398 degree-days on peach and 366,566, 1,399, 2,978 and 3,359 degree-days on nectar-ine respectively. Damos & Savopoulou-Soultani(2010b) reported that 50% of the cumulative numberof male moths for the first, second and third generationsof A. lineatella occurred at 151, 785 and 1,513 degree-days, respectively.

Twig and fruit damage caused by the PTB on peach,apricot and nectarine was significantly (P < 0.05) dif-ferent among the three host plants. Pest damage onpeach plants was significantly greater than damage onapricot or nectarine. The greater damage on peachshoots could be due to the nature of peach twigs, whichare more lush and palatable than those of apricot andnectarine. However, the higher peach fruit damage ratiowas mainly due to delayed peach harvest relative toapricot and nectarine (Gençsoylu et al. 2006). ThePTB damage on quick maturing varieties has been no-ticeably lower than on late maturing peaches. The PTBprefers laying eggs on plant surfaces with trichomes andcracks compared with smooth and even plant surfaces(Sidney 2005, M.Sc. thesis, Simon Fraser Univ.,Canada). Intense trichomes on peach trees may havecontributed to the borer damage by attractingtrichome-loving moths, such as the PTB as well as otherpests. Gençsoylu et al. (2006) reported that latematuring varieties suffered more damage than earlymaturing varieties. The PTB damage on nectarinetwigs and fruits was less than on peaches but greaterthan on apricot twigs and fruits. Hazır & Ulusoy (2009)reported that early maturing nectarine fruits avoided thefruit damage although shoots were intensively damaged.The pest reached EIL (five infested twigs/tree) duringboth years (Anon. 2011a,b).

In conclusion, under field conditions PTB popula-tions remain active up to 6 months and can completefour flight periods in Şanlıurfa province. Based on pop-ulation abundance and damage rates, the pest reachedEIL in peach, apricot and nectarine orchards. The PTBcaused more damage on peaches than on apricot andnectarine under the same ecological conditions. Theresults of this study provide important information about

Table 2 Peach twig borer damage in peach, apricot and nectarineorchards in Şanlıurfa province

Shoot flagging (%) Fruit damage (%)

Orchards 2010 2011 2010 2011

Apricot 16 14 6 5

Peach 38 30 29 14

Nectarine 18 22 6 8

χ2 81.140 37.296 149.449 25.641

P < 0.05 P < 0.05 P < 0.05 P < 0.05

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the abundance and pest status of the PTB in the region,and population and damage rate of the pest in apricot,peach and nectarine orchards.

Acknowledgment The authors are very thankful to Sandra J.DeBano, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center,Oregon State University, for her linguistic and critical review ofthis manuscript.

References

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