-
Chemical Engineering Journal 147 (2009) 259264
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemical Engineering Journal
journa l homepage: www.e lsev ier .c
Phenol
Haipinga School of Envi 0275,b Western Rese
a r t i c l
Article history:Received 13 MReceived in reAccepted 2 Jul
Keywords:Electricity genMicrobial fuelMFCPhenol
degradBiodegradatio
a greancingthe sode Mtion.ontrode. Ws depsed aand 9
strate consumption. The maximal power densities were 9.1 and
28.3W/m for MFCs using phenol andglucosephenol mixture as the fuel,
respectively. Co-occurring with electricity generation, the
degrada-tion efciencies of phenol in all the MFCs reached above 95%
within 60h. The results indicate that the
1. Introdu
Microbusing a vaacetate, mand biodeand domecases,
somcontaminaterm applwastewatevaries onlar designsbut
261mdomesticwere founthe wastewMFC reseatrant contaresearch.
CorrespE-mail ad
1385-8947/$doi:10.1016/jMFC can enhance biodegradation of
recalcitrant contaminants such as phenol in practical applications.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ction
ial fuel cells (MFCs) have been operated successfully byriety of
readily degradable compounds, such as glucose,onosaccharides, and
complex carbohydrates (e.g., starchgradable organics in food
wastewater, swine wastewater,stic wastewater), as substrates (the
fuel) [15]. In a fewe biorefractory organics, such as cellulose and
petroleumnts, were also used as the fuel in MFCs [6,7]. The
near-ication for MFCs was presumed to generate power fromr [8]. The
amount of power produced from the MFCs
the specic sources of the fuel. For example, with simi-of the
MFC, 506mW/m2 was produced with acetate [3],
W/m2 with swine wastewater [2], and 146mW/m2 withwastewater [9].
Toxic and biorefractory organics, whichd frequently in the
wastewater, have a great inuence onater treatment and should be
concerned in the related
rch. However, the development of MFCs using recalci-minantsas
fuels is still in its infancyandwarrants further
onding author. Tel.: +86 20 84110052; fax: +86 20
84110692.dresses: [email protected], [email protected]
(G. Liu).
Phenol has been detected in efuents from industries,
includingcoal gasication, pharmacy, and productions of pesticides,
fertiliz-ers, dyes, and other chemicals. Although phenol is
biodegradableboth aerobically and anaerobically, it can be growth
inhibitory tomicroorganisms at elevated concentrations, even to
those speciesthat can use it as a substrate [10]. Degradation of
phenol was alsofound incomplete for concentrations higher than
400mg/L, and theresidual phenol might inhibit the removal of N and
P in wastewatertreatment [11].
In the anaerobic environment, phenol was degraded bymethanogens,
denitrifying, iron bacteria, and sulfate-reducing bac-teria [1214].
However, methane-producing processes have notbeen widely used due
to low energy recovery from phenol andhigh operational costs [15].
In the MFC, electricity can be produceddirectly from the
degradation of organic matter and high energyrecovery can be
obtained [16]. While under the denitrifying, iron,and
sulfate-reducing conditions, the exhaustion of these
electronacceptorsmayprevent the complete degradation of phenol, and
theanaerobic degradation rates are usually lower than that under
aer-obic conditions. In the MFC, electrons released from the
substrateoxidation in the anode are transferred via the external
circuit tothe cathode, where the electrons are eventually consumed
by theterminal electron acceptors. The terminal electron acceptors
can beeasily replaced or even non-exhausted (e.g., using oxygen in
ambi-ent air as the electron acceptor) [7]. Combining with the
benet
see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved..cej.2008.07.011degradation in microbial fuel cells
Luoa, Guangli Liua,, Renduo Zhanga, Song Jinb
ronmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University,
Guangzhou, Guangdong 51arch Institute, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
e i n f o
arch 2008vised form 25 June 2008y 2008
erationcell
ationn
a b s t r a c t
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has gainedity directly from and
potentially enhaphenol or glucosephenol mixture astion of phenol.
In an aqueous air cathgenerated during the phenol degrada15% as
compared to the open-circuit cpacked MFC with a ferricyanide
cathowas obtained when 90% of phenol wawhen phenolglucose mixture
was upeaks, phenol was degraded by 20%om/ locate /ce j
China
t attention attributable to its ability in generating
electric-biodegradation of contaminants. In this study, MFCs
using
ubstrate (fuel) were designed to investigate the biodegrada-FC
using phenol (400mg/L) as the sole fuel, electricity was
The degradation rates of phenol in the MFC increased aboutl.
Further experiments were conducted by using a graphite-hen phenol
served as the sole fuel, the peak voltage outputleted. A unique
pattern of twin voltage peaks was observeds the fuel. At the
occurrence of the rst and second voltage0%, respectively,
suggesting a preferential sequence in sub-
3
-
260 H. Luo et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 147 (2009)
259264
Fig. 1. Schemcyanide cathod
of power geoffer a newcontaminan
This stugenerationMFC usingof the expeas fuel in thing shock
loof co-subststrates. To oby the anodbeen investdegradable
2. Materia
2.1. MFC se
Double cduction fromthat arise dlarly, in thiswas construwas 7.0
cm.Toray Co., Jawas coatedside. The anThe cathode(PBS) (pH
7cathodic coanode and cpaper.
In followgranular grin both ano
were made of carbon cloth (UT70-20, Toray Co., Japan) of the
samesize (2.0 cm14.0 cm). The anode and cathode were separated
by
n exchange membrane (PEM, Naon 212, Dupont Co., USA).al vog
andhe ae, a 1iumn ths ofleak tn accycledoppence os wewas
an 50thos
icrob
teriaenet25].00m(1:1elec
ed frngzhre-ae MFths.eph
g/Lby ter of0.31atic diagrams of MFCs using an aqueous air
cathode (A) and a ferri-e (B).
neration in offsetting the treatment cost, the MFC maytechnique
in enhancing biodegradation of recalcitrantts such as phenol in
practical applications.dy determined the degradation of phenol and
powerin an MFC with aqueous air cathode and a
packing-typeferricyanide as the terminal electron acceptor. In
somerimental treatments, co-substrate of glucose was usede MFCs to
reduce potential toxicity from phenol dur-ad or temperature changes
[17,18]. In addition, the userates better represented eld
situations of mixed sub-
a protoThe totpackintively. Tcathodpotassbetweethe
losmightelectrowere c
A cresistasurfacevoltageless thrials as
2.2. M
Bacphylogria [21with 2sludgesity ofcollectof Guausing pcathod5
monglucos(1000mducted(per litNH4Clur knowledge, the sequential
utilization of substratesic bacteria in the MFC during power
generation has notigated, when both recalcitrant (e.g., phenol) and
readily(e.g., glucose) substrates are mixed.
ls and methods
tup
hamber MFCs are often used in examining power pro-using
different substrates, or microbial communities
uring the degradation of specic compounds [8]. Simi-study a
dual-chamber MFC with aqueous air cathodected as shown in Fig. 1A.
The diameter of the chambersThe electrodesweremade of carbon paper
(TGP-H-060,pan) of the same size (5.0 cm5.0 cm) and the cathodewith
a platinum (Pt) catalyst (0.40mgPt/cm2) on oneode chamberwas
lledwith substrate solution (pH7.0).chamber was lled with the
phosphate buffer solution
.0) and continuously sparged with air. Both anodic andmpartments
have the same volume of 440.0mL. Theathode chambers were separated
by a piece of carbon
-up tests, a packing-type MFC was constructed usingaphite
(#1620, porosity 10%) as the packing materialde and cathode
chambers (Fig. 1B). Both electrodes
tion 12.5m7.0 and all M30.00.1 C
2.3. Analys
Samplesmeasuremecentrationsconcentratitrophotome
Voltagesmeter and dsystem. Aresity (PV, W/
PA =IU
A
PV =IU
V
where I is tface area ofvolume of tmedia) (m3
power is genlume of the anodic compartment was 58.0mL with
thenon-packing net volumes of 25.4 and 32.6mL, respec-
node chamberwaslledwith substrate (pH7.0). For the00mM PBS was
prepared and enriched with 50mM ofhexacyanoferrate to optimize mass
transfer efciencye cathode and terminal electron acceptor, and to
avoidsubstrate (i.e., phenol) due to dissolved oxygen, whichhrough
the PEM membrane and used by bacteria as theeptor [19,20]. The
substrate and ferricyanide solutionsusing a peristaltic pump with a
ow rate of 20mL/min.r wire was used to connect the circuit
containing af 1000 (unless stated otherwise). All exposed metalre
sealed with nonconductive epoxy resin. When thelower than 50mV and
the phenol concentration wasmg/L, the chambers were relled with the
same mate-e at the initial stage.
ial inoculum and medium
that thrive in MFC biolms are distributed across manyic
subclasses, such as-,-, -, -subclass Proteobacte-For quick
start-upof theMFC, theMFCswere inoculatedL of mixed aerobic
activated sludge and anaerobic, v/v), which were known to contain a
greater diver-trochemical active bacteria. The sludge inocula
wereom the Liede Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plantou City,
China. The packing-type MFCs were inoculatedcclimated bacteria from
the anode of an aqueous airC that had been running in the fed batch
mode for overSubstrates used in the experiments included
glucose,enolmixture, andphenol. The experimentswith phenol) and
glucose (500mg/L) as the mixed fuels were con-he packing-type MFC.
The anodic medium consisted ofdeionized water): Na2HPO4 4.0896g,
NaH2PO4 2.544g,g, KCl 0.13g, tracemetals solution 12.5mL, vitamin
solu-L [26]. The initial pH of all solutions was adjusted toFCs
were operated in a temperature-controlled lab at.
is
of the anode solutions were taken every 12h fornts of glucose
and phenol concentrations. Glucose con-were analyzed by the
anthrone method [27]. Phenolons were analyzed using the
4-aminoantipyrine spec-tric method [28].across the resistance were
measured using a multi-ata were automatically recorded by a data
acquisitiona power density (PA, W/m2) and volumetric power den-m3)
are calculated as follows:
(1)
(2)
he current (A), U is the voltage (V), A is the cross sur-the
anode or cathode (m2), and V is the non-packinghe anodic
compartment (i.e., the volume of the liquid). The volumetric power
density indicates how mucherated fromunit volumeofwastewater.
TheCoulombic
-
H. Luo et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 147 (2009) 259264
261
Fig. 2. Electricity voltage output of the aqueous air cathode
MFC using phenol assole fuel at a concentration of 400mg/L. The
arrow shows the time of anode solutionreplacement.
efciencies
CE =n
i=1RFb
Here Ui is ttance, F isnumber ofof e/mol oV is the liq(32g/mol)
[
The maxsubstrate tothe externathe voltagethen calcula
3. Results
3.1. Power gcathode
Power wphenol (40observed bemaximumo(theexternacycles wereof the
repremaximum osity obtaine
Table 1Concentrationconditions
Time (h) Cl
Ph
0 4024 2748 1972 1396 7
120 3144 1
a The mean
Fig. 3. ElectricMFC using phe
(R=1000ova
nol dto th
thenedcalcu
wer
ursua paccepterrics airctricoltagum oablytionshin 4chamolwk
(Fi
uennide
en ptput(CEs) (%) are calculated by:
UitiSV
M 100% (3)
he output voltage of MFC at time ti, R is external
resis-Faradays constant (96 485C/mol electrons), b is themoles of
electrons produced per mol of COD (4molf COD), S is the removal of
COD concentration (g/L),uid volume (L), M is the molecular weight
of oxygen3].imum power density was determined by adding freshthe
MFC and establishing constant power, changing
l resistances over a range of 505000, and recording(typically
510min per resistance) [29]. The power wasted for each resistance
as a function of the current.
eneration from phenol in the MFC with aqueous air
as generated in the MFC with aqueous air cathode and0mg/L) as
the sole fuel. A lag time about 300h wasfore the constant voltage
output was established. Theutputvoltagemeasuredwas in the
rangeof111140mVl resistanceR=1000).
Constantandrepeatablepowerobtained during six rells of the anode
chamber. Onesentative cycles was presented in Fig. 2. The
averageutput voltage and the average maximum power den-
age remPhe
paredrates inthe opevalues
3.2. PoMFC
To ptestedtron acusing faqueouous elepeak vmaximpresumpopula
Witanodeof phenthe pea
3.3. Inferricya
Whage oud from the MFC were 121mV and 6mW/m2 (anode)
s and removal rates of phenol inMFCsunder closed andopened
circuit
osed circuit Opened circuit
enol (mg/L) Phenol removal(%)
Phenol (mg/L) Phenol removal(%)
0.0 0 400.0 01.326.3a 32.26.6 326.43.7 18.40.98.344.0 50.411.0
237.98.5 40.52.10.737.4 67.39.3 163.818.7 59.04.76.327.7 80.96.9
105.921.7 73.55.49.615.6 90.13.9 64.718.1 83.84.58.26.7 95.51.7
46.615.6 88.33.9value and standard deviation of multiple cycles
(n=3).
on the voltvoltage appfollowing tsistent thropeaks
(>650600mV).
Consumincrease ofreached80%of phenol wand 90% atof phenol w
Power dat externalFig. 5, wheimal volumwith a currity voltage
output and the phenol removal of the ferricyanide cathodenol as
sole fuel at a concentration of 1000mg/L.
), respectively. At the end of each power cycle, the aver-l of
phenol was 85%.egradation rates in MFCs with closed circuit were
com-ose in MFCs with opened circuit. Phenol degradationclosed
circuit MFCs were 814% higher than those incircuitMFCs, based on
themean and standard deviationlated from multiple runs (Table
1).
generation from phenol using ferricyanide cathode
e greater power output from phenol as the fuel, weking-type MFC
using ferricyanide as the terminal elec-or. Shorter acclimation
time was observed in the MFCsyanide cathode (about 80h) than that
in the MFCs usingcathode (about 300h). During eight cycles of
continu-ity generation with 1000mg/L phenol as the fuel, onee
occurred corresponding to each cycle (Fig. 3). Theutput voltage
ranged from 387 to 540mV (R=1000),attributable to the metabolic
uctuations of microbialin the anode chamber.8h of each electrical
cycle, the removal of phenol in theber reached more than 90%. The
maximal removal rateas usually at the pointwhen the voltage output
reachedg. 3).
ce of the supplemental glucose on the performance ofcathode
MFC
henolglucose mixture was used as the fuel, the volt-of the MFCs
showed a distinctive twin-peak patternagetime curves. After each
fuel rell, the rst peakeared within 10h and the second peak emerged
28hhe rst peak. This twin-peak pattern remained con-
ughout the electrical cycles (Fig. 4), and the rstmV) were
always higher than the second ones (about
ptions of phenol and glucose corresponded with theoutput
voltages. The average degradation of glucosewithin 12hof
theMFCestablishment. The degradationas close to 20% when the rst
peak voltages appearedthe second peak voltage. Within 60h, the
degradationas above 95% (Table 2).ensity was obtained by measuring
stabilized voltagesresistances ranging from 50 to 5000. As shown
inn the rst peak voltage (635mV) appeared, the max-etric power
density was determined to be 28.3W/m3
ent density of 58.9A/m3, and the corresponding max-
-
262 H. Luo et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 147 (2009)
259264
Fig. 4. Electricity voltage output of the MFC using
phenolglucose mixture as fuel.The arrows show the replacement time
of fuels. The square and circle show the timeof the rst and second
voltage peaks in each cycle, respectively.
imal area power density was 342.0mW/m2 (cathode). When thesecond
peak voltage (599mV) appeared, the maximal volumet-ric power
density and area power density were 12.6W/m3 and152.2mW/m2
(cathode), respectively, with a current density of39.3A/m3.
3.4. Substrate utilization in the ferricyanide cathode MFC
The amounts of coulomb recovery by the MFCs were calcu-lated
based on the electrical cycles shown in Fig. 6. The
electricalcharges obtained by theMFCwere 92.0, 47.8, and
39.4Cwhenusingphenolglutively. The C1.5% when ufuel, respec
Table 2Concentrationfuel
Time (h)
01236486072
a The meanb Not detect
Fig. 5. Powersymbols) peak
Fig. 6. Voltagemixture as fue
4. Discussi
4.1. Power g
The studas the termpower densthan that frsuch as 494[9,3]. The
recapable micdationand l
ximation,rgered asentiaenolwer
gmaxedwantlyphelthorbonureprim
c acidgrees apd ascose mixed, glucose, and phenol as the fuel,
respec-oulombic efciencies of the MFC were 2.7%, 7.7%, andsing
phenolglucose mixed, glucose, and phenol as thetively.
s of phenol and glucose in MFCs using phenolglucose mixture as
the
Phenol (mg/L) Glucose (mg/L)
1000 500709.629.4a 86.21.7403.063.1 3.42.4153.328.5 0.90.80.20.3
NDbND ND
value and standard deviation of multiple cycles (n=3).ed.
(approgeneravide lawas using potthe phthe poto theMFCs
fimportsuch asation. Asole camost plize areorganistudyaulationare
usedensity curves when the rst (hollow symbols) and second
(solidvoltages appeared.
molecular tanode and i
The maxing phenoltheMFCs coably stimulaanode chamunit time frby
the same
Theobseusing phenAlthough itstrate degratwo peakswas
difcudegradationtime curves for theMFCs using glucose, phenol, and
phenolglucosels.
on
eneration
y was initially conducted using the MFC with oxygeninal electron
acceptor in the cathode. The maximumity (6mW/m2 anode) obtained was
substantially lowerom MFC studies using readily degradable
compounds,mW/m2 from glucose and 305mW/m2 from butyratecalcitrance
of phenol and the inadequate population ofrobes might have resulted
in the slower phenol degra-owerpoweroutput, as attestedby
theextended lag timetely 300h). To improve the MFC efciency in
electricitya graphite packing-type MFC was constructed to
pro-surface areas to enhance bacterial growth. Ferricyanidethe
cathode electron acceptor due to its higher oxidiz-l than
oxygen,which avoided the inuence of oxygen toremoval. When using
1000mg/L phenol as the sole fuel,enerated (9.1W/m3 with R=1000) was
comparable
imum power densities obtained from oxygen cathodeith acetate
(12.7W/m3) or butyrate (7.6W/m3) [3].More, our results demonstrate
that recalcitrant compoundsnol can be used as the fuel in the MFC
for power gener-ugh Geobacter species can use aromatic compounds
assources and electron donors, the carbon sources that
cultures of various electricity-generating bacteria uti-arily
limited to easily biodegradable organics, such ass and fermentative
products [3032]. Results from thisdwithothers in the literature
thatmixedmicrobial pop-pear to perform well in MFCs when complex
organicsthe fuel [2,5,33]. Efforts are currently attempted to
use
echniques tocharacterizemicrobial communitieson then the anodic
chamber in the phenol-degrading MFCs.imal voltage outputs obtained
from the MFCs contain-glucose mixture were obviously higher than
that fromntainingphenol only. Theglucose co-substratepresum-ted the
growth ofwhole populations ofmicrobes in theber. In addition, more
electrons might be generated in
om the synchronous degradation of phenol and glucoseor different
consortia of microbes.
rved twin-peakpatternof thevoltagepeaks in theMFCsolglucose
mixed fuel has not been reported before.appeared that there was a
preferential order in sub-dation for the mixed substrates, the
correlation of thewith the degradation sequence of glucose and
phenollt to determine, because of the possible formation
ofintermediates.
-
H. Luo et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 147 (2009) 259264
263
Fig. 7. Compaphenolglucos
4.2. Degrad
Results fphenol degwhich the nthis enhanctron acceptacceptors
suber, realizinMFC technobic environmof indigeno
Tay et altrations of 5concentratiof glucosedegradationber of
thewhen phentive delayincreased thwas resume
4.3. Coulom
The powlower thanof coulombglucose (caglucose conthat the deMFC
power[3,8]. The aby the phenpower fromand glucoseapparentlytricity
gene
The Coulwas less thelectrons invary widelyattribute toof phenol
wCOD removwas oxidizearchaea. Th
MFC and the open-circuit control indicated that other
respiratorymanners, such as methane-production, were carried out
simulta-
y with the electron transfer to the electrode. (3)
Electronsrredthe sygencan
clus
tricidoubd pohenothehe Mopengraserv0% o
aks wfuel.wasntialdenscose
lectrie MFC mtrant
wled
worrogrntal000770 a
nces
abaeyonver(2003in, J.Rtewatiu, S.g a s662.atal, Kridesrison of
phenol degradation rates in the MFCs using phenol ande mixture as
fuels.
ation of organic compounds
rom this study demonstrate that the MFC can enhanceradation as
compared to the open-circuit controls, inormal anaerobic metabolism
prevailed. We attributedement to the transfer of electrons to the
terminal elec-or of oxygen in the cathode, instead of other
electronch as sulfate and metals in the anaerobic anode cham-g an
indirect aerobic degradation [7]. Therefore, thelogy may be applied
in phenol treatment in the anaero-ent such as groundwater,which is
frequently depleted
us terminal electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate or Fe3+).. [18]
indicated that glucose supplement at the concen-004000mg/L promoted
biodegradation of phenol at
ons of 4202100mg/L. As shown in Fig. 7, a supplementat 500mg/L
initially delayed the phenol (1000mg/L)
in the MFC. Microorganisms in the anode cham-MFCs might prefer
glucose as the initial substrateolglucose mixture was the fuel,
rendering a tenta-in phenol degradation. When microbial
populationsrough glucose metabolism, the degradation of phenold and
substantially enhanced.
bic efciency and substrate utilization
er generation using phenol as the sole fuel wasthat using
glucose, although the theoretical amounts contained in phenol was
three times higher thanlculations based on the concentrations of
phenol andtaining in the substrates). Results of CEs indicated
gradability of substrates had a great inuence on thegeneration,
which was consistent with other studies
neousltransfetors inand oxa signi
5. Con
Elecfuel ina mixeusing pduringnol in tto theusing aphenolwhen
9age peas thephenolpreferepowerand gluwith ein all ththat
Mrecalci
Ackno
ThisFund Pronme2006K506080
Refere
[1] K. Rof c25
[2] B.Mwas
[3] H. Lusin658
[4] T. Cchamount of electrical charges obtained by MFCs
fueledolglucose mixture was 4.8C higher than the sum ofthe two MFCs
fueled with the same amount of phenolindividually. The presence of
the glucose co-substrate
enhanced the phenol degradation and subsequent elec-ration.ombic
efciency calculated based on the total substratean 10% in the MFCs,
indicating a substantial loss ofthe system. Coulombic efciencies
reported by othersfrom 0.04% to 97% [23,31,34,35]. Many factors
couldthe electron consumption in MFCs: (1) Mineralizationas
incomplete in the anode chamber, based on that theals were in the
range of 83.996.4%. (2) The substrated by other anaerobic microbes
such as methanogenice comparison of phenol removals in the closed
circuit
[5] J. Niessenbial electrCommun
[6] Z. Ren, T.Ebial fuel4781478
[7] J. Morris,diation o1823.
[8] B.E. LoganSci. Techn
[9] H. Liu, B.EmicrobialEnviron. S
[10] G.A. Hill,Pseudomo
[11] A. Uygur,sequencin
[12] H.H.P. Fanwastewatfrom substrate to other non-electrode
electron accep-olution, such as sulfate that came in with trace
metals[9]. (4) System internal resistance may also account fort
portion of the reduction in the CE.
ions
ty was successfully generated by using phenol as thele
chamberMFCs inoculatedwith sludge that containedpulations of
bacteria. In an aqueous air cathode MFCl (400mg/L) as the sole
fuel, electricity was generated
phenol degradation; and the degradation rates of phe-FC were
increased by approximately 15% as compared-circuit controls.
Further experiments were conductedphite-packed MFC with a
ferricyanide cathode. Whenedas the sole fuel,
thepeakvoltageoutputwasobtainedf phenol was depleted. A unique
pattern of twin volt-as observed when phenolglucose mixture was
used
At the occurrence of the rst and second voltage peaks,depleted
by 20% and 90%, respectively, suggesting asequence in the substrate
consumption. The maximalities were 9.1 and 28.3W/m3 for MFCs using
phenolphenol mixture as the fuel, respectively. Co-occurringcity
generation, the degradation efciencies of phenolFCs reached above
95% within 60h. The results indicateay be a novel method in
enhancing biodegradation ofcontaminants such as phenol in practical
applications.
gements
k was partially supported by grants from the Researcham of
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Envi-Pollution Control and
Remediation Technology (no.) and the Natural Science Foundation of
China (nos.nd 50779080).
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Phenol degradation in microbial fuel cellsIntroductionMaterials
and methodsMFC setupMicrobial inoculum and mediumAnalysis
ResultsPower generation from phenol in the MFC with aqueous air
cathodePower generation from phenol using ferricyanide cathode
MFCInfluence of the supplemental glucose on the performance of
ferricyanide cathode MFCSubstrate utilization in the ferricyanide
cathode MFC
DiscussionPower generationDegradation of organic
compoundsCoulombic efficiency and substrate utilization
ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences