PHASMATODEA Stick and leaf insects
Jan 15, 2016
PHASMATODEAStick and leaf insects
Plecoptera
PhasmidaOrthoptera
Zoraptera
Blattaria
GrylloblattodeaMantophasmatodea
EmbiodeaDermaptera
MantodeaIsoptera
Relationships of the Polyneoptera
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Phasmatodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
3,000
Stick insects, leaf insects
Phasma - phantom
- arboreal, worldwide
-no ovipositor- no saltatorial hind legs- elongated prothorax
-some show parthenogenesis-very cryptic-prolonged mating
Features of Phasmatodea
No ovipositor
Hindlegs notsaltatorial
Elongate pronotum
Reproduction - mating
Reproduction - eggs
-mimic seed pods
operculum
BLATTODEA
Roaches
Blattodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
4,000
Roaches, cockroaches
Blatta - roach
- damp, warm dark areas - tropical forests
-No ovipositor-No saltatorial hind legs
-ootheca used in oviposition
Distinguishing feature - Ootheca
Modes of Reproduction
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous
MANTODEA
Mantids
Mantodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
2.300
Mantids
Mantid - soothsayer
- arboreal
-Predatory adaptations
-ootheca used in oviposition
Predatory adaptationsLarge eyesFreely moving head
Elongated prothorax
Raptorial forelegs
Predatory adaptations
Crypsis
Predatory adaptations
Crypsis
Mantodea - reproduction
Mantodea - reproduction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iftdIEAMcmw
Maxwell 1999 Behaviour 36:
Mantodea - reproduction
Mantodea - reproduction
ISOPTERA
(termites)
Isoptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
3,000
Termites, white ants
Iso - equal, ptera - wings
- fossorial, colonial
-Sociality-Castes
-loss of ovipositor
Digesting lignocellulose
Lignin
Termites and symbiotic bacteria and protists
Termite Castes
Queen
Soldier
Worker
King
Alates
Termite Life Cycle
Nymphs
Supplemental reproductives
Worker
Soldier
Reproductive nymph Alate(winged reproductive}
Wingless reproductiveKing
Queen
Eggs
Fig. 2. Live individuals of Glossotermes oculatus, exposed afterdamage to the log housing the colony. S, soldiers; L, larva; otherindividuals are apterous immatures. Total length of an apterousimmature, from mandibles to tip of abdomen, is about 3mm.
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of various castes in Glossotermes oculatus: (A) apterous immature; (B) female apterous neotenic; (C) nymph; and (D)female nymphoid neotenic.
How are castes determined?
King
Produce male inhibitor Produce female inhibitor
Queen
stimulates
Male nymph Female nymphAbsorbs male inhibitorPasses female inhibitor
Absorbs female inhibitorPasses male inhibitor
To other worker nymphs via mutual feeding
proctodeal feeding
proctodeal feeding
Termite nests
Termite nests
Termite nests Heat Regulation
General orientation of nest
Path of sun
Termite nests Heat Regulation
Inhabited
Uninhabited
Termite Damage
Termite range