Phasing Goal is to calculate phases using isomorphous and anomalous differences from PCMBS and GdCl 3 derivatives --MIRAS. How many phasing triangles will.

PhasingGoal is to calculate phases using isomorphous and

anomalous differences from PCMBS and GdCl3 derivatives --MIRAS.

How many phasing triangles will we have for each structure factor?

For example. FPH = FP+FH for isomorphous differences

For example. FPH* = FP+ FH* for anomalous differences

-h-k-l hkl -h-k-l

4 Phase relationships

PCMBS FPH = FP+FH for isomorphous differences

PCMBS FPH* = FP+ FH* for anomalous differences

-h-k-l hkl -h-k-l

GdCl3 FPH = FP+FH for isomorphous differences

GdCl3 FPH* = FP+ FH* for anomalous differences

-h-k-l hkl -h-k-l

Real axis

Imaginary axis

Harker construction for SIR phases.

FP –native measurementFH (hkl) calculated from heavy atom position.

FPH(hkl)–measured from derivative. Point to these on graph.

FH

|Fp ||FPH|

PCMBS FPH = FP+FH for isomorphous differences

SIR Phasing Ambiguity

Real axis

Imaginary axis

FH(hkl)

FH(-h-k-l)*Fp (hkl)

We will calculate SIRAS phases using the PCMBS Hg site.

FP –native measurementFH (hkl) and FH(-h-k-l) calculated from heavy atom position.

FPH(hkl) and FPH(-h-k-l) –measured from derivative. Point to these on graph.

Isomorphous differencesAnomalous differences

PCMBS FPH* = FP+ FH* for anomalous differences

-h-k-l hkl -h-k-l

Harker Construction for SIRAS phasing (Single Isomorphous Replacement with Anomalous Scattering)

Real axis

Imaginary axis

AnomalousDeriv 1

Fp (hkl)

IsomorphousDeriv 1

IsomorphousDeriv 2

GdCl3 FPH = FP+FH for isomorphous differences

Harker Construction for MIRAS phasing (Multiple Isomorphous Replacement with Anomalous Scattering)

Real axis

Imaginary axis

AnomalousDeriv 1

IsomorphousDeriv 1

IsomorphousDeriv 2

Fp (hkl)

AnomalousDeriv 2

GdCl3 FPH* = FP+ FH* for anomalous differences

-h-k-l hkl -h-k-l

Harker Construction for MIRAS phasing (Multiple Isomorphous Replacement with Anomalous Scattering)

Barriers to combining phase information from 2 derivatives

1) Initial Phasing with PCMBS1) Calculate phases using coordinates you determined.2) Refine heavy atom coordinates

2) Find Gd site using Cross Difference Fourier map.1) Easier than Patterson methods. 2) Want to combine PCMBS and Gd to make MIRAS phases.

3) Determine handedness (P43212 or P41212 ?)1) Repeat calculation above, but in P41212.2) Compare map features with P43212 map to determine

handedness.

4) Combine PCMBS and Gd sites (use correct hand of space group) for improved phases.

5) Density modification (solvent flattening & histogram matching)1) Improves Phases

6) View electron density map

Remember, because the position of Hg was determined using a Patterson map there is an ambiguity in handedness. The Patterson map has an additional center of symmetry not present in the real crystal. Therefore, both the site x,y,z and -x,-y,-z are equally consistent with Patterson peaks.Handedness can be resolved by calculating both electron density maps and choosing the map which contains structural features of real proteins (L-amino acids, right handed a-helices). If anomalous data is included, then one map will appear significantly better than the other.

Center of inversion ambiguity

Patterson map

Use a Cross difference Fourier to resolve the handedness ambiguity

With newly calculated protein phases, P, a protein electron density map could be calculated.

The amplitudes would be |FP|, the phases would be P. x=1/V*|FP|e-2i(hx+ky+lz-

P)

Answer: If we replace the coefficients with |FPH2-FP|, the result is an electron density map corresponding to this structural feature.

x=1/V*|FPH2-FP|e-2i(hx-P

)

What is the second heavy atom, Alex.When the difference FPH2-FP is taken, the protein

component is removed and we are left with only the contribution from the second heavy atom.

This cross difference Fourier will help us in two ways:1) It will resolve the handedness ambiguity by

producing a very high peak when phases are calculated in the correct hand, but only noise when phases are calculated in the incorrect hand.

2) It will allow us to find the position of the second heavy atom and combine this data set into our phasing. Thus improving our phases.

Phasing Procedures

1) Calculate phases for site x,y,z of PCMBS and run cross difference Fourier to find the Gd site. Note the height of the peak and Gd coordinates.

2) Negate x,y,z of PCMBS and invert the space group from P43212 to P41212. Calculate a second set of phases and run a second cross difference Fourier to find the Gd site. Compare the height of the peak with step 1.

3) Chose the handedness which produces the highest peak for Gd. Use the corresponding hand of space group and PCMBS, and Gd coordinates to make a combined set of phases.

Lack of closure

=(FH+FP)-(FPH)

FH-calculated from atom position

FPH-observed

FP-observed

Why is it not zero?

is the discrepancy between the heavy atom model and the actual data.

Phasing power

|FH|/ = phasing power.

The bigger the better.Phasing power >1.5 excellentPhasing power =1.0 goodPhasing power = 0.5 unusable

=(FH+FP)-(FPH)

Rcullis

/|FPH|-|FP|= Rcullis.

Kind of like an Rfactor for your heavy atom model. |FPH|-|FP| is like an observed FH, and e is the discrepancy between the heavy atom model and the actual data.

Rcullis <1 is useful. <0.6 great!

=(FH+FP)-(FPH)

Figure of Merit

Phase probability distribution

How far away is the center of mass from the center of the circle?

0

90

180

270 + +

0

90

180

270 ++

0

90

180

270 ++

Density modification

A) Solvent flattening.• Calculate an electron density map.• If <threshold, -> solvent• If >threshold -> protein• Build a mask• Set density value in solvent region

to a constant (low).• Transform flattened map to structure

factors• Combine modified phases with

original phases. • Iterate

• Histogram matching

Density modification

B) Histogram matching.• Calculate an electron density

map.• Calculate the electron density

distribution. It’s a histogram. How many grid points on map have an electron density falling between 0.2 and 0.3 etc?

• Compare this histogram with ideal protein electron density map.

• Modify electron density to resemble an ideal distribution.

Number of times a particular electron density value is observed.

Electron density value

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