JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453 Pharmacy Acquisition Costs in Songkhla Province Somsak L., Surachat N. Prince of songkla University November 2013 Abstract Objective: To examine pharmacy acquisition costs among community pharmacies in Songkhla Province and to compare them with wholesale prices. Methods: Drug acquisition costs were collected by copying their receipts of a period of seven months. Also, drug price quotations were retrieved from wholesalers. Studied drugs included all dosage forms. Unit price of those drugs were calculated. Descriptive analyses, including frequency counting, percentage, mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, were conducted. Results: Results showed that only 12 (6.7%) pharmacies were willing to participate in the study. The majority of these pharmacies (83.83%) bought drugs from wholesalers. Acquisition costs were composed of two types, including actual purchasing costs and wholesalers’ offered costs. All pharmacies could use them as reference costs when they purchase those drugs. From the comparison of drug acquisition costs and median prices, results showed that nine pharmacies could obtain the majority of drugs at acquisition costs equal to the median prices. Pharmacies at different locations and with different ownerships could still obtain the majority of drugs at the same median prices. On the other hands, older and longer opening-hours pharmacies could purchase at lower median prices for their majority of drugs. Similarly, pharmacies that had lower turn-over rate stocks could obtain the majority of drugs at lower costs. There were six pharmacies that could purchase drugs at lower acquisition costs, even though the obtained amounts were either lower or equal to those of median costs. Results also showed that one wholesaler offered drugs at median price while other four Wholesalers sold drugs at price lower than median prices. When pharmacy acquisition costs were compared to wholesale median prices, results showed that nine pharmacies could obtain drugs at lower than median prices and three pharmacies could purchase at the price lower than wholesale prices (with same trade names) Conclusion: Pharmacy acquisition costs could be obtained and used as reference prices when drugs were purchased. Keywords: acquisition costs, wholesalers’ offered costs, median prices, reference prices
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JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Pharmacy Acquisition Costs in Songkhla Province
Somsak L., Surachat N. Prince of songkla University
November 2013
Abstract
Objective: To examine pharmacy
acquisition costs among community pharmacies in
Songkhla Province and to compare them with
wholesale prices. Methods: Drug acquisition costs
were collected by copying their receipts of a
period of seven months. Also, drug price
quotations were retrieved from wholesalers.
Studied drugs included all dosage forms. Unit
price of those drugs were calculated. Descriptive
analyses, including frequency counting,
percentage, mean, median, mode, and standard
deviation, were conducted. Results: Results
showed that only 12 (6.7%) pharmacies were
willing to participate in the study. The majority of
these pharmacies (83.83%) bought drugs from
wholesalers. Acquisition costs were composed of
two types, including actual purchasing costs and
wholesalers’ offered costs. All pharmacies could
use them as reference costs when they purchase
those drugs. From the comparison of drug
acquisition costs and median prices, results
showed that nine pharmacies could obtain the
majority of drugs at acquisition costs equal to the
median prices. Pharmacies at different locations
and with different ownerships could still obtain the
majority of drugs at the same median prices. On
the other hands, older and longer opening-hours
pharmacies could purchase at lower median prices
for their majority of drugs. Similarly, pharmacies
that had lower turn-over rate stocks could obtain
the majority of drugs at lower costs. There were
six pharmacies that could purchase drugs at lower
acquisition costs, even though the obtained
amounts were either lower or equal to those of
median costs. Results also showed that one
wholesaler offered drugs at median price while
other four Wholesalers sold drugs at price lower
than median prices. When pharmacy acquisition
costs were compared to wholesale median prices,
results showed that nine pharmacies could obtain
drugs at lower than median prices and three
pharmacies could purchase at the price lower than
wholesale prices (with same trade names)
Conclusion: Pharmacy acquisition costs could be
obtained and used as reference prices when drugs
were purchased.
Keywords: acquisition costs, wholesalers’ offered
costs, median prices, reference prices
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Introduction
Pharmacy is a Health Services in Primary
Care Health System Thailand is a close
community. And is often the first choice of the
people, especially when the initial illness.
Thailand currently share a modern medicine man
for a second type is a modern drug (b a. 1), which
requires pharmacists to comply with a specified
time. And non-packaged drugs, dangerous drugs
or controlled substance (b a. 2) (1) in the year
2548 to 2555 found that the trend of market share,
or distribution of drugs through pharmacies. down
from 25 percent to 23 percent of all medications
(2) at the same time found that the tendency of the
drug has increased across the country from the
number 13 329 of the 15 864 (3) and has turned up
at the shop. monotherapy with either drug store
chain owned by a foreign company, and Thailand.
The competition in the business model is more
serious.
Potentially make a huge impact in the
long term to operate a single dose (4) Therefore,
the administration of a single dose to achieve the
goal. Help may be on the administration. The
theory of marketing mix (Marketing Mix: 4Ps),
which include (Product) at (Place), promotion
(Promotion) Price (Price) (5) found that the cost of
medicines (acquisition costs) are. The volume of
orders per vendor vendors, etc. (6) differences in
drug costs is one problem that entrepreneurs
pharmacies found during the operation.
In a effort to collect cost of hospital
medicine by exploring drug prices then prepared
for use as a reference source of information on
selected medicines. Drug procurement For
hospitals or departments of State Health Services
(7) the study on the cost of medicines in
pharmacies. The study found the United States
The style health insurance system in the United
States are paid back to the participating pharmacy
or a health insurance company in terms of cost
medicines that are dispensed to patients by
prescription. Cost is determined. The estimated
cost of the drug (estimated acquisition cost), which
is calculated from a survey of wholesalers is the
average selling price of the wholesaler (average
wholesale prices) - 10.5% (8), but this makes the
cost of medicines. the state refund is higher than
the actual purchase price of the drug. Since
September 2011 the government changed the way
it's a true drug cost (actual acquisition cost) from a
participating pharmacy and then set a reference
price for the reimbursement to pharmacies. Also
important in determining the disbursement.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
However, the country still can not find a report on
the cost of medicines in the private sector before.
The information is important, as mentioned above.
The researcher is interested in the cost of
medicines in pharmacies. However, due to
resource constraints and to provide benefits to the
drug store in Songkhla for bringing drugs to the
actual cost. The researchers chose to study
pharmacy located in Songkhla. It has modern
medicine (b a. 1), 263 (3) and the procurement of
pharmaceutical drugs from the manufacturer or
wholesaler. However, no research or any agency
that collects data analysis or cost this drug before.
Thus, research. "Cost of medications in drug stores
offense" in order to benefit the drugstore operator
to provide a basis for the reference price as a tool
to negotiate drug prices. To lead to lower drug
costs and pricing for the next.
Research Methods
This research is a descriptive study
(descriptive study) studied drug derived cost
(acquisition costs) of the drug in Songkhla and
compare the offer price to the wholesaler
company. This retrospective survey data from July
2555 until January 2556 in order to keep a
sufficient amount of information and data is up to
date at the time of the study. In this research to
study a modern drug (b a. 1) in Songkhla. Without
education in modern medicine, especially
medicine packaged non-dangerous drug or
controlled substance (b a. 2) as a modern drug (b
a. 1), a drug that is more diverse. The researchers
then collected data only in drug stores such types
and selection criteria sample drug stores that have
a pharmacy medicine (b a. 1) with a single dose
(stand alone) who are willing to join in. study
respondents And if found to be a drug dealer or
wholesaler would be eliminated from the study.
The researchers sent letters to modern
drug store (the unit. 1) that meet the selection
criteria, primarily in Songkhla for every
participant. The goal of the pharmacies that accept
the participant with the largest number. Then the
researcher back to the respondents participated in
the study. For storage of drugs in all forms of drug
administration. The Minister by the Medicines Act
2510 (Act No. 5 of 2530 drug), which contain
dangerous drugs, controlled drugs. Medicine pills
packaged drugs for external use and drug use only.
Because these drugs can be sold in modern
medicine (the unit. 1) and a variety of products.
Gives comprehensive information By requesting a
copy of a photograph showing the drug's cost,
including waybill. Receipt Or the price of other
forms of the drug stores have been supplied with
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
drugs. In addition, this study also collected
information from all companies offering
prescription drug wholesalers in Songkhla. By
asking for a confirmation in the form of an original
or copy data files electronically.
Then the researchers recorded data onto a
recordable design data is a record of sorts as
pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy size (number of
units) location of the operator. Apothecary shop
name During the operations, Circulation period of
the drug inventory And data entry costs by
purchasing drugs at pharmacies that contain
information about. The generic name of the drug
name, dosage form manufacturing, trade size,
price, unit price, number of purchase the seller's
name and date of purchase. The generic name of
the drug dosage form trade name manufacturers.
Quantity Price Seller's name and the date of the
bid.
Before analyzing the cost drugs. This
study has been calculated based on the price per
unit of dosage forms such as tablets for capsules
are packaged in foil panels. It is calculated as the
price per tablet or capsule. Potion or lotion bottle,
it is calculated as the price per milliliter. And
pharmaceutical creams or ointments, etc. It is
calculated as the price per gram. The data are
available individually or purchasing multiple times
within a period of seven months, it will use the last
day. The last price is a price that reflects the actual
prices the most current. The list of drugs that are
supplied by the POA in the confirmation. It is
costing the basis of the total amount of the
purchase price and the amount received from the
giveaway. Similarly, the cost of the drug
wholesaler company that has collected in the same
period. It will use the same criteria to the cost of
prescription drugs in the calculation of unit prices.
The research was based on data analysis
by descriptive statistics (descriptive statistics) to
compare the data of each participating pharmacy
research on data from wholesalers include the
mean, median and mode number of tables, the
standard deviation. The median cost of
prescription drugs and the cost of each store had
prepared the reference price of the cost of
purchasing drugs. It also conducted a cost
comparison drug. The data obtained from
pharmacies or procurement of information from
the offering price of the drug wholesaler. The way
to compare the cost of such drugs to the middle of
the two groups. Researchers led median cost of
medications. (Bid or selling drugs) used in the
comparative analysis. The basis of comparison is
as follows: 1) cost per unit dose. Is less than the
median 0.01 baht per unit is in comparison with
the less. The median cost of medications, 2) cost
drugs is equal to the median in all respects (set 2
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
decimal) that is in comparison with a value equal
to the median cost of medications 3) cost of drugs
per unit is greater than the median 0.01 baht. the
unit is in the group is greater than the median cost
of medications.
This study also presents the pharmacy is
divided into different groups by providing
information, an overview of the drug stores, the
majority of the drugs at cost price of drugs less
than or equal to the median cost of medications.
Researcher using criteria to determine the drug in
the same group. By segmenting an overview From
the list of the most common drugs. Each
benchmark that similarly grouped wholesaler will
be divided into different groups by presenting the
information as a whole is a wholesaler who mainly
sell medicines at cost drug that is less than equal.
or more than the median cost of medications.
Result
In the study, from modern medicine (b a.
1), the selection criteria of 179 stores Letter
participants were 12 shops and a letter back from
the pharmacy is not able to send a letter asking for.
partnership of three stores, or as a response to 6.70
percent after the data analysis. The study can be
divided into two parts, namely Part 1 Overview of
pharmacy and medicine procurement of drugs and
the cost of two drugs.
Overview of the pharmacy and purchase of
pharmaceutical drugs.
Table 1 shows the general information of
drug research participants. That is a small dose (1
unit) of 11 shops, a large dose (two units), the
number one restaurant, with locations spread
throughout the downtown area of six stores, and
outside of the six store when divided by. own
Found a drug store owner, a pharmacist and is
operating its own Number 9 of pharmacy owners,
not pharmacists, but hiring pharmacists who
practice the 3 shop, considering the period of
operation and during opening hours. Find a
pharmacy open new operations in the range of less
than or equal to 2 years, with a total of five stores
and drug stores that carry more than two years
with a total of seven stores and a pharmacy that
opened less than or equal to four. hours per day
with a total of five stores due to a drug that
pharmacists working in government or other
locations. Then open the pharmacy after work. The
drug, which pharmacists work all day without
working with a number of other places to shop and
seventh last term when considering the turnover of
pharmaceutical inventory of each drug.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Table 1. Overview of pharmaceutical research participants (N = 12 outlets).
The nature of the drug store (Number of store).
Types of drug stores
Sales of modern medicine (and b. 1) 12
Pharmacy size
Pharmacy size 1 11
Pharmacy size 2 1
Location
In downtown of Hat Yai. 2
In downtown of Songkhla. 4
Around the outside Sadao District 5
Around outside Na Mom District 1
Ownership
Pharmacist 9
Not pharmacist 3
During the operations
Operations Less than or equal to 2 years 5
Established more than two years 7
Opening Hours
Opening less than four hours a day. 5
Opening more than four hours a day 7
Inventory turnover period of medication
About 1 month 10
About 2 months 2
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Table 2 shows the number of items
pharmacies participant has purchased drugs from
the pharmacy of the study is called drug stores and
12 stores represented as drug A, B, C, D. , E, F, G,
H, I, J, K and L to prevent drug store to drug store
media participants. The data showed that the
number of procurement of medicines in
pharmacies participants each are different and can
be divided into groups by the number of items that
are different is that one is buying. many
medications Which counts more than 300 items to
the store is a second pharmacy drugstore B and J,
which has a number of drugs from the 311 and
326, or 15.47 per cent and 16.22 of the list of all
the medicines from drug stores everywhere. The
value of the drugs is Baht 260,571 and 253,432 or
23.07 percent and 22.44 percent of its medicines
from drug stores everywhere. The second group
had to buy a moderate amount. Count from 150 to
300 items in this group were found to have four
stores is drug A, drug C, drug stores H and drug
stores I have a number of medications ranging
from 152 to 251 transactions, representing a 7.56
percent to 12.49. the list of all the medicines from
drug stores everywhere. The drugs are worth
between 31,042 to 180,264 baht, from 2.57 percent
to 15.96 percent of its medicines from drug stores
everywhere. The fourth group to buy less. Which
counts more than 150 items to a sixth store is the
drug D, pharmacy E, pharmacies F, pharmacy G,
pharmacy K and drug stores L has a number of
drugs, ranging from 30 to 144 items, representing
the hundreds. 1.49 to 7.16 percent of the total
number of drugs from drug stores everywhere. The
drugs are worth between 21,558 and 113,596 baht,
from 1.91 percent to 10.05 percent of its medicines
from drug stores everywhere.
Also from the data in Table 2 reveals that
most drug stores participant. Having bought the
drug from a wholesaler in the amount of 1685,
representing 83.83 percent of the total number of
drugs from drug stores everywhere. The drugs are
worth 686,910 baht to 60.81 per cent of the value
of buying medicines from drug stores everywhere.
The purchase drugs directly from the
manufacturers will have only 325 or 16.17 percent
of the total number of drugs from drug stores
everywhere. The drugs are worth 442,628 baht,
accounting for 39.19 percent of the value of
buying medicines from drug stores everywhere.
But considering the details of the purchase drugs
from wholesalers. It may be a number of different
buy-out. Divided into groups according to the
number of drug wholesalers that sell to drug
stores. The group is one Wholesalers are buying
medication that many medications. Counting over
300 with one or more of the company Wang
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals Optical
Limited. The 1221 list of drugs accounted for
72.46 percent of the total amount of drugs
purchased from wholesalers. The drugs are worth
471,110 baht or 68.58 percent of the total value of
drugs purchased from wholesalers. The second
group is a wholesale pharmacy to buy medicine
with a moderate amount. Count from 150 to 300,
with two of the pharma company Hoffmann. Ltd.,
and family medicine The number of drug items
166 to 218 of 9.85 to 12.93 percent of the total
amount of drugs purchased from wholesalers. And
is valued at between 53,516 to 133,327 baht to buy
drugs or 7.79 percent to 19.41 percent of its total
drug purchases from wholesalers. The third group
is the drug wholesalers are buying fewer
medications. Since fewer than 150 of which have
come down to two things, namely a drug store and
the pharmacist's center. The amount of the drug 24
to 56 percent, 1:43 to 3:33 in the number of all
medicines bought from wholesalers. The drugs are
worth between 4,460 to 24,497 baht, or 0.65 to
1.43 percent of the value of all medicines bought
from wholesalers.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Table 2 shows the number of drug research participants. Has purchased drugs from various pharmacies.
The number of drug procurement Total transactions Total trading value
DRUG STORES store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K storeL number percent baht percent
Pharmacist = Not pharmacist 38 38.38 155232 25.46 0.00 0.00
Pharmacist > Not pharmacist 30 30.30 275637 45.22 18.76 16.80
During the operations Established more than 2 years < Less than or equal to 2 years. 40 36.36 165239 27.11 -15.50 17.18
Established more than 2 years = Less than or equal to 2 years. 36 32.73 171724 28.17 0.00 0.00
Established more than 2 years > Less than or equal to 2 years. 34 30.91 272650 44.73 10.74 14.04
Opening hours more than 4 hours a day. < less than 4 hours a day 42 39.25 264413 43.37 -22.90 21.85
more than 4 hours a day. = less than 4 hours a day 37 34.58 123585 20.27 0.00 0.00
more than 4 hours a day. > less than 4 hours a day 28 26.17 221615 36.35 14.94 22.27
Rotation period About 2 months < About 1 month 51 48.57 346830 56.89 -20.28 21.81
Of inventory About 2 months = About 1 month 23 21.91 69526 11.40 0.00 0.00
About 2 months > About 1 month 31 29.52 193257 31.70 22.15 23.79
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Table 5 compares the acquisition cost from wholesalers with a median cost of medications. (From the pharmacy all participants).
Compare Wholesalers
Acquisition cost vs Median drug cost Pharmahof Co., Ltd. Wang Co., Ltd. Krobkruaya Drugcenter Soonya
Acquisition cost Drug item 76 227 80 11 22
< percent 45.78 18.59 36.70 45.83 39.29
Median drug cost Worth bying 51582 79404 21106 2183 11519
percent 38.69 16.85 39.44 48.95 47.02
Mean -11.13 -20.48 -7.28 -16.2 -11.71
Std.Dev. 17.72 21.66 14.63 15.15 17.91
Acquisition cost Drug item 47 647 72 5 20
= percent 28.31 52.99 33.03 20.83 35.71
Median drug cost Worth bying 41770 225010 15342 555 7506
percent 31.33 47.76 28.67 12.44 30.64
Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acquisition cost Drug item 43 347 66 8 14
> percent 25.90 28.42 30.28 33.33 25.00
Median drug cost Worth bying 39975 166696 17068 1722 5472
percent 29.98 35.38 31.89 38.61 22.34
Mean 24.07 15.37 17.28 9.97 16.05
Std.Dev. 19.75 19.58 22.95 14.02 18.27
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Table 6 shows a comparison of the effects
of the drug on the number of participants, the
median price. The group found that the drug, when
compared to the amount of the purchase is less
than, equal to or greater than the purchase of a
median. By considering the group as a whole.
From the list of the most common drugs. Each
benchmark is that one group. Most of the drug can
be bought for less than the median. The number of
buy less of the median with one shop is pharmacy
K, which has a number of drugs seven items
representing 58.33 percent of the total list of all
medications from the pharmacy K, worth buying
967 baht cent. 38.16 percent of the value of buying
drugs from pharmacies K of the second group.
Most of the drug can be bought for less than the
median. The total purchase amount of the median
has five stores is drug A, drug stores G,
pharmacies H, pharmacy I and drug stores L which
has a number of drugs, from 8 to 37, representing
a percentage of 44.44. 56.25 of the total number of
individual pharmacies. The number of purchases
over the amount of the median are six things the
drug B, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,
pharmacies F and drug stores J, which has a
number of drugs, from 8 to 75 or. since 40 to 80
percent of the total amount of each drug. The
value of the drugs between 3437 to 110,202 baht,
or equivalent to 49.59 percent from 94.94 percent
of its medicines from drug stores each.
Table 7 shows the results of comparing
the cost of pharmaceutical drug research
participants with a median sales price of medicine.
The group found that the drug, when compared to
the cost of a drug is less than, equal to or greater
than the median. By considering the group as a
whole. From the list of the most common drugs.
Each benchmark is that one group. Pharmacy
where most drugs in the cost of drugs under the
median price for the drug has nine stores is drug
A, drug B, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,
pharmacies F. , pharmacy, G, J, drug stores and
pharmacies I have a number of drugs from 91 to
147 items, representing a 37.74 to 49.49 percent of
the total number of drugs from the pharmacy each.
The value of the drugs between 6472 to 114,242
baht, or equivalent to 33.41 percent from 47.79
percent of its medicines from drug stores each.
The second group Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs
at cost price of drugs as the median price
pharmacy has three outlets are pharmacies H, drug
stores K and drug stores L which has a number of
drugs from 43 to 68 entries representing. from
42.96 to 46.58 percent of the total number of drugs
from the pharmacy each. The value of the drugs
between 8842 to 16,964 baht, equivalent to 39.91
percent from 44.41 percent of its medicines from
drug stores each
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453
Table 6 compares the number of pharmacies participants. The acquisition cost under the median cost of medications.
compares the number of purchase Pharmacy
Acquisition cost less than the median cost of medications. store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L
number of purchase Drug item 17 10 6 3 7 0 10 5 8 15 7 5