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1 Pharmacology Made Easy for Ostomies 1 Throughout the presentation, submit your questions in the chat box. WELCOME! • ANCC Approved for 1.0 Pharmacology Contact Hour. CE credit is individual. Online registration is required for each person who wishes to obtain credit. (No “group” credit is available) • Attendees will be directed to the evaluation after leaving the webinar. In order to receive contact hours, the evaluation must be completed. An email with the evaluation will be sent to all registered attendees following the presentation. • The Contact Hour certificate will be emailed within 48 hours of completing the evaluation. Deadline to obtain credit: 11/18/2021 (by 11:59 p.m. CST) CONTINUING EDUCATION INFORMATION Pharmacology Made Easy for OSTOMIES RENEE ANDERSON, MSN, RN, CWON Associate Director & Special Projects WEB WOC Nursing Education Program President, Rainier Clinical Consultants Inc. Seattle, Washington DEBRA NETSCH, DNP, APRN, FNPBC, CWOCNAP, CFCN CoDirector and Virtual Clinical Practicum Faculty WEB WOC Nursing Education Program Ridgeview Medical Center, Wound & Hyperbaric Clinic NP & CWOCNAP, Minneapolis, MN. 2 Disclosures The presenters and content developers report no relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests related to this content. They further disclosed that no offlabel/unapproved uses of drugs and/or devices are discussed in this presentation. Other content developers: JoAnn ErmerSeltun MS, RN, ARNP, FNPBC, CWOCN, CFCN WEB WOC PROGRAMS 3 1 2 3
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Pharmacology Made Easy for Ostomies

Apr 05, 2022

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Page 1: Pharmacology Made Easy for Ostomies

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Pharmacology Made Easy for Ostomies

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Throughout the presentation, submit your questions in the chat box.  

WELCOME!

• ANCC Approved for 1.0 Pharmacology Contact Hour. CE credit is individual. Online registration is required for each person who wishes to obtain credit. (No“group” credit is available)

• Attendees will be directed to the evaluation after leaving the webinar.  In order to receive contact hours, the evaluation must be completed. An email with theevaluation will be sent to all registered attendees following the presentation.  

• The Contact Hour certificate will be emailed within 48 hours of completing the evaluation. Deadline to obtain credit: 11/18/2021 (by 11:59 p.m. CST)

CONTINUING EDUCATION INFORMATION

Pharmacology Made Easy for OSTOMIES

RENEE ANDERSON, MSN, RN, CWON 

Associate Director & Special Projects 

WEB WOC Nursing Education Program

President, Rainier Clinical Consultants Inc.

Seattle, Washington

DEBRA NETSCH, DNP, APRN, FNP‐BC, 

CWOCN‐AP, CFCN

Co‐Director and Virtual Clinical Practicum Faculty

WEB WOC Nursing Education Program

Ridgeview Medical Center, Wound & Hyperbaric Clinic

NP & CWOCN‐AP, Minneapolis, MN.

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Disclosures

The presenters and content developers report no relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests related to this content. They further disclosed that no off‐label/unapproved uses of drugs and/or devices are discussed in this presentation.

Other content developers:  JoAnn Ermer‐Seltun MS, RN, ARNP, FNP‐BC, CWOCN, CFCN

WEB WOC PROGRAMS

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Sponsor

This educational offering is sponsored by the Alumni Club of WEB WOC® Nursing Education Program

without other financial support.

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Outcomes

Upon completion of this presentation the learner will:

1. Identify ways to prevent the side effects of common medications for an individual with an ostomy.

2. Describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic impact of medications onindividuals with ostomies.

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REVIEW: Terms Simplified

• The study of what a drug does to thebody.

Pharmacodynamics 

• The study of what the body does to adrug. 4 phases: ADME! 

Pharmacokinetics

• Identify drugs or substances that may affect urinary or fecal diversions!

Clinical Pharmacodynamics Goal 

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REVIEW: Pharmacokinetic Process Factors that Affect ABSORPTION & METABOLISM

DRUG RELATED

• Dosage Forms

• Chemical nature

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REVIEW: Pharmacokinetic Process Factors that Affect ABSORPTION & METABOLISM

Body Related

• Absorptive Surface

• GI Motility

• Functional Integrity of absorptivesurface

• Diseases

Other:  

• Vascularity

• pH

• Presence of other substances

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Pharmacodynamics: Side Effects of Common Medications on Ostomies

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Antibiotics: diarrhea, gas, dehydration, secondary fungal infections, ↑s INRs

OTC analgesics (NSAIDs): gastric bleeding, irritation, dark ostomy output

Narcotic Pain Medications: constipation

Antacids: constipation or diarrhea depending on the agent used

Diuretics: dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities

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Pharmacodynamics: Preventing the Side 

Effects of Medications

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Pharmacodynamics Preventing Side Effects: Antibiotics

• Probiotic supplementation

• Eat yogurt, kefir or buttermilk

Diarrhea

• Closely monitor area around the stoma

• If a rash develops, antifungal powder 

Secondary fungal infections

• Should be avoided in urostomy patients

• If used, patient should drink plenty of fluids to dilute the urine

Sulfa antibiotics

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Pharmacodynamics Preventing Side Effects: NSAIDs

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Pharmacodynamics Preventing Side Effects: Opioids

• Slow contraction of the bowel frequentlyleading to constipation

• Reduced flow through the stoma as well asGI discomfort

• Stool softeners may help in preventingconstipation

• Bulk‐forming laxatives and drinking plentyof fluids promote regularity

• Avoid harsh stimulant laxatives

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Pharmacodynamics Preventing Side Effects: Antacids

• Aluminum based antacids cause constipation

• Magnesium based antacids cause diarrhea (avoid with ileostomy)

• Calcium based antacids should be avoidedwith a urostomy

• Proton Pump Inhibitors: not recommendedto be used long‐term. Associated withvitamin malabsorption and C. Difficile

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Pharmacodynamics Preventing Side Effects: Diuretics

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• Common diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), furosemide, bumetanide,torsemide, spironolactone, triamterene, metolazone

• Can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

• Important to drink enough water or oral hydration solutions

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Colostomy

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Constipation

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TYPES OF LAXATIVES

•works by increasing the water content and bulk of the stool, which helps tomove it through the colon, slow acting

•need adequate fluid intake

•S.E.: bloating, cramping, gas

•e.g. psyllium, calcium polycarbophil, methylcellulose, wheat dextrin

Bulk forming/fiber

•pulls water into the large intestine increasing intraluminal volume andstimulates peristalsis, rapid onset

•S.E.: bloating, gas, cramping, nausea, dehydration

•e.g. magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, polyethyleneglycol 3350 (PEG), lactulose

Osmotic and Hyperosmolar Laxatives

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TYPES OF LAXATIVES

• contain a surfactant that helps to "wet" and soften the stool

• retain water within the stool and makes stool easier to pass

• S.E. bloating, cramping, gas, bitter taste

• e.g. docusate, mineral oil

Stool softeners/Emollients

• stimulates the lining of the bowel causing increased peristaltic activity

• S.E. cramping, nausea, urine discoloration, diarrhea

• e.g. senna, phenolphthalein, diphenylmethane, bisacodyl

Stimulant laxatives

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Colostomy Gas and Odor Control

GAS

• Simethicone

• Alpha‐galactosidase

• Take four times a day (with each meal and at bedtime)

ODOR CONTROL

• Bismuth subgallate 1‐2 capsules or chewable tablets up to 4 times daily

• Chlorophyll tablets: 100‐300 mg/day in divided doses (2‐3 times per day)

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Common Medications that may Discolor Feces

• Gray

• Cocoa

• Colchicine

• Some antibiotics

• Black

• Alcohols

• Corticosteroids

• Clindamycin

• Digoxin

• Iron

• NSAIDs

• Pepto‐Bismol

• Potassium 

• Red/Pink

• Anticoagulants

• NSAIDs

• Senna

• Tetracycline 

• Orange/Red

• Phenazopyridine

• Rifampin

• Green

• Indomethacin (NSAID)

• Medroxyprogesterone

• Pancrelipase

• Senna

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Ileostomy

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Pharmacodynamics:Inactive Ingredients  Affecting Ileostomy Output

Polyols: some have osmotic laxative properties 

• Sorbitol

• Mannitol

• Maltitol

• Xylitol

Common over the counter medications may contain sorbitol

• e.g., acetaminophen suspension, many cough syrups

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Pharmacokinetic Concern: Absorption

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• Extended Release (ER), Delayed Release (DR), Sustained Release (SR), XR, XL, LA

Controlled‐release medications

•e.g. Aspirin EC, Pantoprazole EC

Enteric Coated tablets

•May need alternative routes

Oral Contraceptives or hormone‐replacement therapy

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Pharmacokinetic Concern: Absorption

• Monitoring for efficacy and toxicity

• What can we measure?• Blood pressure

• Drug levels

Digoxin

Antiepileptic drugs

Levothyroxine

Warfarin

• Pain

• Symptoms

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Concern: High Output 

Soluble fiber bulking agents

Antimotility agents

Antisecretory agents

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Soluble Fiber

• Methylcellulose

• Psyllium 

• Wheat dextrin 

• Banana Flakes

• Guar Gum

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Antimotility Agents

• Loperamide: Initially 4 mg followedby 2 mg after each loose stool(maximum 16 mg/day); takeconsistently

• Diphenoxylate/atropine: 5 mg q6h(maximum 20 mg/day)

• If ostomy output remains>1500ml/day, consider:

• Tincture of opium

• Codeine sulfate

• Morphine sulfate

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Antisecretory Agents 

HISTAMINE 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (Antagonists)

• Famotidine, Cimetidine

PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPI)

• Omeprazole, Esomeprazole,Pantoprazole, Lansoprazole

SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGS

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Urostomy

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Common Medications that may Discolor Urine

• Blue/Green• Amitriptylline

• Cimetidine

• Metoclopramide

• Propofol• Triamterene

• Dark brown• Iron• Levodopa• Metronidazole

• Nitrofurantoin 

• Red/pink• Aspirin• Doxorubicin• Ibuprofen• Phenytoin

• Orange/Yellow• Heparin• Isoniazid• Niacin• Phenazopyridine• Rifampin

• Riboflavin• Vitamin A

• Warfarin 

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Medication Implications for a Urostomy

Urine should be kept acidic

If at risk for calcium stone formation,  caution with medications with a calcium carbonate base

Sodium bicarbonate base antacids can alkalinize urine 

Ileal conduits that involve a large part of the ileum may need vitamin B12 supplements

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Pharmacodynamics & PharmacokineticsVitamin C (ascorbic acid)

● Acidification of urine (1 ‐ 3 g tid ‐ qid)● Side Effects● Excretion/Metabolism● Drug Interactions● Administration considerations● Monitoring

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Pharmacodynamics & PharmacokineticsCranberry Tablets

● Indications● Side Effects● Excretion/Metabolism● Drug Interactions● Administration considerations● Monitoring

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Summary

Be aware and educate individuals with ostomies about the side effects of common medications. 

Individuals with ileostomies need to be aware of the impact of  inactive ingredients in medications and issues with medication delivery to ensure proper absorption.

Monitor effluent volume in individuals with high output ostomies and initiate pharmacotherapy as indicated.

Consider an acidification approach for individuals with urostomies.

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ReferencesBridges, M., Nasser, R., & Parrish, C.R. (2019). High output ileostomies: The stakes are higher 

than the output. Practical Gastroenterology. pp. 20‐33.

Carmel, J. & Scardillo, J. (2022). Adaptions, rehabilitation, and long‐term care management 

issues. In: Carmel, J., Colwell, J., & Goldberg, M. (Eds., 2nd ed.)  Wound, Ostomy and 

Continence Nurses Society Core Curriculum: Ostomy Management. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 201‐

222.

Nadesalingam, M., (2020, July). Pharmaceutical considerations for patient with stomas. The 

Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical‐journal.com/article/ld/pharmaceutical‐

considerations‐for‐patients‐with‐stomas

National Cancer Institute. (2020, September).  Drugs approved for colon and rectal cancer. 

https://www.cancer.gov/about‐cancer/treatment/drugs/colorectal

Rodrigues‐Bigas, M. (2019, July). Patient education: colon and rectal cancer (beyond the 

basics). UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon‐and‐rectal‐cancer‐beyond‐

the‐basics/print#H11

Saleh, A., (2020, July). Drug therapy and the compromised bowel. Canadian Society of 

Intestinal Research. https://badgut.org/information‐centre/a‐z‐digestive‐topics/drug‐

therapy‐and‐the‐compromised‐bowel/ 

Temiz, Z. & Cavdar, I. (2018). The effects of training and the use of cranberry capsule in 

preventing urinary tract infections after urostomy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical 

Practice. (31) pp. 111‐117.

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THURSDAYS 

12:00 CST

PHARMACOLOGY MADE EASY SERIES

PHARMACOLOGY PRIMER‐available ON DEMAND

DRUGS IMPACTING WOUND CARE‐ available ON DEMAND 

WOUNDS: BACTERIAL MANAGEMENT‐available ON DEMAND

OSTOMY‐ NOVEMBER 4TH

FECAL CONTINENCE‐ NOVEMBER 18TH

URINARY CONTINENCE‐ DECEMBER 2ND

Location for ON DEMAND Educational Offerings?   Go to WEB WOC website, Continuing Education, Browse Offerings and Pharmacology. 

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