Pharmacology

PharmacologyOmar Israel S. Madelo

Definitions:

Pharmacology is the study of how drugs exert their effects on living

systems. In most of the pharmacologic specialties, drugs are also used today as tools to gain insight into both normal and abnormal function.

Pharmacologists work to identify drug targets in order to learn how

drugs work.

Drugs can be defined as chemical agents that uniquely interact with

specific target molecules in the body, thereby producing a biological effect.

NIACIN / PELLAGRA

•Pellagra – a disease which affects the skin , mucous membrane , central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.

- it is a vitamin deficiency disease most frequently caused by a chronic lack of niacin or excessive intake of leucin.

Symptoms:

Mouth Ulcer Skin Lessions

• Abdominal Distension

• Diarrhea

• Memory Impairment

• Mental Confusion

John Goldberger

He spend his life seeking answer of the main cause to Pellagra.

He correctly theorized that the disease is caused by malnutrition.

Conrad Elvehjem

He found that nicotinic acid or niacin prevented and cured pellagra.

Niacin

NYSTATIN

- drug that kills various kinds of fungus and used to combat Dutch Elm diseases in trees and to restore artwork damaged by water and mold; also known as “Fungicidin”

- a polyene antifungal medication that is derived from a bacterium, Streptomyces noursei. It was discovered by Rachel Fuller Brown and Elizabeth Lee Hazen in 1950.

• Named for N.Y STATe Department of Health

• Patented on June 25, 1857

Niacin :

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DRUGS

•Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin

- cracked penicillin’s complex and misleading structure in 1946 which helped in the creation of semisynthetic penicillins.

- she announced structure of vitamin B12.

- solved the puzzle of the structure of insulin in 1969

Paul Ehrlich

- determined the dosage of diphtheria, antitoxin of Emil Adolf von Behring.

- theorized that certain substances could act as magic bullets, attacking only the disease-causing organisms and leaving the rest of the body unaffected.

- discovered the effectiveness of the Trypan dye in treating African sleeping sickness and his Salvarsan against Syphiliss organisms.

DIPTHERIA

• An acute, highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammationof the mucous membranes, formation of a false membrane in thethroat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and potentially fatalheart and nerve damage by a bacterial toxin in the blood.

ANTITOXIN AND TRYPAN

Antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specifictoxin. These are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria.Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can killbacteria and other microorganisms.

Trypan Blue is the stain most commonly used to distinguishviable from nonviable cells. Viable cells exclude the dye, whilenonviable cells absorb the dye and appear blue.

POLIO VACCINE

• First vaccine effective against Poliomyelitis and provides immunity against polio.

• Discovered by Microbiologist Jonas Edward Salk.

• Developed on June 23, 1995.

• Albert Bruce Sabin in 1960• Introduced the oral vaccine.

WHAT IS POLIO?

• Also known as Poliomyelitis from Greek words,“itis” inflammation, “polios” gray and “myelos” spinal cord (Inflammationof the gray matter in the spinal cord).

• It is an infectious viral disease that sometimes results in paralysiscaused by polioviruses which has been referred to as “InfantileParalysis”

• Chiefly affects children and young adults. The infection may passwithout creating severe or noticeable illness while in some cases, itpenetrates into the central nervous system, affecting the cells thatcontrol muscle function.

LASER

• A device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent light.

• Invented by Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes for the purpose of developing a device to help them study molecular structures.

• First built on 1960.

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emmision of Radiation)

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