What is Pharmacogenetics? - Every year in the USA alone 2 million people experience adverse drug effects and more than a 100,000 die from those reactions. - Another horrible fact is that the drugs in today’s society are only effective in 60 % of the population. What can we do to stop these adverse drug effects? How can we develop drugs that can be effective for everyone? THE ANSWER IS PHARMACOGENETICS
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What is Pharmacogenetics?- Every year in the USA alone 2 million
people experience adverse drug effects and more than a 100,000 die
from those reactions.
- Another horrible fact is that the drugs in today’s society are only effective
in 60 % of the population.
What can we do to stop these adverse drug effects? How can we develop
drugs that can be effective for everyone?
THE ANSWER IS PHARMACOGENETICS
Current Clinical Methods₋ Nico Test for personalised regimen to
quit smoking ₋ Amplichip for CYP 450₋ PCR based strategy for CYP 2D6
genotyping₋ Tratuzumab: first drug with clinical
application₋ Thiopurines: immunomodulating
drugs for leukemia and chronic inflammatory conditions
₋ Dosing considerations for other drugs such as Ironitecan, Warfarin, Tamoxifen, and Abacavir
₋ FDA has labelled 10% of its recently approved drugs with pharmacogenomic information
Ongoing Research on CYP₋ Cytochrome P450 superfamily of
enzymes
₋ Found all over the body but major enzymatic activity occurs in hepatic CYPs
₋ Bioactivation and metabolism of approximately 75% of drugs gives CYPs prominence in pharmacogenetics research
₋ Pharmacogenetic research is playing a major role in dosing of Warfarin (an anticoagulant)
Pharmacogenetics vs Bioethics
Main ethical concerns are combination of the following:
- Unequal distribution of
benefits/resources - Invasion of medical privacy - Discrimination due to the
Costs ImpactIncrease in costs - New Techniques need to be developed - Requires new training - Requires new facilities - Segmentation of market result in a reduction of revenue
generated - Post marketing surveillance cost Benefits - Shelved drugs coming back to life. - Fewer legal liabilities. - Saving lives.
Thank you for your attention
Group 13
Joe Hong Tanvir KahlonShereen Bart
Linnéa Kadfors Traci Vogler
Jennifer DuncanDavid Beshai
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http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/barash.html • Genomics.energy.gov, Genome programs of the U.S Department of Energy Office of Science, Human Genome Project Information. (2008, September, 19).
Pharmacogenomics. Retrived from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/pharma.shtml • Gettig, E. (2009). Personalized Medicine. Retrieved from http://mostgene.org/2009_conference/personalized_meds_Gettig.pdf • Human Genome Project. (2008). Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml
• Klug S. William & Cummings R. Michael & Spencer A. Charlotte. Essential of genetics 6th edition. Retrieved from page. 437. • Lazarou, J., Pomeranz, B. H., Corey, P. N., (1998). Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA. 279. 1200-5 • Murray, M. F. (2009). Will Plavix be the pharmacogenetics exemplar?. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/202479739.html • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.nice.org.uk/
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2003). Pharmacogenetics Ethical Issues. Retrieved from http://nuffieldbioethics.org/go/ourwork/pharmacogenetics/introduction • Ross, A., Pharmacogenetics cut clinical trial costs. Retrieved from http://www.ngpharma.com/article/The-genetic-advantage/
• Stellenbosch University, Department of Biochemistry. (n.d). Ac Swart group (Image of cytochrome P450 oxidase). Retrieved from http://www0.sun.ac.za/biochem/Imagine/Media/Pictures/220px-CytP450Oxidase-1OG2.png
• University of Liverpool. (n.d). Pharmacogenetics (Image of DNA and pills). Retrieved from http://liv.ac.uk/pharmacogenetics/dna_and_pills.jpg
• White. M. T. (2000). Ethical Issues in Genetic Research. Retrieved from http://poynter.indiana.edu/sas/res/genetics.pdf