Pharmaceutical Compounds Pharmaceutical Compounds in our Water Supply: in our Water Supply: Causes, Consequences and Causes, Consequences and Solutions Solutions Hanoz Santoke Hanoz Santoke Weihua Song Weihua Song William Cooper William Cooper University of California, University of California, Irvine Irvine
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Pharmaceutical Compounds in our Water Supply: Causes, Consequences and Solutions Hanoz Santoke Weihua Song William Cooper University of California, Irvine.
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Pharmaceutical Compounds in our Pharmaceutical Compounds in our Water Supply:Water Supply:
Causes, Consequences and Causes, Consequences and SolutionsSolutions
Hanoz SantokeHanoz SantokeWeihua SongWeihua Song
William CooperWilliam CooperUniversity of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Irvine
OutlineOutline
• Introduction – pharmaceuticals in water, fluoroquinolones, advanced oxidation
• Methods and Materials – LINAC and mass spectroscopy
• Results and Discussion – transient spectra, rate constants, and degradation mechanisms
• Conclusions
Pharmaceuticals in Natural Bodies Pharmaceuticals in Natural Bodies of Waterof Water
• Dozens of pharmaceutical and personal care products detected in various rivers, streams and lakes
• Fluoroquinolone levels up to 0.12 g/L in various streams in the US (Kolpin 2002)
• Effluent from a Patancheru, India drug manufacturing facility contained many pharmaceuticals in the mg/L range, with six of the top eleven active pharmaceutical ingredients detected being fluoroquinolones (Larsson 2007)
Pharmaceuticals in our Drinking Pharmaceuticals in our Drinking WaterWater
• Pharmaceutical compounds, including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones, have been detected at ppb levels in the drinking water supplies of at least 41 million Americans (Associated Press investigation, 2008)
No federal or state standards exist for pharmaceuticals in drinking water (tap or bottled)
Drinking Water Test ResultsDrinking Water Test Results
Source: Associated Press, 2008
Pathways to the EnvironmentPathways to the Environment
Human and animal excretion– High drug use in the
United States: 3.7 billion prescription and 3.3 billion non-prescription purchases per year
– Most drugs are incompletely metabolized in the body (Kummerer 2004)
Pathways to the Environment - Pathways to the Environment - continuedcontinued
• Dumped “down the drain” by consumers and medical facilities (Halling-Sorensen 1998)
• Pharmaceutical compounds, including fluoroquinolones, are toxic to plants such as Lemna Gibba, which is commonly used as a test species for assessing aquatic toxicants (Brain 2004)
• Fluoroquinolones have been found to be toxic to various aquatic organisms, and their selective toxicity may impact ecosystem structure (Robinson 2005)
• A mixture of pharmaceuticals at environmental concentrations has been shown to inhibit the growth of human embryonic cells by as much as 30% (Pomati 2006)
Current Treatment TechnologiesCurrent Treatment Technologies
• max of each intermediate was red-shifted by around 100 nm compared to that of the parent compound, characteristic of •OH addition to the aromatic ring to form the corresponding hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical
• Flumequine has the transient spectra most comparable to the model compound
Linear AcceleratorLinear Accelerator
Linear Accelerator at Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory to calculate absolute bimolecular reaction rate constants
• Piperazine ring provides steric hindrance, which decreases ·OH rate constant
• Electron-donating oxygen atom increases ·OH rate constant
• Cyclopropane functional group appears to reduce rate constants
ConclusionsConclusions
• Pharmaceutical residue in our drinking water is a major environmental and human health issue
• Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes hold great promise for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds
• This work helps us understand the reactions of fluoroquinolones with hydroxyl radicals, which will be useful in designing a pilot-scale AO/RP system
If you gave me several million years, there would be nothing that did If you gave me several million years, there would be nothing that did not grow in beauty if it were surrounded by water.not grow in beauty if it were surrounded by water.
- - Jan Erik Vold, What All The World Knows, 1970Jan Erik Vold, What All The World Knows, 1970