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INTRODUCTIONTO

PHARMACOLOGY
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Pharmacology

Greek word pharmakon (drugs) + logos(study) Study of drugs and their actions on livingorganisms

Drugs - chemical substances that have aneffect on living organisms

Medicines drugs used in preventing ortreating diseases
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Drug Names

Chemical name chemical composition

Generic name common or non-proprietary name Official name name as listed in FDA or any othergovernment agency Trademark brand name

Example: Chemical name 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 6-([{aminophenylacetyl}amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-,[2S-

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Drug Classification

According to organ body system affected

Example CV drugs, CNS drugs, GI drugs

According to therapeutic use or clinical indicationsExample antacids, antibiotic, diuretics

According to physiologic or chemical actionExample anticholinergics, beta blockers

According to prescriptive usePrescription vs. OTC drugs

Illegal drugs also known as recreational drugs

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Pharmacokinetics

Pharmaco-kinetics

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

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Absorption

Process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry

into the body and to the circulating body fluids.

Dependent on:1. Route of administration2. Blood flow through the tissues where the drug is

administered3. Solubility of the drug

Important points:1. Administer oral drugs with adequate fluids2. Parenteral drugs should be administered in the correct

route3. Reconstitute or dilute drugs only with recommended

diluents

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Absorption

Routes of administration

1. Enteral oral, rectal, NG tube2. Parenteral SC, IM, IV, intrathecal3. Percutaneous inhalation, sublingual, topical

Factors affecting drug absorption:

1. Topical drug concentration, length of contact time, sizeof affected area, skin surface thickness, tissuehydration, degree of skin disruption

2. Inhalation depth of respirations, fineness of dropletparticles, available surface area of mucus membranes,contact time, hydration status, blood supply to area,drug concentration

3. Parenteral rate of blood flow through the tissues

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Distribution

Ways in which drugs are transported by body fluids to the

sites of action, metabolism, and excretion.

Factors affecting drug distribution:1. Protein binding degree of drug binding to protein

molecules rendering inactive; the greater the protein

binding, the lesser is the available active or free drug2. Lipid solubility tendency of some drug molecules to stay

in the body a lot longer because they are stored in

adipose tissues

Implications: If drug blood levels drop, drug molecules boundto protein or deposited in adipose are released to

maintain equilibrium

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Metabolism

Process of inactivating drugs; also known as

biotransformation

Factors affecting drug metabolism:1. Genetic variations of enzyme systems2. Concurrent use of other drugs3. Exposure to environmental pollutants4. Concurrent illnesses

5. Age

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Excretion

Process of eliminating drugs and its metabolites

Plasma half-life time required for 50% of a drug to beeliminated from the body; dependent on persons ability

to metabolize and excrete any given drug

Example: Drug A 500mg has a plasma T of 6 hours

8am 500mg (100%) of drug in body2pm 250mg (50%) of drug in body

8pm 125mg (25%) of drug in body2am 62.5mg (12.5%) of drug in body8am 31.25mg (6.25%) of drug in body

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Factors affecting Drug Action

1. Age extremes of age are most sensitive

2. Body weight OW require greater doses; UW requirelesser doses

3. Metabolic rateincreased BMR require larger doses or

greater frequency4. Illness altered pharmacokinetics5. Psychological factors attitudes, expectations,

willingness, placebo effect

6. Tolerance a person requires a higher dosage toproduce the same effects that lower doses once

provided7. Dependence inability to control ingestion of drugs

8. Cumulative effect consumption exceeds rate ofexcretion

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Pharmacodynamics

Physiologic and biochemical effects of a drug on the body

Therapeutic effect desired and intentional effects Side effect additional effects aside from the intentional effects Adverse effects undesirable side effects with some potentially

harmful

Additive effect 2 drugs with similar actions taken for doubleeffect Propoxyphene + aspirin = added analgesia

Synergistic effect combined effect of 2 drugs is greater thanthe sum of the effect of each drug given alone

Aspirin + codeine = much greater analgesia Antagonistic effect one drug interferes with the action of

another Tetracycline + antacid = decreased tetracycline absorption

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Pharmacodynamics

Displacement displacement of a drug by another drug

increases the activity of the first drug Warfarin + valproic acid = increased anticoagulant effect

Interference one drug inhibits the metabolism or excretionof a second drug causing increased activity of the seconddrug

Probenecid + spectinomycin = prolonged antibiotic effectsby spectinomycin

Incompatibility one drug is chemically incompatible withanother drug leading to deterioration when the 2 drugs arecombined or mixed in the same solution Ampicillin + gentamicin = ampicillin inactivates gentamicin

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