KARY MULLIS conceives of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid amplification of DNA THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT consortium begins with the goal of determining the entire sequence of DNA composing human chromosomes STANLEY COHEN, ANNIE CHANG, HERBERT BOYER, and ROBERT HELLING create the first recombinant DNA organism JOSHUA LEDERBERG, EDWARD TATUM, and GEORGE BEADLE share a Nobel Prize for demonstrating bacterial conjugation MARTIN GELLERT, I.R. LEHMAN, CHARLES RICHARDSON, and JERARD HURWITZ discover DNA ligases CO09619 1014 CHARLES DARWIN publishes On The Origin of Species, setting the foundation of evolutionary biology FRIEDRICH MIESCHER is the first to isolate and identify DNA from white blood cells HUGO DE VRIES introduces the term “mutation” WALTER SUTTON and THEODOR BOVERI propose the chromosome theory of inheritance, which states that genes are carried on chromosomes THOMAS HUNT MORGAN’s work strongly supports the chromosome theory of inheritance BARBARA MCCLINTOCK and HARRIET CREIGHTON demonstrate the role of recombination during the inheritance of chromosomes EDWARD TATUM and GEORGE BEADLE propose a link between genes and enzymes with the “one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK publish the DNA structure as a double helix MATTHEW MESELSON and FRANKLIN STAHL demonstrate the semi-conservative replication of DNA STUART LINN and WERNER ARBER discover restriction endonucleases HAMILTON SMITH and colleagues isolate the first restriction endonuclease, Hind II MICHAEL SMITH receives a Nobel Prize for his work developing site-directed mutagenesis YEN CHOO and colleagues demonstrate the first application of zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), an engineered nuclease constructed to block gene expression J.K. MOORE and J.E. HABER coin the term “non-homologous end joining” DAVID BAULCOMBE and ANDREW HAMILTON identify short RNA molecules (siRNAs) as effectors of gene silencing LAURENT TESSON and colleagues report the first successful creation of a gene knockout rat using customized TAL effectors The CRISPR-Cas9 “craze” begins ROBERT BROWN discovers the cell nucleus GREGOR MENDEL, “father of modern genetics,” elucidates “laws of genetics” through his experiments with plant hybridization EDUARD STRASBURGER observes the fusion of nuclei in fertilization in plants, and also describes stages of mitosis HUGO DE VRIES introduces the term "(pan)gene" to describe postulated hereditary carriers; 20 years later the term is shortened to “gene” WILLIAM BATESON coins the term “genetics” FREDERICK GRIFFITH demonstrates bacterial transformation HANS SPEMANN awarded a Nobel Prize for his research on embryonic development, and theorizes about a nuclear-transfer cloning procedure BARBARA MCCLINTOCK discovers transposable genetic elements ROBERT HOLLEY, HAR GOBIND KHORANA, and MARSHALL NIRENBERG share a Nobel Prize “for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis” WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER separately develop different methods for DNA sequencing MARIO R. CAPECCHI, MARTIN EVANS, and OLIVER SMITHIES are the first to create a knockout mouse VICTOR AMBROS, ROSALIND LEE, and RHONDA FEINBAUM discover microRNA SRINIVASAN CHANDRASEGARAN and colleagues demonstrate the use of engineered ZFP fused to the nonspecific cleavage domain of the FokI type II restriction enzyme CRAIG C. MELLO and ANDREW FIRE discover a gene silencing effect of double-stranded RNA The first draft of the human genome is published JENS BOCH, SEBASTIAN SCHORNACK, THOMAS LAHAYE, ULLA BONAS; MATTHEW MOSCOU and ADAM BOGDANOVE both teams independently discover the basis for TAL effector mediated genome editing HERBERT BOYER and STANLEY COHEN demonstrate DNA cloning, the propagation of a recombinant DNA molecule in foreign cells PG1401-PJ5975-CO09619-IG-2-Genome-Engineering-Evolution-ReviewONLY-Americas-FHRcrops.pdf 1 10/23/14 12:22 PM