BS 536 STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Fall 2009-2010 Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu÷ra Tetik Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis Günel Arch. H.Emre IlgÕn (MSc.) MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM METU Stu Bu Submitted to: Assoc.P ch H BS536 S: DESIGN CONSIDERATIO 2009-2010 ronas Tow ik PROGRAM I. Introduction II. Architectural Description III. Structural Description IV. Special Description V. References Outline P2:www.wikipedia.com P1:Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture and Polyphony: Building in the Islamic World Today. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/documents/on Ͳdocument.jsp?document_id=10229 Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Malaysia Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu÷ra Tetik Submitted to: Günel, IlgÕn – Fall 2009 METU U Tod http:/ U docu U BS536 ilippa Architecture an ilding in the Islamic World d from g/library/docum B cument_id B Petronas Towers Client Kuala Lumpur City Centre Holdings Sendirian Berhad Architect Cesar Pelli & Associates, US Engineers ThorntonͲTomasetti Engineers, US, and Ranhill Bersekutu Contractors Tower 1 – Mayjus Joint Venture: MMC Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd, Malaysia Tower 2 – SKJ Joint Venture: Samsung Engineering & Construction Co Ltd, S.Korea (Ref. b) The Petronas Towers were designed to be the centrepiece of a larger complex called the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC), a mixedͲuse development with a site area of 14.15 acres, which includes the towers, two other office towers, underground parking and service facilities. The project site is well located in the heart of the commercial district of the city, the ‘Golden Triangle’. (Ref. c) P3: Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403 Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu÷ra Tetik Submitted to: Günel, IlgÕn – Fall 2009 on o. Lt aysia ure : ng & Construc o Ltd, S.Kor tron Towers w ed ger complex the (KLC mixed se develo acr es, whic includes underground ark well cate the 6 Introduction Use: Office Status: Completed Global ranking: Petronas Twin Towers were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004. Preceded by Willis Tower Surpassed by Taipei 101 Material: Composite Height: 1,483 ft (452 meters) Official Opening: August 28, 1999 Construction April 1993–August 1999 Site area, KLCC 40.5 hectares Site area, Petronas and retail 5.8 hectares Built area 218,000m2 each tower 994,000m2 Cost US$ 800,000,000 (Ref. b) P4: Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403 METU 5.8 he T ch tower 994,0 000 BS536 Architectural Description This project has received an Aga Khan Award because it represents a new direction in skyscraper design, featuring advanced technology while symbolizing local and national aspirations. The project embodies several innovations, ranging from the use of unusually highͲ strength concrete to facilitate a softͲtube structural system, to an inventive vertical transportation concept and the integration of cuttingͲedge energy conservation systems. The success of this project lies in the manner in which it incorporates these technological innovations while generating a slender form that responds poetically to the broader landscape. The simple geometrical pattern that generates the plan not only uses space efficiently to maximize exposure to natural light, but also creates a rich spatial expression. The building has become an icon that expresses the sophistication of contemporary Malaysian society and builds on the country’s rich traditions to shape a world city. (Ref. b) P5: Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers: architecture of highͲconstruction. Great Britain: WileyͲAcademy. METU tion con oject lie e ma technologica vatio nder form respo poe ndscape. The sim eometrica genera no tly maximize ex to n a ric spatial ss b an ico tha xpress contemporary Malaysian country’s rich trad P B t 36 Architectural Description Pelli's design answered the developer's call to express the 'culture and heritage of Malaysia' by evoking Islamic arabesques and employing repetitive geometries characteristic of Muslim architecture. In plan, an 8Ͳpoint star formed by intersecting squares is an obvious reference to Islamic design; curved and pointed bays create a scalloped facade that suggests temple towers. The identical towers are linked by a bridge at the 41st floor, creating a dramatic gateway to the city. (Ref. e) www.archnet.org/library (Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers: architecture of highͲconstruction. Great Britain: WileyͲAcademy.) Conceptual Plan diagrams METU BS5 • The structure is highͲstrength concrete, a material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway reduction. Supported by approximately 23x23m concrete cores and an outer ring of widelyͲ spaced super columns, the towers showcase a sophisticated structural system that accommodates its slender profile and provides from 1300 to 2050 square meters of columnͲfree office space per floor. (Ref. c) • Other features include a curtain wall of glass and stainless steel sun shades to diffuse the intense equatorial light; a doubleͲdecker elevator system with a sky lobby transfer point on the 41st floor to accommodate the thousands of people who use the complex daily. (Ref. d) Architectural Description The identical towers are linked by a bridge at the 41st floor, creating a dramatic gateway to the city. Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403 Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403 METU sys to eop use B h 36 idg t c gateway to the city. Architectural Description Architectural Plan (typical) Level 43 Typical Floor Plans Architectural Plan (typical) Level 76 (Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers: architecture of highͲ construction. Great Britain: WileyͲAcademy. ) M Arc chitectural an (typical) eve 536 Architectural Description о Tower One: Petronas Headquarters’ oĸces. о Tower Two: Mostly private tenants, KLCC Holdings’ offices, some vacant areas for rent. о Total gross Ňoor area: 218,000 square metres in each tower, eightyͲeight storeys. о Total net Ňoor area: 119,300 square metres in each tower, height: 452 metres. о Typical ŇoorͲtoͲfloor height: 4.0 metres. о Finished ceiling height: 2.65 metres. о Raised Ňoor: 125 millimetres, levels eight–seventytwo. о Sky bridge: centreͲline span, 58.44 metres; width, 5.29 metres: height, 9.45 metres; 170 metres above street level. о Height of pinnacles: 73.5 Ͳ 75 metres. (Ref. c) Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture and Polyphony: Building in the Islamic World Today. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/documents/oneͲdocument.jsp?document_id=10229 es. es, levels eight–seventy span, 5 etre th, 45 met 170 metres above s nna 73.5 etre R BS536 The structure of the building consists of a dual system consisting of reinforced concrete core wall system, and exterior reinforced concrete columns. The floor framing system consists of composite steel framing system. A composite metal deck frames between the steel beams, and acts compositely with them. Reinforced concrete was selected as the primary structural material for the lateral resisting system as used extensively in the tower because of its availability and availability of skilled labor in Malaysia in particular and SouthͲeast Asia in general. (Ref. i) The structural frame for each of the main towers consists of sixteen cylindrical highͲstrength concrete perimeter columns connected by a haunched ring beam at each level. This haunching allows for the passage of mechanical systems at the center span of the beam. This frame is tied back to the structural elevator core at the thirtyͲeighth and fortieth floors by concrete outrigger beams. (Ref. a) Structural Description Structural Plan Level 38 (mechanical floor) Drawn by BuŒra Tetik METU BS536 of ual rced concrete core reinforce conc r framing stem consists of framing sy om eck frames between he steel acts mpositely th rete was selected as the material f a te extensively n the t availability and alaysi gene • The core is constructed with added strength at the corners to help resist the moment created by lateral wind forces. Two essentially solid sheer walls cross within the core to further increase its stiffness. The grade of concrete is consistent between the perimeter columns and structural core and ranges from 80 MPa at the base to 40 MPa at the top. (Ref. a) • Various approaches were explored in developing the overall structural system of the Petronas towers. The scheme being implemented consists of cast inͲplace perimeter frame with sixteen columns and cast inͲplace concrete core. (Ref. f) • Outrigger beams at midͲheight of the structure provides additional stiffness to the structure. The concrete used varies in three steps from grade 80 at the lower floors to grade 40 at the upper floors. Grade 80 is specified up to level 22 for the 2.4m diameter reinforced concrete columns. The floor system consists of cast inͲplace concrete slab on ribbed metal deck to act compositely with filled concrete, supported on steel beams. (Ref. f) Structural Description Core Columns Beams Facade Structural Axonometric Showing Typical Level Drawn by BuŒra Tetik METU Faca BS536 t the lateral win alls cro within the s. T gra of ween e perimeter columns rang M t th b top. (Ref. a) proaches were explored in overall structural system of Pet scheme be mplemented perimeter frame with sixt concr re. rigge Structural Description Core Columns Beams Facade Outriggers Structural Axonometric Showing Level 38 Drawn by BuŒra Tetik Outriggers Columns Core Beams Support Beams Slab Concrete grades for the ring beams follow the grades in the columns to avoid confusion in the field and possible waste in the concrete pump lines. Each Tower has one central core for all lifts, tower exit stairs and mechanical services. Core design resulted in two virtually solid walls running northͲsouth and one running eastͲ west making the core quite stiff and efficient. Concrete grade varies in three steps from 80 Mpa to 40 Mpa. (Ref. f) METU lum BS536 ow confusion in the e concret pum one centra core for all lifts, d mechani s. C lted in o virtually solid walls uth o un as quite stiff and efficient. varies i hree fro f) Structural Description What is Outrigger System? According to Taranath: The coreͲoutrigger system also known as the belt truss system which the axial stiffness of the perimeter columns is invoked for increasing the resistance to overturning moments. This efficient structural form consists of a core, comprising either braced frames of shear walls, with horizontal cantilever outrigger trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer columns. The core may be centrally located with outriggers extending on both sides or it may be located on one side of the building with outriggers extending to the building columns on one side. Section of Towers Drawn by BuŒra Tetik 7n the light of ref:d Section shows vertical circulation shafts by colored vertical bars and also shows hvac floors. Outriggers located on midͲ hvac floor between level 38Ͳ40. That location approximately equals to 0,455H as appropirate to Taranath. METU cor wal ls sse de ers outer olum co d with outriggers din ay b located o side of f the outrig ding o one . ection shows b and hva 6 Structural Description Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403 Structural Plan Diagram Structural Section Diagram Section area is getting thiner while the building is rising. It is about aerodynamic concerns. M BS5 gram Climatic Performance The Petronas Towers respond remarkably well to the tropical climate of Kuala Lumpur using several techniques. The glass curtain walls have stainlessͲsteel sunshades to diffuse the intense equatorial light. These ‘tropical walls, minimize the heat and glare entering the building but at the same time they reflect the play of light and shadow, expressing the tropical environment. The use of tinted laminated glass also helps to reduce heat gain from the sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) transmission. However, it was noticed that in some offices natural light is not sufficient to light the spaces and occupants have to use artificial lighting. The use of exhaust air to preͲcool and dehumidify fresh, warm air, has proved to be highly cost effective as it reduces the amount of energy required to air condition the building by 50 per cent. Special Description Photographs of Petronas Towers http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1283 METU to r violet ( nsm t in some off tura paces and pant e to of xhau ir to and prove to be h o am of energy required to per ce BS me they tropic at 536 Special Description Although Sears tower looks like higher than Petronas, officially Petronas towers are higher. On top of the sears tower are radio and tv antennas, the "spires" on the Petronas towers are part of the actual building, therefore adding to the height. Radio antennas and such do not count for height. Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers: architecture of highͲ construction. Great Britain: WileyͲAcademy. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=22 METU / S536
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BS 536STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Fall 2009-2010
Case Study: Petronas Towersby
Bu ra Tetik
Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis GünelArch. H.Emre Ilg n (MSc.)
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM
METU Stu
Bu
Submitted to: Assoc.Pch H
BS536S: DESIGN CONSIDERATIO
2009-2010
ronas Tow
ik
PROGRAM
I. IntroductionII. Architectural DescriptionIII. Structural DescriptionIV. Special DescriptionV. References
Outline
P2:www.wikipedia.com
P1:Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture andPolyphony: Building in the Islamic WorldToday. Retrieved fromhttp://archnet.org/library/documents/one document.jsp?document_id=10229
Petronas TowersKuala Lumpur City Centre, Malaysia
Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu ra TetikSubmitted to: Günel, Ilg n – Fall 2009
METUUTodhttp:/
UdocuU BS536ilippa Architecture an
ilding in the Islamic Worldd from
g/library/documBcument_idB
Petronas TowersClientKuala Lumpur City CentreHoldings Sendirian BerhadArchitectCesar Pelli & Associates, USEngineersThornton Tomasetti Engineers, US, andRanhill BersekutuContractorsTower 1 – Mayjus Joint Venture:MMC Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd, MalaysiaTower 2 – SKJ Joint Venture:Samsung Engineering & Construction Co Ltd, S.Korea(Ref. b)
The Petronas Towers were designed to be the centrepieceof a larger complex called the Kuala Lumpur City Centre(KLCC), a mixed use development with a site area of 14.15acres, which includes the towers, two other office towers,underground parking and service facilities. The project siteis well located in the heart of the commercial district of thecity, the ‘Golden Triangle’. (Ref. c)
P3: Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers[On site review report]. Retrieved fromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403
Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu ra TetikSubmitted to: Günel, Ilg n – Fall 2009
on o. Lt aysiaure:
ng & Construc o Ltd, S.Kor
tron Towers w edger complex the
(KLC mixed se develoacres, whic includesunderground ark
well catethe
6IntroductionUse: OfficeStatus: CompletedGlobal ranking: Petronas Twin Towers werethe world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004.Preceded by Willis Tower Surpassed by Taipei 101Material: CompositeHeight: 1,483 ft (452 meters)Official Opening: August 28, 1999Construction April 1993–August 1999Site area, KLCC 40.5 hectaresSite area, Petronas and retail 5.8 hectaresBuilt area 218,000m2 each tower 994,000m2Cost US$ 800,000,000(Ref. b)
P4: Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report].Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403METU 5.8 he
Tch tower 994,0
000
BS536
Architectural Description
This project has received an Aga Khan Award because itrepresents a new direction in skyscraper design,featuring advanced technology while symbolizing localand national aspirations. The project embodies severalinnovations, ranging from the use of unusually highstrength concrete to facilitate a soft tube structuralsystem, to an inventive vertical transportation conceptand the integration of cutting edge energy conservationsystems. The success of this project lies in the manner inwhich it incorporates these technological innovationswhile generating a slender form that responds poeticallyto the broader landscape. The simple geometricalpattern that generates the plan not only uses spaceefficiently to maximize exposure to natural light, but alsocreates a rich spatial expression. The building hasbecome an icon that expresses the sophistication ofcontemporary Malaysian society and builds on thecountry’s rich traditions to shape a world city. (Ref. b)
P5: Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers:architecture of high construction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.METU tion
conoject lie e ma
technologica vationder form respo poe
ndscape. The sim eometricagenera no
tly maximize ex to na ric spatial ss
b an ico tha xpresscontemporary Malaysiancountry’s rich trad
P
Bt
36Architectural DescriptionPelli's design answered the developer's call to express the'culture and heritage of Malaysia' by evoking Islamicarabesques and employing repetitive geometriescharacteristic of Muslim architecture. In plan, an 8 point starformed by intersecting squares is an obvious reference toIslamic design; curved and pointed bays create a scallopedfacade that suggests temple towers. The identical towers arelinked by a bridge at the 41st floor, creating a dramaticgateway to the city. (Ref. e)
www.archnet.org/library
(Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).Petronas twin towers: architecture of high construction.Great Britain: Wiley Academy.)
Conceptual Plan diagramsMETU BS5• The structure is high strength concrete, a materialfamiliar to Asian contractors and twice as effective assteel in sway reduction. Supported by approximately23x23m concrete cores and an outer ring of widelyspaced super columns, the towers showcase asophisticated structural system that accommodates itsslender profile and provides from 1300 to 2050 squaremeters of column free office space per floor. (Ref. c)
• Other features include a curtain wall of glass andstainless steel sun shades to diffuse the intenseequatorial light; a double decker elevator system witha sky lobby transfer point on the 41st floor toaccommodate the thousands of people who use thecomplex daily. (Ref. d)
Architectural DescriptionThe identical towers are linked by a bridge at the41st floor, creating a dramatic gateway to the city.
Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report].Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403
Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report].Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403
METU systo
eop use Bh
36idg t tc gateway to the city.
Architectural Description
Architectural Plan(typical)Level 43
Typical Floor Plans
Architectural Plan(typical)Level 76(Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).
Petronas twin towers: architecture of highconstruction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy. )MArcchitectural an
(typical)eve
536
Architectural Description
Tower One: Petronas Headquarters’ o ces.Tower Two: Mostly private tenants, KLCC Holdings’offices, some vacant areas for rent.Total gross oor area: 218,000 square metres in eachtower, eighty eight storeys.Total net oor area: 119,300 square metres in eachtower, height: 452 metres.Typical oor to floor height: 4.0 metres.Finished ceiling height: 2.65 metres.Raised oor: 125 millimetres, levels eight–seventy two.Sky bridge: centre line span, 58.44 metres; width, 5.29metres: height, 9.45 metres; 170 metres above streetlevel.Height of pinnacles: 73.5 75 metres.
(Ref. c)
Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture and Polyphony:Building in the Islamic World Today. Retrieved from
http://archnet.org/library/documents/one document.jsp?document_id=10229
es.es, levels eight–seventy
span, 5 etre th,45 met 170 metres above s
nna 73.5 etre
R
BS536 The structure of the building consists of a dualsystem consisting of reinforced concrete corewall system, and exterior reinforced concretecolumns. The floor framing system consists ofcomposite steel framing system. A compositemetal deck frames between the steel beams,and acts compositely with them. Reinforcedconcrete was selected as the primary structuralmaterial for the lateral resisting system as usedextensively in the tower because of itsavailability and availability of skilled labor inMalaysia in particular and South east Asia ingeneral. (Ref. i)
The structural frame for each of the main towersconsists of sixteen cylindrical high strengthconcrete perimeter columns connected by ahaunched ring beam at each level. Thishaunching allows for the passage of mechanicalsystems at the center span of the beam. Thisframe is tied back to the structural elevator coreat the thirty eighth and fortieth floors byconcrete outrigger beams. (Ref. a)
Structural Description
Structural PlanLevel 38 (mechanical floor)Drawn by Bu ra TetikMETU BS536of ual
rced concrete corereinforce conc
r framing stem consists offraming sy om
eck frames between he steelacts mpositely threte was selected as the
material f ateextensively n the tavailability and
alaysigene
• The core is constructed with added strength at thecorners to help resist the moment created by lateral windforces. Two essentially solid sheer walls cross within thecore to further increase its stiffness. The grade ofconcrete is consistent between the perimeter columnsand structural core and ranges from 80 MPa at the baseto 40 MPa at the top. (Ref. a)
• Various approaches were explored in developing theoverall structural system of the Petronas towers. Thescheme being implemented consists of cast in placeperimeter frame with sixteen columns and cast in placeconcrete core. (Ref. f)
• Outrigger beams at mid height of the structure providesadditional stiffness to the structure. The concrete usedvaries in three steps from grade 80 at the lower floors tograde 40 at the upper floors. Grade 80 is specified up tolevel 22 for the 2.4m diameter reinforced concretecolumns. The floor system consists of cast in placeconcrete slab on ribbed metal deck to act compositelywith filled concrete, supported on steel beams. (Ref. f)
Structural Description
Core
ColumnsBeams
Facade
Structural Axonometric Showing Typical LevelDrawn by Bu ra TetikMETU Faca
BS536t thelateral win
alls cro within thes. T gra of
ween e perimeter columnsrang M t th b
top. (Ref. a)
proaches were explored inoverall structural system of Petscheme be mplementedperimeter frame with sixtconcr re.
rigge
Structural Description
Core
Columns
Beams
Facade
Outriggers
Structural AxonometricShowing Level 38Drawn by Bu ra Tetik
Outriggers
Columns
Core
Beams
SupportBeamsSlab
Concrete grades for the ring beams follow thegrades in the columns to avoid confusion in thefield and possible waste in the concrete pumplines. Each Tower has one central core for all lifts,tower exit stairs and mechanical services. Coredesign resulted in two virtually solid walls runningnorth south and one running east west makingthe core quite stiff and efficient. Concrete gradevaries in three steps from 80 Mpa to 40 Mpa.(Ref. f)
METU lumBS536ow
confusion in thee concret pum
one centra core for all lifts,d mechani s. C
lted in o virtually solid wallsuth o un asquite stiff and efficient.
varies i hree frof)
Structural Description
What is Outrigger System?
According to Taranath:
The core outrigger system also known as the belt trusssystem which the axial stiffness of the perimetercolumns is invoked for increasing the resistance tooverturning moments.
This efficient structural form consists of a core,comprising either braced frames of shear walls, withhorizontal cantilever outrigger trusses or girdersconnecting the core to the outer columns. The coremay be centrally located with outriggers extending onboth sides or it may be located on one side of thebuilding with outriggers extending to the buildingcolumns on one side.
Section of TowersDrawn by Bu ra Tetikn the light of ref:d
Section shows vertical circulation shafts by colored verticalbars and also shows hvac floors. Outriggers located on midhvac floor between level 38 40. That location approximatelyequals to 0,455H as appropirate to Taranath.METU
corwalls
sse deersouter olum co
d with outriggers dinay be located o side off the
outrig dingo one .
ection showsb andhva
6Structural Description
Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report].Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403
StructuralPlan Diagram Structural Section Diagram
Section area is getting thiner while the buildingis rising. It is about aerodynamic concerns.
MBS5
gram Climatic Performance
The Petronas Towers respond remarkably well to the tropicalclimate of Kuala Lumpur using several techniques. The glasscurtain walls have stainless steel sunshades to diffuse theintense equatorial light. These ‘tropical walls, minimize theheat and glare entering the building but at the same time theyreflect the play of light and shadow, expressing the tropicalenvironment.
The use of tinted laminated glass also helps to reduce heatgain from the sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) transmission.However, it was noticed that in some offices natural light is notsufficient to light the spaces and occupants have to useartificial lighting.
The use of exhaust air to pre cool and dehumidify fresh, warmair, has proved to be highly cost effective as it reduces theamount of energy required to air condition the building by 50per cent.
Special Description
Photographs of Petronas Towershttp://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1283
METU to rviolet ( nsm
t in some off turapaces and pant e to
of xhau ir to p andprove to be h o
am of energy required toper ce
BSme theytropic
at
536 Special Description
Although Sears tower looks like higherthan Petronas, officially Petronas towersare higher. On top of the sears tower areradio and tv antennas, the "spires" onthe Petronas towers are part of theactual building, therefore adding to theheight. Radio antennas and such do notcount for height.
Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).Petronas twin towers: architecture of highconstruction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=22METU
/
S536
(a) Pollalis, Spiro. (2002). International cooperation and information transfer in therealization of the world’s tallest buildings. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdi.gsd.harvard.edu/
(b) Baker, Philippa (ed.). Architecture and Polyphony: Building in the Islamic WorldToday. The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, The Ninth Award Cycle. London:Thames and Hudson; Geneva: The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 2004.Retrieved from http://archnet.org/library/documents/onedocument.jsp?document_id=10229
(c) Abada, Galal. (2004). Petronas office towers [On site review report]. Retrievedfrom http://archnet.org/library/files/one file.jsp?file_id=1403
(d) Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001). Petronas twin towers: architecture ofhigh construction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.
References
Ref: Pelli, Cesar, & Crosbie, Michael. (2001).Petronas twin towers: architecture of highconstruction. Great Britain: Wiley Academy.
(e) Willis, Carol. (2004). The Petronas towers. Retrieved fromhttp://www.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_petronas.htm
(f) Naidu, Kribanandan Gurusamy. (1995). The Petronas tower: the world's tallestbuilding. CPAC SEMINAR 95
(g) Pelli, Cesar. http://www.pcparch.com/#/projects/headquarters/petronastowers/description/
(h)Taranath, Bungale S. (2005). Structural analysis and design. Newyork: dekker.(i) Kim, Jae Ho, & Lee, Seung Hoon. (2004). Application of high performance
concrete in petronas twin tower, klcc. CTBUH Seoul, Korea, 10. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/TechnicalPapers/tabid/71/language/enUS/Default.aspx
(j) www.citationmachine.net(k) wikipedia.comMETU tro
emy
as tow triev/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_pet
Gurusamy ). Th onaMINAR
r. http://www.pcparch.cs/description/nath, ungale S )
( Jae Ho & Lee eung Hconcrete n pet nas twihttp://www.ctbuh.oUS/Default.aspwww.cit
BS52004.
review epoid=1
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