PETER GREVEN Your partner for ester lubricants · Polyol ester Alcohol Fatty acid Trimethylolpropane C8/C10 Fatty acid Neopentyglycol Lauric acid Pentaerythritol Palm kernel fatty

PETER GREVEN Your partner for ester lubricants

Among others we are testing the following parameters:· Ageing behaviour with TOST test

(Turbine Oxidation Stability Test) according to ISO 4263-3· Demulsifying properties according to ISO 6614· Foaming characteristics according to ISO 6247

Furthermore biodegradability according to OECD 301 and content of renewable raw materials by radiocarbon method (following ASTM D6866) are determined by external laboratories.

Sustainability and the demand for renewable raw materials are becoming more and more important in many areas. Peter Greven GmbH & Co. KG as middle-sized family owned company has always produced additives based on renewable raw materials and can look back to a long experience with these raw materials and associated production technologies. This is the basis for the continuous develop-ment of new products and customized solutions for various applica-tions. The lubricant industry will be one of our core areas in the future.

Our new state-of-the-art laboratory is equipped – in addition to our standard apparatus – with special laboratory equipment dedicated to the determination of extensive data for the lubricant industry.

PETER GREVEN Your partner for ester lubricants

BIOLUBRICANTS

Lubricants that are biodegradable and predominantly based on renewable raw materials are often identified as biolubricants.

The biodegradability is mainly determined according to OECD 301 (B, C, D, or F) and must be at least 60%.

The content of renewable raw materials in biolubricants is deter-mined by the radiocarbon method at Peter Greven. This method makes it possible to distinguish between carbon atoms from renew-able raw materials and fossil raw materials (e.g. mineral oil) and to determine the content of renewable raw materials in relation to the total content of carbon atoms in lubricants.

Beside the biodegradability and the content of renewable raw materials the classification as harmful to the environment accor ding to regulation (EG) 1272/2008 is also an essential criterion for bio-lubricants.

Our products comply with all above mentioned requirements and therefore provide excellent properties for the application in biolubricants.

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OVERVIEW ester product line

The following overview shows the most important ester types used in the lubricants industry:

Mono esters

Alcohol Fatty acid

Iso-tridecanol C8/C10 Fatty acid

2-ethylhexanol Lauric acid

N-butanol Palm kernel fatty acid

Iso-butanol Tallow fatty acid

Stearic acid

Oleic acid

Iso stearic acid

Raw

mat

eria

lsLI

GAL

UB

pro

duct

s

Polyol ester

Alcohol Fatty acid

Trimethylolpropane C8/C10 Fatty acid

Neopentyglycol Lauric acid

Pentaerythritol Palm kernel fatty acid

Tallow fatty acid

Stearic acid

Oleic acid

Iso stearic acid

Glycerol esters

Alcohol Fatty acid

Glycerol C8/C10 Fatty acid

Lauric acid

Palm kernel fatty acid

Tallow fatty acid

Stearic acid

Oleic acid

Iso stearic acid

= renewable

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Blue highlighted products = products and raw materials used by Peter Greven

LIGALUB 45 ITD

LIGALUB 90 EH

LIGALUB 91 EH

LIGALUB 92 EH

LIGALUB 18 TMP

LIGALUB 19 TMP

LIGALUB 20 TMP

LIGALUB 58 NPG

LIGALUB 52 PE

LIGALUB 53 PE

LIGALUB 56 PE

LIGALUB 8 GE

LIGALUB 10 GE

LIGALUB 12 GE

LIGALUB 13 GE

Polyol ester

Alcohol Fatty acid

Trimethylolpropane C8/C10 Fatty acid

Neopentyglycol Lauric acid

Pentaerythritol Palm kernel fatty acid

Tallow fatty acid

Stearic acid

Oleic acid

Iso stearic acid

Complex esters

Alcohol Fatty acid

Trimethylolpropane C8/C10 Fatty acid

Pentaerythritol Oleic acid

Dicarboxylic acid

Adipic acid

Sebacic acid

Dimer fatty acid

Dicarboxylic acid esters

Alcohol Dicarboxylic acid

Iso-decanol Adipic acid

Iso-tridecanol Sebacic acid

2-ethylhexanol Azelaic acid

Products are predominantly based on petrochemical raw materials, therefore the

biodegradability is limited.

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LIGALUB 18 TMP

LIGALUB 19 TMP

LIGALUB 20 TMP

LIGALUB 58 NPG

LIGALUB 52 PE

LIGALUB 53 PE

LIGALUB 56 PE

LIGALUB L 102

LIGALUB L 103

LIGALUB L 105

LIGALUB L 109

LIGALUB L 110

PRODUCT PORTFOLIO by application

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Product overview esters

Product Hydraulic oils Metal working Greases Chain oils Gear oils Lubricant fluids additives

LIGALUB 45 ITD

LIGALUB 8 GE

LIGALUB 10 GE

LIGALUB 12 GE

LIGALUB 13 GE

LIGALUB 18 TMP

LIGALUB 18 TMP A

LIGALUB 18 TMP LA

LIGALUB 19 TMP

LIGALUB 20 TMP

LIGALUB 52 PE

LIGALUB 53 PE

LIGALUB 56 PE

LIGALUB 58 NPG

LIGALUB L 102

LIGALUB L 103

LIGALUB L 105

LIGALUB L 109

LIGALUB L 110

Product overview metallic soaps and fatty acids

Product Hydraulic oils Metal working Greases Chain oils Gear oils Lubricant fluids additives

LIGASTAR AL D2

LIGASTAR CA 850

LIGASTAR CA 12 OXY

LIGASTAR LI 600

LIGASTAR LI 12 OXY

LIGACID OW

LIGACID SG 3

LIGACID SG 10-12

LIGALUB FSO

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LUBRICATING GREASES

Biolubricants play also an important role in the lubricating greases industry, as greases are among others used in total loss lubrication. These total loss lubricants are released into the environment either during permanent lubrication or by relubrication.

Lubricating greases consist of base oil (65-95%), grease thickeners (5-35%) and additives. For the production of biogreases, synthetic esters based on oleochemicals are particularly suitable as base oils as they are renewable and biodegradable. Furthermore they show a good viscosity-temperature behaviour and offer low pour points.

Metallic soaps are often used as thickeners as they are also bio-degradable and predominantly based on renewable raw materials. Therefore they are complementary to the synthetic esters for the production of biogreases.

Metallic soaps can either be produced insitu during grease produc-tion or dissolved and diluted as a finished product in the base oil.

The use of finished metallic soaps is offering the advantage of preventing possible side reactions with synthetic esters in the critical reaction phase during grease production.

LUBRICATING OILS

Synthetic esters as base oils and additives

In the lubricant industry the demand for sustainable base oils and additives is continually increasing. In addition the lubricants have to be environmentally friendly. Sustainability as well as environmental safety can be realized by using natural esters or synthetic esters based on oleochemicals.

Beside the above mentioned properties biolubricants can be superior to mineral oil based lubricants in other properties: they often show better lubricating, friction and wear characteristics. Due to their low pour points the cold behaviour is likewise superior, so that these biolubricants can be used in applications with low working tem-peratures.

Another unique advantage is the good viscosity-temperature behavi-our of the synthetic lubricants. While for mineral oil based lubricants so-called viscosity index (VI) improvers have to be used to achieve a high viscosity index and thus a constant viscosity during temperature changes, no VI improvers are needed when synthetic esters are used.

Quality parameters of synthetic esters

The performance of synthetic esters depends on the product quality. The qualities can differ e.g. in purity, specification and especially in the quality of the fatty acid. These differences are elaborated with different grades of TMP trioleates in the graphs (figure 1-4) on the next page. It becomes apparent that product LIGALUB 18 TMP A HO, which is based on a high-oleic acid, partly shows superior test results. This appears in the heat and oxidation stability as well as in the demulsifying behaviour. Finally these are properties which assure better performance and long durability and therefore offer essential and measurable economic advantages.

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Fatty acids, metallic soaps and alkaline soaps

Beside our broad portfolio of base oils we also offer high-quality metallic and alkaline soaps and fatty acids.

Due to their polar character fatty acids have an excellent adhesive force on metallic surfaces and build under suitable conditions of pressure, temperature and concentration metallic soap layers with the basic material. These carry the lubrication in the boundary area, i.e. where the basic oil alone is no longer and high-pressure additives have not yet become effective.

Alkaline soaps also have a high affinity to metals and due to their surface coverage and natural alkalinity they protect from corrosion and support the lubrication. Metallic soaps on aluminium basis influence the structure of base oils.

2,5

25

-50

2

20

1

10

0,5

5

0

0

-60

Col

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Volu

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cond

uctiv

ity

time

tem

pera

ture

°C

Standard grade

Standard grade

Standard grade

4,4

0,6

47

-36

18 TMP A

18 TMP A

18 TMP A

colour after 3 h 180° C

start colour

Emulsion

Pour Point °C18 TMP A+

18 TMP A+

18 TMP A+

18 TMP A HO

18 TMP A HO

18 TMP A HO

Fig. 1: Heat stability

Fig. 4: Demulsifying behaviourFig. 3: Oxidation

Fig. 2: Pour Point

3

30

-40

3,5

35

-30

4

40

-20

4,5

45

-10

5

50

0

1,5

15

1,1

0,3

13

-45

0,9

0,3

20

-45

0,30,2

-51

Standard grade18 TMP A18 TMP A HO

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Product Description Ash % Metal content % Humidity % Free fatty acid % Melting point (°C)

LIGASTAR AL D2 Aluminium salt of a 10,0 – 11,0 4,7 – 5,8 < 2 3,0 – 5,0 ~ 165 technical stearic acid

LIGASTAR CA 850 Calcium salt of a 9,5 – 10,5 6,8 – 7,5 < 3 < 1 150 – 160 technical stearic acid

LIGASTAR CA 12 Calcium salt of a 8,5 – 9,9 6,1 – 7,1 < 3 < 1 135 – 147OXY hydroxy stearic acid

LIGASTAR LI 600 Lithium salt of a 4,7 – 5,4 2,2 – 2,5 < 0,5 < 2 190 – 210 technical stearic acid

LIGASTAR LI 12 Lithium salt of a 4,5 – 5,4 2,1 – 2,5 < 0,5 0,5 > 200OXY hydroxy stearic acid

METALLIC SOAPS with typical values

PRODUCT OVERVIEW with typical values

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Product Description Viscosity 40° C (mm2/s) Viscosity 100° C (mm2/s) VI AV (mg KOH/g) SV (mg KOH/g) IV (gl2/100g) OHV (mg KOH/g) CP (°C) PP (°C) Flash point (°C)

LIGALUB 45 ITD Mono ester ~ 16 ~ 4 > 150 < 0,5 110 – 135 < 2 < 10 < 10 < 8 –

LIGALUB 8 GE Glycerol ester 13 – 16 ~ 3,5 ~ 150 < 0,1 335 – 350 < 0,5 < 5 < -5 < -10 > 230

LIGALUB 10 GE Glycerol ester 85 – 105 ~ 11 ~ 100 < 1 165 – 177 < 90 245 – 265 < 15 < 10 > 200

LIGALUB 12 GE Glycerol ester 40 – 50 ~ 8 ~ 170 < 1 178 – 182 100 – 130 75 – 90 < 5 < 0 > 250

LIGALUB 13 GE Glycerol ester 33 – 40 ~ 8 ~ 220 < 0,2 185 – 195 110 – 130 < 5 < 0 – > 300

LIGALUB 18 TMP Polyol ester 40 – 50 ~ 9 > 180 < 1,5 178 – 187 < 90 < 20 < -15 < -30 > 300

LIGALUB 18 TMP A Polyol ester 42 – 50 ~ 10 > 180 < 1 178 – 187 < 90 < 14 < -20 < -40 > 300

LIGALUB 18 TMP LA Polyol ester 42 – 50 ~ 10 > 180 < 0,2 178 – 187 < 90 < 5 < -20 < -40 > 300

LIGALUB 19 TMP Polyol ester 17 – 21 ~ 4,5 > 140 < 0,3 300 – 320 < 1 < 5 < -15 < -40 > 240

LIGALUB 20 TMP Polyol ester 38 – 45 ~ 8 ~175 < 1 220 – 250 < 20 < 15 – < -5 > 300

LIGALUB 52 PE Polyol ester 60 – 70 ~ 12 ~190 < 1 188 – 195 82 – 93 < 10 < -10 < -20 > 300

LIGALUB 53 PE Polyol ester 27,5 – 35 – – < 0,3 – < 1 < 5 – – –

LIGALUB 56 PE Polyol ester 90 – 110 ~ 13 ~130 < 2 170 – 180 80 – 90 115 – 140 < 0 < -20 > 270

LIGALUB 58 NPG Polyol ester 23 – 28,5 ~ 6 ~170 < 1 176 – 186 < 90 < 14 – < -20 > 270

LIGALUB L 102 Saturated complex ester 42 – 50 – – < 0,5 ~330 < 1 < 10 < - 20 < - 20 –

LIGALUB L 103 Unsaturated complex ester 300 – 350 ~ 46 ~ 190 < 1 260 – 275 < 80 < 15 < -20 < -20 > 300

LIGALUB L 105 Saturated complex ester 100 – 120 ~ 15 ~ 150 < 0,5 360 – 380 < 1 < 10 < -20 < -40 > 250

LIGALUB L 109 Unsaturated complex ester 200 – 240 ~ 34 ~ 190 < 1 235 – 250 < 80 < 15 < -20 < -10 > 300

LIGALUB L 110 Unsaturated complex ester 62 – 74 ~ 13 ~ 190 < 1,5 195 – 205 < 90 < 15 < -15 < -30 > 300

Esters with typical values

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Product Description Viscosity 40° C (mm2/s) Viscosity 100° C (mm2/s) VI AV (mg KOH/g) SV (mg KOH/g) IV (gl2/100g) OHV (mg KOH/g) CP (°C) PP (°C) Flash point (°C)

LIGALUB 45 ITD Mono ester ~ 16 ~ 4 > 150 < 0,5 110 – 135 < 2 < 10 < 10 < 8 –

LIGALUB 8 GE Glycerol ester 13 – 16 ~ 3,5 ~ 150 < 0,1 335 – 350 < 0,5 < 5 < -5 < -10 > 230

LIGALUB 10 GE Glycerol ester 85 – 105 ~ 11 ~ 100 < 1 165 – 177 < 90 245 – 265 < 15 < 10 > 200

LIGALUB 12 GE Glycerol ester 40 – 50 ~ 8 ~ 170 < 1 178 – 182 100 – 130 75 – 90 < 5 < 0 > 250

LIGALUB 13 GE Glycerol ester 33 – 40 ~ 8 ~ 220 < 0,2 185 – 195 110 – 130 < 5 < 0 – > 300

LIGALUB 18 TMP Polyol ester 40 – 50 ~ 9 > 180 < 1,5 178 – 187 < 90 < 20 < -15 < -30 > 300

LIGALUB 18 TMP A Polyol ester 42 – 50 ~ 10 > 180 < 1 178 – 187 < 90 < 14 < -20 < -40 > 300

LIGALUB 18 TMP LA Polyol ester 42 – 50 ~ 10 > 180 < 0,2 178 – 187 < 90 < 5 < -20 < -40 > 300

LIGALUB 19 TMP Polyol ester 17 – 21 ~ 4,5 > 140 < 0,3 300 – 320 < 1 < 5 < -15 < -40 > 240

LIGALUB 20 TMP Polyol ester 38 – 45 ~ 8 ~175 < 1 220 – 250 < 20 < 15 – < -5 > 300

LIGALUB 52 PE Polyol ester 60 – 70 ~ 12 ~190 < 1 188 – 195 82 – 93 < 10 < -10 < -20 > 300

LIGALUB 53 PE Polyol ester 27,5 – 35 – – < 0,3 – < 1 < 5 – – –

LIGALUB 56 PE Polyol ester 90 – 110 ~ 13 ~130 < 2 170 – 180 80 – 90 115 – 140 < 0 < -20 > 270

LIGALUB 58 NPG Polyol ester 23 – 28,5 ~ 6 ~170 < 1 176 – 186 < 90 < 14 – < -20 > 270

LIGALUB L 102 Saturated complex ester 42 – 50 – – < 0,5 ~330 < 1 < 10 < - 20 < - 20 –

LIGALUB L 103 Unsaturated complex ester 300 – 350 ~ 46 ~ 190 < 1 260 – 275 < 80 < 15 < -20 < -20 > 300

LIGALUB L 105 Saturated complex ester 100 – 120 ~ 15 ~ 150 < 0,5 360 – 380 < 1 < 10 < -20 < -40 > 250

LIGALUB L 109 Unsaturated complex ester 200 – 240 ~ 34 ~ 190 < 1 235 – 250 < 80 < 15 < -20 < -10 > 300

LIGALUB L 110 Unsaturated complex ester 62 – 74 ~ 13 ~ 190 < 1,5 195 – 205 < 90 < 15 < -15 < -30 > 300

Product Description AV (mg KOH/g) SV (mg KOH/g) IV (gl2/100g) CP (°C) Melting point (°C)

LIGACID OW liquid, unsaturated 199 – 205 200 – 206 90 – 100 < 10 – monocarboxylic acid

LIGACID SG 3 solid, saturated 195 – 205 189 – 208 < 3 – 55 – 65 monocarboxylic acid

LIGACID SG 10-12 solid, saturated 195 – 207 202 – 210 10 – 12 – 47 – 57 monocarboxylic acid

LIGALUB FSO solid, saturated 172 – 185 180 – 192 < 4 – 72 – 78 monocarboxylic acid

FATTY ACIDS with typical values

Peter Greven GmbH & Co. KG

Peter-Greven-Straße 20–30 · 53902 Bad Muenstereifel, Germany

Phone +49 2253 313 -0 · Fax +49 2253 313 -134

eMail [email protected] . www.peter-greven.com