Pestigation-H S Gadad

Seminar -IIPestigation in Agriculture

H S GADADID. NO 5492

Outline

o Introductiono History of pestigationo Factors to be considered before pestigationo Selected insecticides for Pestigationo Calibration procedureso Method of application of pestigationo Advantages and dis advantages o conclusion

Introduction

History of pestigation

1958 – 1st application of fertilizer-Brayan and Thomas

1963-Herbicides applied through irrigation system – P.E. Heikes

1969-M. Harrison – application of fungicides – potato diseases – early blight

1976 – Hantsbarger and Pilcher – insecticide mixed with irrigation water – limited accuracy

1st trial – field corn

Factors to be considered before pestigation

• Pesticides

• Site situation

• Soil & Land characters

• Types of irrigation systems

• Weather

Decide pesticide - protect crop from potential problem

Read label – chemigation

Water solubility

Persistency

Pesticides

CommonName

ProductName

Rate(Formulation)

Permethrin Ambush 2EC 6.4-12.8 oz/acre

Pounce 1.5 G 6.7-13.3 lbs/acre

Pounce 25WP 6.4 - 12.8 oz/acre

Esfenvalerate Asana XL 7.8-9.6 oz/acre

Cyfluthrin Baythroid 2 EC 1.6-2.8 oz/acre

Bifenthrin Capture 1.15G 3.5-8.7 lb product/acre 

Capture 2EC 2.1-6.4 oz/acre

Lambda-Cyhalothrin

Warrior 1 EC 2.56-3.84 oz/acre

Selected pesticides for Pestigation

Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 15G 6-8 / acre

Lorsban 4EC 1-2 pts/acre

Zeta-cypermethrin Mustang Max 2.72-4.0 oz/acre

Methyl parathion Penncap-M 2 pts/acre3-4 pts/acre

Gamma- cyhalothrin Proaxis 2.56-3.84 oz/acre

Carbofuran Furadan 4F 1.5-2 pts/acre

Contd,

(Robert Wright, 2006)

New generation Insecticide recommended for Pestigation

Insecticide Trade Name Rate/Acre Effect to crops Insects

Acetamiprid Assail 30SG 1.5 - 4.0 oz

1.0 - 1.7 oz

Cotton , potato, tabacco, lawn, ornamental gardens

Suking pests, leaf feeding insects

Assail 70WP 1.0 - 1.7 oz

Flonicamid Decis 1.5EC 1.5 - 2.4 oz Vegtable and nursery gardens

Most of sucking pests, flea beetle

Imidacloprid Provado 1.6F 0.96 pts Vegtables crops, nursery gardens,Cotton , potato, tabacco,

potato

White grub, flea beetles, leaf hopper, whitefly

Calarado potato beetle

Admire 70WG 0.4 – 0.6 oz / 1000 ft row

Thiamothoxam Actara 25WG 3 oz Corn, sweet corn, potato, strawberry, vegetable gardens

ECB, SWCB, all sucking pests, defoliators

Spinosad Spin Tor 25 SC 2.8 pts Agricultural crops Sucking & defoliating insects

(Felsot, 2001)

Site situation

• Do not chemigate with pesticides if the irrigation system will cause offtarget spray or drift on adjacent homes or occupied buildings, surface water sources, wetlands, neighboring crops, or roadways.

Soil & Land charactersSingle field – different type of soils thus movement of water or pesticide differ – soils

Eg.,

Coarse texture soil high infiltration rates leaching more

Fine textured soil & clay soils low infiltration rates leaching less

Land characters

Field condition – uniform

Hilly areas – variation in elevation – uneven distribution

sloping areas water stagnation crop injury

Types of irrigation systems

Apply pesticide water mixture uniformly

Application rate should not exceeded intake rate of soil

Exceeded

Not provide

adequate distribution leaching water stagnation, runoff

ground water adjacent surface water

• An irrigation system should be able to apply water at various application depths. Most of the pesticides only work when applied with a very light application depth of water (.15 to .25 inches)

• If an irrigation system is three or more years old, evaluate the water distribution pattern with an infield catch can test before using for pestigation.

(Palumbo, 1995)

• Winds can cause irrigation water droplets to drift. Strong winds will also cause uneven application of water and chemicals

• Do not chemigate if winds are strong enough to cause drift onto non-target areas

Weather

Pestigation equipment

A chemical supply tank

• Constructed – corrosion resistant materials or plastic

• Agitation – tank mixes, dry flowables, wettable powders

A chemical injection pump

Piston pumps – used nitrogen fertilizers

Diaphragm pumps - pesticides

A calibration tube

• located in the chemical line between the chemical supply tank

• It is used to measure output of the injection unit during calibration

• graduated in units of volume (pints, ounces, milliliters, etc.)

Safety and antipollution devices

• Pestigation can potentially pollute the irrigation water source if not protected with the proper functioning safety devices.

1.The chemical in the supply tank and in the irrigation pipeline could flow or be siphoned back into the water source when the irrigation system shuts down

2.The chemigation system could continue to inject chemical into the irrigation pipe line when the irrigation system shuts down. This causes the chemical solution to flow back into the water source or spill onto ground

3. The chemigation system could shut down while the irrigation system continues to operate and force water back into the chemical supply tank. This would cause the tank to overflow and spill onto the ground

Chemical injection system anti-pollution devices

Device- Filter

Location – between pump & tank

Purpose – remove sediment – clog pump

Device - Check valve

Location – point of irrigation line

Purpose – prevent backword flow water

Device-closed solenoid valve

Location – between pesticide tank

and injection pump

Purpose - Prevent tank from emptying

unless injector is working

Irrigation Antipollution Devices

Device - Main line irrigation check valve Location - Between well and chemical injection point

Purpose -Prevent back flow of pesticide into water source

Device - Vacuum relief valve Location – Between check valve and well

Purpose – Prevent vacuum when pump shuts off; reduces chance of back flow

Device – Low pressure cutoff

Location – Main irrigation pipe line

Purpose - Shut off power to chemical injector

when water pressure is low

(Werner, 1990)

Pestigation equipment layout

Pestigation Calibration

• Is the measurement and adjustment of the chemical injection and the irrigation systems to insure that an accurate amount of chemical is being both injected and applied

• Calibration is NOT a cost of application. Costs ARE often incurred, when you do not calibrate because:

Applying too little or too much chemical is a waste of money; Applying too much chemical may cause

crop damage

contaminate ground or surface water;

safety hazard,

Calibration Procedures

Area in acre to be treated

Total amount of chemical required

Time required to treat the area

Chemical injection rate per hour

Calibration of the chemical injection pump

(Werner, 1993)

Calibration procedure for drip irrigation system

Determine the effective wetting zone

width of wet zone X No of emitters

Determine the total amount of chemical required to treat the area

Total A to be treated X rate*

*As directed on the product label

Calibration procedure – sprinkler irrigation

Determine the area to be treated in acres Area of the circle = pir2

Determine the total amount of chemical required to treat the area Total amount of chemical required = acre treated x application rate/acre

Time required to treat area in hours Revolution time = Circumferance (feet) / travel speed (ft/min)

Travel speed = distance traveled / elapsed time Circumferance = 2pir

Chemical injection rate Chemical injection rate in l/hr = total chemical needed / hrs per revolution

(Werner, 1993)

Method of application of pestigation

Drip irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation

Surface irrigation

Drip irrigation

• Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation or localized irrigation

• It is an irrigation method that saves water and pesticides by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters

• It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to the base of the plant

• Most effective and widely used pesticide delivery irrigation system among all other methods

o Systemic insecticides suited – drip chemigation

o Compatible with IPM practices

Types of Drip Irrigation

Surface drip irrigation

Sub surface drip irrigation

Placed on the soil Buried below soil surface

Components of drip irrigation

Pump

Head unit

Central distribution system

A pesticide tank

A filter

PVC main supply line

Sub mains

Plastic drippers or emitters

Effect of drip irrigation with pesticide for pest control

Systemic insecticides suited – drip chemigation

Compatible with IPM practices

Neonicotinoid class – Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam,

Acetamprid – suitable

Imidacloprid effective against aphids – throughout the season

(Felsot, 2001)

Case study - I

TreatmentRate

(kg ai/ha)

% of fruit damaged

15 DAT 30DAT

Untreated − 18.8 46.7

Chlorantraniliprole (2 applications)

0.049   0.0   8.3

Chlorantraniliprole (2 applications)

0.074   1.3   1.7

Chlorantraniliprole (1 application)

0.099   0.0   5.0

Efficacy of chlorantraniliprole applied through drip chemigation for the control of Helicoverpa larvae on tomatoes

The 0.049 and 0.074 kg ai/ha treatments were applied twice each and the 0.099 kg ai/ha was applied once. Fruit were evaluated for % damage on 15 DAT and 30 DAT

(Kuhar,2010)

Case study - II

Casestudy-IIIEfficacy of chlorantraniliprole applied through drip irrigation and Indoxacarb applied through foliar spray for the control of lepidopterous larvae on tomatoes

Treatment*Rate

(kg ai/ha)

% of fruit damaged

10 Aug 22 Aug

Untreated − 9.6 a 8.3 a

Chlorantraniliprole (x 5 injections)

0.049 1.2 b 1.2 a

Chlorantraniliprole (x 5 injections)

0.074 0.8 b 2.8 a

Indoxacarb (x 5 foliar sprays)

0.073 3.9 b 2.2 a

Sprinkler irrigation – Over head irrigation

Distributes water – form of rain like droplets

1st sprinkler irrigation known – 1946

gain popular – 1980 in india

hill areas- for plantation crops

Saves irrigation water - 25- 50% > surface irrigation

Components of sprinkler irrigation

Pumping unit

Main line

Submains

Laterals

Rotate type – wide lands

Sprinklers

Fixed type –small lawns & gardens

Super net sprinkler

Different types of sprinkler irrigation system

Center pivot irrigation

Self – propelled linear move

Solid set

Hand move lateral

Side roll lateral

Two – line lateral

Hose drag traveler

Effect of sprinkler irrigation with pesticide for pest management

Contact insecticides – suitable (Felsot, 2001)

Properly designed, calibrated , operated – uniform distribution of chemical water mixture

Emulsifiers than oil mixed insecticide – not effective – foliage feeding insects (Young et al, 1981)

Two application of fenvelarate (0. 17kg/ha) & Chlorpyriphos (0.84, 1.12kg/ha) - 98 & 75% southern corn borer, 92 & 97% European corn borer

(Michels et al, 1983)

Treatments Kg AI/ha Pre-treatment

2DAT 7DAT

No of larvae/plot

No of larvae/plot

% Reduction

No of larvae/plot

% Reduction

Cypermethrin .06 24.8 0.5 98.4 0.7 94.4

Esfenvalerate .06 24.8 0.5 98.4 0.8 93.6

Methomyl .028 26.3 3.5 89.5 2.3 82.7

Thiodicarb .067 30.0 3.5 90.8 0.3 98.0

chlorpyrifos .056 23.5 14.5 51.5 2.2 81.4

Untreated - 22.8 29.0 - 17.5 -

Effects of various insecticides applied via chemigation on velvetbean caterpillar populations infesting soybean

(Channdler and Sumner, 1993)

Treatments Dosage kg (AI)/ha

No. larvae per plant

Aerial Chemigated

Fenvelarate 0.17   0.8   0.7

Chlorpyrifos 1.12   1.2  0.2

untreated --   1.8   1.5

Comparison of two insecticides applied aerially and through sprinkler irrigation for control of European corn borer larvae

(Thomas et al., 1992)

Surface Irrigation water

Oldest method

Pesticide mixed with surface irrigation water

Limited potential

Non-uniform

Leveled land – slope < 2-3%

(Booher, 1974)

Advantages

• Provides uniform distribution of chemicals when the irrigation system’s nozzling package is properly selected and maintained

• Offers more flexibility in timing the chemical application, especially when the field is wet for a tractor or an aircraft is unavailable

• May increase pesticide activity and effectiveness for some compounds

• Reduce the labour cost

• Reduce mechanical damage to plants caused by ground sprayer wheels

• Reduce the risk of soil compaction caused by ground application methods.

(Threadgill, 1985)

Limitations and Risks

•Uniform chemical application depends on uniform water distribution from the irrigation system

•Application time is longer than most other chemical application methods

•Most pesticide compounds are not approved for application with irrigation water

• Potential risk exists while pestigation

• Farm managers/operators must know the calibration procedure

• Extra investment must be made for pestigation system and for safety equipments

• Unnecessary irrigation-Using an irrigation system to apply chemicals may apply moisture to the crop at a time when it is not required or when the soil is already too wet

Conclusion