PESTICIDE and INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ...PESTICIDE and INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES for NE MEICO COTTON GROERS TABLE OF CONTENTS Sections I. Introduction 5 II. Acknowledgements

PESTICIDE and INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES for NEW MEXICO COTTON GROWERS

College of Engineering

Institute for Energy & the Environment


Dr. Tracey CarrilloSenior Program ManagerAgricultural Experiment Station College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University

Dr. John Idowu Extension Agronomist Department of Extension Plant Sciences College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State University

Dr. Jamshid AshighExtension Weed Specialist and Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Extension Plant Sciences College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State University

Cary C.S. HamiltonProgram ManagerPesticide Registration, Endangered Species & Pesticide DisposalNew Mexico Department of Agriculture


With Support from:

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

Agricultural Experiment StationNew Mexico State University

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

Department of Extension Plant SciencesNew Mexico State University

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VISustainable Agricultural Initiative

New Mexico Department of AgriculturePesticide Compliance Section

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SectionsI. Introduction 5 II. Acknowledgements 6 III. Cotton Industry in New Mexico 7 IV. Introduction to Pesticide Use in New Mexico Cotton 11V. Herbicides and Weed Control 14 VI. Pesticide Management and Regulatory Requirements in Cotton Farms 18VII. Best Management Practices 19 •IntegratedPestManagement 19 •BiologicalPestControl 20VIII. EnergySavingOpportunitiesintheCottonIndustry 22

Charts Figure1 •CottonPriceIndex 10 Table1 •NewMexicoCottonPestsandPesticides 12Table2 •RegisteredHerbicidesforUseonCottoninNewMexico 16

Appendices1. LicensedPesticideDealersinNewMexico’sCotton-GrowingAreas 242. ReadingandUnderstandingPesticideLabels 263. ContactsforTechnicalAssistance 284. InternetResources 295. PesticideSafetyandWorkerProtectionStandard 306. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 31 •StrategicAgriculturalInitiative 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 33 •PesticideEnvironmentalStewardshipProgram


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For additional copies of this guide or for more information on the subject, please contact:

Christopher CampbellNMSU/[email protected]

Tracey CarrilloAgricultural Experiment Station [email protected]

The information in this guide

is provided as a convenience

and for informational

purposes only; it does not

constitute an endorsement

or an approval by New

Mexico State University or

the New Mexico Department

of Agriculture of any of

the products, services or

opinions of the businesses,

organizations or individuals

listed.

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The goal of the Pesticide and Integrated Pest Management Guidelines is to assist the cotton industry in New Mexico in the following ways:

• Provide background information on the cotton industry and its regulatory requirements.

• Promotebenefitsofreducedpesticideuseinthecottonindustry.

• Promote Best Management Practices (BMP) in pesticide application.

• Introduce concepts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Biological Pest control to cotton growers.

• Preserve high quality cotton crops while reducing the threat of pesticide contamination of water resources.

• Identify opportunities for energy savings in crop production, processing and storage.

The Guidelines are being made available to cotton growers in New Mexico with the assistance of the New Mexico Cotton Growers Association, NM Cotton Task Force, NMSU College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, the New Mexico Department of Agriculture and New Mexico State University’s Institute for Energy and the Environment.

The Guidelines serve as a reference manual for growers interested in reducing their pesticide use, seeking alternative products and information on IPM as well as energy reduction techniques. The Guidelines also serve as a tool in NMDA and NMSU training sessions for cotton growers in the state.

I. INTRODUCTION

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NMSU’s Institute for Energy and the Environment wishes to thank the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, the New Mexico Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Compliance Section, and the New Mexico Cotton Task Force forcollaborationonthisfieldguide,andforpromotingbestpracticesinthecottonindustry.

We extend special thanks to New Mexico Cotton Task Force members Tracey Carrillo, Ed Hughs, John Idowu, Jamshid Ashigh, and Dosi Alvarez. They have devoted many hours to the development and dissemination of this publication.

NoneofthisworkwouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthefinancialsupportoftheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,RegionVI, in Dallas, TX. We thank Eugene Thilsted, EPA Pesticide Section/Strategic Agricultural Initiative (SAI), for his continued assistance in promoting best agricultural practices and pollution prevention in New Mexico.

II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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III. COTTON INDUSTRY IN NEW MEXICO

History:

Cotton as a cultural crop has occupied strategic positions in the agricultural history of the United States. Cotton was firstintroducedinAmericaintheearly1600s;however,earlysettlerswereunabletoproducefiberinsignificantquantitiesduetoagronomicandmachinerestrictions.Asignificantsetback was the lack of technology to separate seed from fibermaterialsusedformakingfabric.Cottonproductionandprocessing changed in the United States with the building ofthefirstAmericancottonmillbySamuelSlaterin1790andthedevelopmentofthefirstcottonginbyEliWhitneyin1793.Theinventionofthecottonginrevolutionizedthespeed of processing cotton, allowing much larger volumes of cotton to be processed because of lint separation from

seeds. Also, cotton farmers transitioned from growing long-staple “sea island” cotton to short-staple “upland” varieties inthe19thCentury.

Further revolution came into the cotton industry in the United Stateswiththedevelopmentofthefirstcottonpickerwhichenabled a mechanical harvesting of cotton, thus reducing the labor demands for harvest.

By the early nineteenth century, cotton production had becomesoprofitablethatitwascalled“whitegold.”Thecotton mercantile industry boomed in the southern States, which exported cotton to the British Empire and beyond. In 1900,thecottonproductionintheUnitedStatesstoodatover 10 million bales.

Dr. John Idowu Extension Agronomist, Department of Extension Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State University

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In the early twentieth century, cotton production expanded into the western United States including California, Arizona and New Mexico. The environmental requirements for cotton growth and yield were very favorable in these western States. The Desert Southwest provides an excellent environment for high quality cotton production. Local conditions and climatic variables that have made New Mexico an ideal cotton producer include:• Fertile desert valleys• Abundance of hot, dry days and cool nights• Altitude of about 4000 ft.• Access to irrigation water

Accordingtohistoricalrecords,cottonwasfirstgrownin1891attheNewMexicoAgriculturalExperimentStation.Commercial production started in the Pecos Valley around 1910andinMesillaValleyin1919withcottonbecomingamajorcropby1922.Theinitialabsenceofbollweevilin the Mesilla Valley added to excellent cotton production conditions. Several breeding efforts at New Mexico State University have led to several new varieties being released for commercialproductionincludingAcala1517-08,1517-09R,1517A and others. New Mexico is well-suited to specialty cottons such as American Pima and Acala 1517 as well as

a wide selection of Upland cotton varieties with outstanding fiberqualities.

Historically, cotton production in the United States has faced many challenges. One of the major challenges has been the over-production of cotton which dates back to late nineteenth century, and this has led to unsteady trends in cotton prices. In addition, a destructive insect, called the cotton boll weevil,hashadsignificantimpactacrosstheCottonBeltofthe United States. For example, the boll weevil became a nuisancepestinsouthernNewMexicointhe1990s,leadingto the initiation of the boll weevil eradication program, utilizingbiologicalandchemicalmethodsin1998.

Over the years, several new varieties of cotton have been released to mitigate pest and disease pressures and to improve lint yields. In the spring of 2002, a referendum was passed by the governments of the United States and Mexico, in partnership with the cotton industry, to eradicate pink bollworm using noninvasive pheromones and sterile males. These eradication programs have proven very successful and the insect pest pressure in southern New Mexico has remained low.

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Industry Today:

Although faced by these challenges, cotton still serves as the foundation for the textile manufacturing industry as well as other important sectors such as building and many food industries. Cotton production in New Mexico remains high although the area planted in upland cotton fell from 43,000 acresto31,000acresbetween2007and2009;meanwhile,the area planted in Pima cotton has increased from 2,500 acresto3,000acresduringthesametimeperiod;theaverage yield of upland cotton in 2007 for New Mexico was 1,095lb./acwhichfellto828lb./acin2009;similarly,theyield for Pima cotton went down from 856 lb./ac in 2007 to688lb./acin2009;baleproductioninNewMexicowas97,200in2007incontrastto54,300balesproducedin2009;cottonseedproductiondeclinedfrom33,500tonsin2007to19,000in2009.

New Mexico’s cotton production is concentrated in the southern and eastern New Mexico counties of Roosevelt, Curry, Luna, Sierra, Otero, Lea, Eddy, Chaves and Doña Ana. Thestate’sfivecottonginsarelocatedinLasCruces,Vado,Hagerman, Artesia and Loving. Recently, a New Mexico Cotton Task Force was formed to promote the industry and seek ways to improve production and quality of this important crop in New Mexico. Strategic planning meetings were held in 2009withasetofrecommendationstopromoteAcala1517as “White Sands Cotton,” a locally-produced cotton in high demand by merchants and spinners. In addition, the Task Force is exploring methods to increase the value of cotton-wasteby-products,increasetheefficiencyoflintcollection,develop innovative methods for lint processing, and develop new lines of cotton varieties that grow well in arid climates.

An interesting development in New Mexico is the research on“glandless”cottonwhichmaybeofgreatpotentialbenefitfor producers and consumers. Glandless cotton plants and seeds do not contain gossypol, a natural chemical present in a normal cotton variety. Gossypol, a phenolic aldehyde,

is toxic when consumed in large quantities by humans and animals with simple stomachs. With the absence of gossypol in glandless cotton, the cottonseed utility becomes expanded beyond the predominant current use as ruminant animal feed. A variety of food products could be made from the glandless cottonseeds such as cottonseed butter, cottonseed granola bars and cottonseed based ice cream. Cold press oil from the glandless cottonseed needs very little refiningtomakeitsuitableforcookingandfrying,incontrasttomulti-stagerefiningprocessesthatoilsfromthenormalcotton variety need to undergo to remove gossypol, before it can be consumed. Additionally, glandless cottonseed meal can be used in the diet formulation of aquatic species such as shrimp. New Mexico State University researchers are currentlyinvolvedinfieldandlaboratorytrialsofaglandlessvariety of cotton, Acala-GLS, investigating agronomic characteristics and insect resistance.

In April 2010, the NMSU Cooperative Extension Service and the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, initiated publication of a triennial Cotton Newsletter to disseminate information on current issues and challenges in the cotton industry and how NMSU researchers and others are addressing these problems. Copies of the newsletter are available from Dr. John Idowu at [email protected].

The New Mexico Cotton Growers Association, in collaboration with New Mexico State University and the USDA ARS Cotton Research Ginning Laboratory, is extremely active in providing growers with information regarding the history of the cotton industry, crop care, water issues, current research, pests and pesticide/herbicide use, emerging markets and local contacts for assistance. Annual conferences are held for growers, ginners, suppliers and buyers. For more information on the Association and cotton programs at New Mexico State University, please visit http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/ifcpm/cotton-production.html.

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0

50

100

150

200

250

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Cents/Po

und

Cotton A Index Price Chart

Pricing:

TheCottonPriceIndex(CPI)between2009-2011hasundergoneenormousfluctuations.Figure1(below)showsthemostrecentpeakintheCPItohaveoccurredin2010-2011.Recently,cottonpriceshaveincreasedby400%fromlate2009to2011. World cotton production is now expected to fall short of demand in upcoming crop years. Agricultural and market variables will likely keep cotton prices at a relatively high level and may stimulate increased acreages going into cotton production across the Cotton Belt, including New Mexico, in the coming years.

References:Calcot(2010)http://www.calcot.com;CalcotCottonMarketingServices,P.O.Box259BakersfieldCA93302Paul S. Boyer (2001) The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press 2001.WayneC.Smith,RoyG.Cantrell,HalS.MaserandStephenR.Oakley.1999.HistoryofCultivarDevelopmentintheUnitedStatesPp.99-171(Ch.1.4)inSmith,C.WayneandJ.TomCothren,eds.Cotton:Origin,History,Technology,and Production. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 1The Cotton Price Index, 2000-2011

Cent

s/Po

und

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IV. INTRODUCTION TO PESTICIDE USE IN NEW MEXICO COTTON

These Guidelines are designed to provide ready information on pesticide components and appropriate use, regulatory requirements and Best Management Practices. They will also assist New Mexico’s cotton industry reduce pesticide use and consider wider implementation of Integrated Pest Management(IPM)tobenefitwaterqualityandgeneralpublic health in cotton farming communities.

Pesticides have played a key role in the development of New Mexico’s cotton industry including the eradication of boll weevil and pink bollworm. Annually, American farmers spend over $11 billion on pesticides which has an enormous impact ontheeconomiesofthenationandNewMexico;therefore,reducedpesticideusecouldincreaseprofitforNewMexico’scotton growers.

Improper application of pesticides can result in air pollution and contamination of ground and surface water supplies. Higherpesticideratesdonotalwaysmeanhigherprofit

margins for cotton producers. Precision farming methods can result in lower use of fertilizers, water, insecticides, plant hormones and defoliants, while sustaining natural predator/preyratiosandimprovingprofitmargins.

For example, the major secondary pest in New Mexico, Lygus, occurs consistently, but often in smaller densities than in neighboring states. It can be controlled culturally by decreasing amounts of nitrogen and water and by providing acompanioncrop,suchasalfalfa,nearcottonfieldsorasborder strips to attract Lygus, thereby providing habitat for over120speciesofbeneficialinsects.

Increasing the implementation of IPM in the Mesilla Valley, and in the Eastern New Mexican cotton regions, could potentially increase production and could become an economic driver to move cotton from a rotational crop to the level of a preferred crop.

Bollweevil,AnthonomusgrandisBoheman,Adult(s);PhotobyClemsonUniversity-USDACooperativeExtensionSlideSeries;Pinkbollworm,Pectinophoragossypiella(Saunders),Larva(e);PhotobyPeggyGreb,Tarnishedplantbug,LygusHesperus(Palisot),Adult(s);PhotobyRussOttensallimagesfromwww.insectimages.org

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Aphids

Army Cutworms

Bollworms

Boll WeevilLooper

LygusMites

StinkbugsWhitefly

Acephate (Orthene)

Abamectin (Zephyr)

Acetamiprid (Assail)

Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki

Azadirachtin (Neemix)

Bifenazate (Acramite)

Bifenthrin (Capture)

Buprofezin (Courier)

Cyfluthrin (Leverage)

Dimethoate

Dinotefruan (Venom)

Esfenvlaerate (Asana Xl)

Endosylfan (Thionex)

Etoxazole (Zeal)

Fenpropathrin (Danitol)

Fenproximate (FujiMite)

Flonicamid (Carbine)

Flubendiamide (Belt)

Hexythiazox (Onager)

Whenplanningforanypesticideapplication,makesuretoidentifytargetpest,treatmentthreshold,orjustificationfortreatmentaswellasnonchemicalalternatives.Inordertominimizepotential water contamination, identify sensitive areas (for example, waterways or riparian areas) surrounding your application site, identify practices or mitigation measures to be used to reduce pesticide movement off-site, and choose sprayers and application methods that minimize off-site movement.

Choose a pesticide for the target pest from Table 1 above and/or the list of NMDA-approved pesticides (see www.nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/pesticides). Always follow pesticide label instructions, review and follow pesticide handling, storage, and disposal guidelines and, after an application is made, record application date, product used, rate, and location of application. Of course, plan to follow up to confirm the treatment was effective.

The information contained in Table 1 is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement or approval by NMSU or NMDA of any of the products listed.

TABLE 1: NEW MEXICO COTTON PESTS AND PESTICIDES

pesticide active ingredient

(sample trade name)

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Aphids

Army Cutworms

Bollworms

Boll WeevilLooper

LygusMites

StinkbugsWhitefly

Indoxacarb (Steward)

Insecticidal soap (M-Pede)

Lambdacyhalothrin (Warrior with Zeon)

Methomyl (Lannate)

Methamidophos (Monitor)

Methidathion (Supracide)

Methoxyfenozide (Intrepid)

Naled (Dibrom)

Narrow Range Oil (Saf-T-Side)

Novaluron (Diamond)

Oxamyl (Vydate)

Oxydemetonmethyl (MSR Spay Conc.)

Profenofos (Curacron)

Phorate (Thimet)

Propargite (Comite)

Pymetrozine (Fulfill)

Pyriproxyfen (Knack)

Spiromesifen (Oberon)

Sulphur Dust

Thizmethoxam (Centric)

Zetacypermethrin (Mustang Max)

=Product registered with NMDA

pesticide active ingredient

(sample trade name)

For additional information on cotton pests and pesticide application, consult the University of California-Davis pesticide management guidelines at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.cotton.html

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Pre-Planting

Registered herbicides for pre-plant application fall into two categories: (see Table 2 below)

Pre-plant incorporated (PPI) herbicidessuchasTrifluralin(Treflan)andpendimethali(ProwlorAcumen)thatareappliedand incorporated into soil at 2-4 inches, prior to planting cotton, to provide residual weed control. Cotton seed should be planted at a lower depth to prevent growth retardation.

Pre-plant burndown herbicides such as Thifensulfuron-methyl (Harmony GT XP) and Tribenuron methyl (Express with totalsol) which can be applied prior to planting cotton on emerged weeds for burndown effect. These herbicides, depending on their chemistry, could have residual activity (i.e. Chateau) or no residual activity (i.e. Roundup).

Post-Planting

Registered herbicides for post-plant application fall into three categories (see Table 2 below):

Pre-emergence herbicides are generally applied after planning cotton but prior to weed emergence for residual weed control. However, some such as duiron (Direx) and Pyrithiobac-sodium (Pyrimax 3.2L), have post-emergence activity that can control small seedlings of annual species as well as provide residual weed control.

Post-emergenceherbicidessuchasOxyfluorfen(Galigan2E or Goal), Pyithiobac-sodium (Pyrimax 3.2L or Staple), Sethoxydim(Poast),fluazifop-p-butyl(Fusilade),andclethodim (Select Max or Arrow) are all applied after cotton emergence. However, some are registered for post directed

application. When cotton plants are 6-inches tall, directed sprays of these herbicides can be used to control small seedlings of weed species. While herbicides are directed to the row, cultivation is used for weeds in the furrow.

Grass-control herbicides such as Sethoxydim (Poast), fluazifop-p-butyl(Fusilade),QuizalofopP-Ethyl(AssureII)andclethodim (Select Max) are effective against most grasses including johnsongrass and bermudagrass. Select Max is also effective against annual bluegrass. These herbicides are best applied to grasses that are actively growing and less than 6-inches in height. After treatment, adequate moisture is essential to insure uptake of the herbicide as well as a vigorous and uniform stand of cotton that can further enhance johnsongrass control. Additionally, if the soil is dry, effective control of perennial grasses can also be obtained when rhizomes are cut into short segments by discing and cross-discing during land preparation.

Roundup Ready System. Roundup (Glyphosate) can be applied over-the-top and post-directed to Roundup Ready cotton varieties for the control of annual and perennial weeds. Best control is achieved when weeds are young seedlings. With Roundup Ready cotton, application timing must be between the cotyledon and 4th true leaf stage. Later applications of Roundup can be made through lay-by (14th node). Roundup can also be used as a spot treatment to control isolated infestations of perennials or applied withahoodedsprayertocontrolfieldbindweedandotherpersistent weeds. However, Roundup Ready Flex varieties can be sprayed over-the-top with Roundup through lay-by and beyond. For better weed management, it is recommended that growers apply Roundup in early stages rather than late in the season.

V. HERBICIDES AND WEED CONTROLCary C.S. HamiltonProgram ManagerPesticide Registration, Endangered Species & Pesticide DisposalNew Mexico Department of Agriculture

Dr. Jamshid AshighExtension Weed Specialist and Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Extension Plant Sciences College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State University

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DuetoconfirmationofresistancetoRoundupinsomePalmer amaranth populations in New Mexico, it is important that growers do not rely on Roundup for weed management in Roundup Ready cotton. The application of another mode of action herbicides during the season will not only control Roundup-resistant species (if they exist) but also will prevent or delay the development of resistance in existing weed populations.

Liberty Link system. Liberty and Ignite use Glufosinate which has a different mode of action than Roundup, providing broad-spectrum annual weed control with no growth-stage restrictions for over-the-top applications. It can be applied to non-Liberty Link cotton with hooded sprayers or post-directed with no rotational restrictions. Because Ignite is a contact herbicide, it only provides control of small seedlings of annual species. Field experiments have shown that Ignite has better activity on broadleaf weeds than grasses.

Lay-byherbicideapplications(anapplicationatthefinalcultivation as the cotton closes over the furrow) prevent the growth of weeds when it is no longer possible to cultivate.

Several herbicides are registered for lay-by applications in cotton (see Table 2 below) and they are mainly applied before weed emergence (pre-emergence to weeds) and, in some cases, to remaining small weeds that were not controlled by previous cultivation and early post-emergence herbicide applications. A lay-by herbicide should be applied as a directed application to minimize contact with cotton plants and can be especiallybeneficialwhencottonplantsareshortand/orthestand is poor because without such an application, weeds that escape the previous treatments readily grow and mature with little or no competition from the cotton plant.

Mixingherbicideswillprovidebroaderweedcontrol;however, it is important to follow the label directions on mixing partners as some herbicides may not be compatible and,iftheyaremixed,theefficacyofoneorbothpartnersin the mixture can be reduced. For example, when Pyrimax is tank-mixed with Poast, Select Max or Arrow, or if an application of Pyrimax is followed by a Poast or Select Max application, grass control may be delayed. If Pyrimax is tank-mixed with Fusilade or applied within seven days of a Fusilade application, reduced grass control may occur.

Members of the New Mexico Cotton Task Force engage in an strategic planning session

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Image credit: Adrian Jones, IAN Image Library (ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/) Layout by Khushroo Ghadiali

Table 2REGISTERED HERBICIDES FOR USE ON COTTON IN NEW MEXICO

Common NameaExample of Trade Nameb

EPA Registra-tion Number

Company Name

Rates/Acrec Applicationd Weeds

Controlled

Carfentrazone-ethyl Aim EC 279-3241 FMC Corp. 0.25 -1.6 fl. oz. POST/Lay-by Broadleaf weeds/

Defoliant

Clethodim Arrow 2 EC 66222-60 Mana, Inc. 6-16 fl. oz POST Annual & perennial grasses

Clomaszone Command 3ME 279-3158 FMC Corp. 11/3-

31/3pt PRE Annual grasses & broadleaf weeds

Dicamba Banvel 66330-276 Arysta Lifescience 8 fl. oz. Pre-Plant Broadleaf weeds

Diuron Direx 4L 352-678 E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Co. 0.8-1.6 qt

PPI/PRE/Post-direct/Lay-by Annual grasses &

broadleaf weeds

EPTC Eptam 7-e 10163-283 Gowan Company 2.25 pt

PRE (After Stand Establishment) Annual grasses &

broadleaf weeds

Fluzifop-p-butyl Fusilade DX 100-1070 Syngenta Crop Protection 8-24 fl. oz. POST Annual & perennial

grasses

Flumioxazin Chateau 59636-119 Valent U.S.A. Corp. 1-2 oz.

Pre-Plant burndown/POST-direct/Lay-by Broadleaf weeds

Flumeturon Flo-Met 4L 66330-260 Arysta Lifescience 2-4 pt

PPI/PRE/POST/Lay-by Annual grasses &

broadleaf weeds

Glufosinate-ammo-nium Ignite 264-660 Bayer Crop

Science 32-40 fl.

oz.POST/Post-direct Annual grasses &

broadleaf weeds

Glyphosate Roundup Original 524-445 Monsanto Variable

RatesPOST/PRE (burn-

down)Annual and

Perennial weeds

Halosulfuron-methyl Sandea 10163-254 Gowan Co. 2/3-1 1/3 oz.

POST-direct Broadleaf weeds & Nutsedge species

Lactofen Cobra 59639-34 Valent U.S.A. Corp. 12.5 fl. oz. POST-direct/Lay-by Broadleaf weeds

Linuron Linex-4L 1812-245 v Griffin LLC 1-1.5 pt POST-direct Annual grasses & Broadleaf weeds

Metam-potassium K-pam HL 5481-483 AMVAC Chemical Corp. 30-60 gal. PPI Grasses &

Broadleaves

Metam-sodium Sectagon 42 61842-6 Tessenderlo

Kerley, Inc. Variable

Rates PPI Grasses & Broadleaves

aThislistiscurrentasofJune2010;however,labelschangefrequently,andtheherbicide’scurrentlabelshouldbereviewedforthemostrecentconditionsorrestrictionsbeforeitisused.Read all labels carefully and comply with their site-use directions (e.g., Pre-harvest interval, Restricted-entry interval, registration). For the very latest label information on a given herbicide, contact the manufacturer, Extension Services in your area, or the company or distributor that sells the product.

b Other trade names of the above mentioned active ingredients alone or in combination may be available in the market. (Notice: Mention of herbicide trade names does not constitute endorsement of any material).

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Common NameaExample of Trade Nameb

EPA Registra-tion Number

Company Name

Rates/Acrec Applicationd Weeds

Controlled

Metolachlor Parallel 66222-87 Mana, Inc. 1-1.33 pt PPI/PREYellow Nutsedge, Grasses & broadleaf weeds such

as pigweeds

MSMA MSMA- 6 Plus 19713-42 Drexel

Chemical Co. 1-2.66pt PRE or POST-plant burndown POST/

POST-directAnnual grasses & broadleaf weeds

Norfluazon Solicam DF 100-849 Sygenta Crop Protection 0.6-1 lb PRE

Annual grasses & broadleaf weeds

Oxyfluorfen Galigan 2E 66222-28 Mana, Inc. 1-2 pt POST-direct Annual grasses & broadleaf weeds

Paraquat dichloride Gramoxone 100-1074 Sygenta Crop Protection

Variables Rates

PRE(burndown)/POST-direct/

defoliant Annual grasses & broadleaf weeds

Pelagonic acid Scythe 62719-529 Dow Agrosciences

Variable rates

3-10%

PRE(burndown)/POST-direct/

defoliant Annuals

Pendimethalin Acumen 241-337-55467 Tenkoz 1.2-3.6 pt PPI/PRE/Lay-by

Grasses & broadleaf weeds such as kochia,

spurge & pigweed species

Prometryn Caparol 4L 100-620 Sygenta Crop Protection 1.6-3.2pt PPI/PRE/POST Annual grasses &

broadleaf weeds

Pyraflufen-ethyl ET Herbicide 71711-7 Nichino America, Inc.

1.5-2.75 fl. oz.

POST/Lay-0by/Defoliant Annual Broadleaf weeds

Pryithiobac-sodium Pyrimax 3.2 L 66222-175 Mana, Inc. 1-4 fl. oz PRE/POST/

POST-direct Broadleaves

Quizalofop P-Ethyl Assure II 352-541 Dupont 5-12 fl. oz. POST Annual & perennial

grasses

Sethoxydim Poast 7969-58 BASF Corp. 2.5 pt POST Annual & perennial

grasses

S-metolachlor Brawl II 100-818-55467 Tenkoz 0.2-0.33

oz. PPI/PREGrasses & broadleaf

weeds such as kochia, spurge & pigweed species

Thifensulfuron-methylHarmony

GT XP 352-446 Loveland Prod-ucts, Inc.

0.25-0.5 oz.

Pre-Plant burndown Broadleaf weeds

Tribenuron methylExpress with

Totalsol 352-632 v Griffin LLC 1-2 pt Pre-Plant burndown Annual Broadleaf weeds

Trifluralin Treflan 34704-853AMVAC

Chemical Corp.

30-60 gal. PPI/PRE/Lay-byGrasses & broadleaf

weeds such as kochia, spurge & pigweed species

c The recommended rates could vary depending environmental factors such as soil texture, cotton variety, weed species, etc. Growers are advised to read the label of herbicides for selecting the correct rates based on the environmental conditions of their area.

d PPI= Pre-plant incorporated, PRE= Pre-emergence, POST= Post-emergence

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VI. PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN COTTON FARMSRegulatory Information

The sale and use of pesticides in New Mexico is overseen by the New Mexico Department of Agriculture. NMDA, in cooperation with US EPA and USDA, enforces federal pesticide laws as well as the New Mexico Pesticide Control Act and rules promulgated under it. NMDA is also committed to assisting growers, businesses, workers and others with the knowledge they need to comply with these laws.

The New Mexico Pesticide Control Act and the rules promulgated under it set requirements and standards for pesticides and pesticide applicators in New Mexico. Under its authority,NMDAregisterspesticides,certifiesandlicensespesticide applicators, investigates complaints, and takes enforcement actions for violations. Pesticides must be registered by NMDA before they can be sold or used in the state. Growers must be licensed before they can purchase or use restricted-use pesticides, and anyone who applies pesticides for hire (including unrestricted, or general-use, pesticides) must be licensed as a commercial applicator.

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act

(FIFRA) is the basis of federal pesticide law. It sets standards for product registration, pesticide labels, and pesticide applicatorcertification.

The Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) sets the tolerance levels for pesticides in food and feed.

The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) sets requirements aimed at reducing the risk of pesticide poisonings and exposure to agricultural workers.

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) makes it illegal to kill or harmthreatenedorendangeredwildlifeorfish.TheESAisadministered by the US Fish & Wildlife Service, but EPA and NMDA must ensure that no pesticide use causes harm to endangered species.

Guidance on reading and understanding the legal

responsibilities on pesticide product labels can be found

in Appendix 2.

Information on pesticides registered in New Mexico is searchable over the web. The public can search pesticide product registration data by active ingredient, EPA Registration Number, pest to be controlled, site of application, product name, or company name. Go to “Products & Registration” from www.nmda.nmsu.edu/pesticides. Also, assistance is available at NMDA, Pesticide Compliance Section, Tel: 575.646.2134.

Benefits of Reduced Pesticide Use/Reduced Toxicity Pesticides Use

Severalkeybenefitscanresultfromreducingtheamountofpesticideaswellasutilizingpesticideswithlowertoxicity.Potentialbenefitsofonlyusingpesticideswhennecessary,andusingtheleasthazardousproductthatwillstillprovideacceptable control, include:

•Reducedriskofcontaminatingsurfaceandgroundwater.•Reducedrisktogrowersandotherslivinginandnearcottonfields.•Reducedrisktopesticideapplicatorsandotheragriculturalworkers.

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VII. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR IPM AND BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL

Most agricultural growers learn to follow Best Management Practices (BMPs) to maximize crop yield and to protect the beneficialcharacteristicsoftheirlandandwater.Theprimarygoal of BMPs is to reduce pesticide use, utilize less toxic chemicals and to promote recommended application rates to prevent unnecessary runoff, thereby protecting surface and groundwater resources.

Integrated Pest Management

One of the most useful BMPs is known as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that uses current information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage economically and with the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment.IPM is not a single pest control method but uses a series of pest management evaluations, decisions and controls all of whichmustbebasedonsite-specificinformationforeach

cotton farm. In practicing IPM, growers who are aware of the potentialforpestinfestationcanfollowthesefivesteps:

1. Identification of Pests and Their Sources TheIPMapproachmonitorsforcottonpestsandidentifiesthem accurately so that appropriate control decisions can be made. Not all insects require control, with many being innocuousandevenbeneficial,soaccuratemonitoringandidentificationcanremovethepossibilitythatpesticideswillbe used unnecessarily or that an inappropriate pesticide will be used. If possible, identify all known sources of invasive pests to prevent re-introduction.

2. Set Action Thresholds Beforetakinganypestcontrolaction,IPMfirstsetsanactionthreshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. A decision needs to be made by the cotton grower to either manage the cotton pests to an acceptable level or eradicate them completely.

Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, F. Benci, Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Bugwood.org

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3. Prevention

To help prevent pests in an annual agricultural crop such as cotton, IPM may mean using cultural methods such as promotingunderstorygrowthasanurseryforbeneficialpredators that can control pests.

4. Control

Preferably,pest-specificchemicals(suchaspheromonestodisrupt pest mating) or mechanical controls (such as trapping ofcottonpestsorweeding)areutilizedfirst.Ifthesecontrolsare not effective, additional pest control methods could be employed including targeted pesticides. Broadcast spraying ofnon-specificpesticidesisalwaysalastresort.

5. Education

Cotton growers are urged to take advantage of educational resources available in southern New Mexico. The New Mexico Department of Agriculture, NMSU College of Agriculture, the DoñaCountyExtensionOfficeandtheNewMexicoCottonGrowers Association sponsors the annual Cotton Growers Conference. Additional information on IPM is also available from numerous internet sites (see Appendices 4 and 5).

All growers of cotton in New Mexico are encouraged to follow these steps in implementing IPM:

Planting Period• Considerpesthistoryandnearbycropsinfieldselection.• Ifyourfieldhashadsevereproblemsinthepastwith

nematodes or seedling diseases, consider rotation crops.

• Consider a companion crop, such as alfalfa, for Lygus management.

• Considerseedtreatmentforpestsbasedonfieldhistory.• Conduct a weed survey.

Crop Emergence Period• Establish your weed management program and cultivate

accordingly.• Apply post emergence herbicides if necessary.

Early Squaring to Boll Development and Harvest • Monitor for Lygus activity by sweep-net sampling.• Manage alfalfa next to cotton.• Survey weeds just before harvest• After harvest, destroy stalks to prevent re-growth and to

limit potential pest buildup.

Biological Pest Control

Another important tool in establishing Best Management Practices is known as Biological Pest Control which is the use of a specially chosen living organism to control a particular pest. This chosen organism might be a predator, parasite, or disease which will attack the harmful insect. It is a form of manipulating nature to increase a desired effect. A complete Biological Control program may range from raising and releasing one insect to have it attack another, similar to a “livinginsecticide”orbychoosingapesticidethatisspecificfor the particular insect pest and that would also be least harmfultobeneficialinsects.

Biological control methods can be used as part of an overall IPM program to reduce the legal, environmental, and public safety hazards of chemicals. In addition, it may be a more economical alternative to some insecticides. Some biological control measures can actually prevent economic damage to agricultural crops and, therefore, are more economical. Unlike mostinsecticides,biologicalcontrolsareoftenveryspecificfor a particular pest with other helpful insects and animals being completely unaffected or undisturbed by their use.Biological control takes more intensive management and planning. It can take more time, require more record keeping, more patience and sometimes more education or training. Successful use of biological control requires a greater understanding of the biology of both the pest and its enemies. Many of the natural enemies of pests are very susceptible to pesticides, and using them successfully in an IPM program takes great care. Often, the results of using biological control are not as dramatic or quick as the results ofpesticideuse.Mostparasitoidsattackonlyspecifictypesof insects while predators usually attack a wider variety of

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primary consumers. Broad-spectrum insecticides often kill a wide range of insects and upon their use, can require several successivepesticideapplicationsduetolossofbeneficialinsect populations (Orr, Bambara, Baker, North Carolina State University, 2006).

Biological Control Options in the Cotton Industry

Usingbroad-spectruminsecticidesincottonfieldsinitiallyresults in the quick, complete knockdown of harmful species. But, used indiscriminately, they can lead to the loss of the beneficialcomplex,anincreaseinpesticideuse,increasedcost, buildup of resistance and loss of control. There are a

number of steps that cotton growers can take to control pest insects biologically:• Eliminate the use of broad-spectrum insecticides.• Buildupthebeneficialcomplexwhenharmfulspecies

begintoincreasebyreleasingappropriatebeneficialinsects.

• Partially control the plant-eating species with host-specificcontrolstopromotegroundcoverstoallowthebeneficialcomplextocatchupwiththeharmfulspecies.

• Use growth regulators and attractants in place of broad-spectrum insecticides.

• Carefully manage plant nutrient status.

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VIII. ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES IN THE COTTON INDUSTRYIncreasedenergyefficiency,combinedwithrenewableenergy,cansignificantlyreduceconventionalenergy consumption in all agricultural sectors. Like many in small businesses, growers focus on day-to-dayoperationscenteredonexistingprocessesandfacilities;veryfewhavethetimetobecomeexpertsonenergyefficiency.Asaresult,cost-effectiveopportunitiesforenergyefficiencyareoftenmissed.

A key need is to provide access to resources and personnel capable of providing information, technical expertise and analytical advice at low or no cost to cotton growers in New Mexico.

NMSU’s Institute for Energy and the Environment (ieenmsu.edu) is available to assist growers on how best to analyze information about energy consumption and billing in order to make informed management and investment decisions (please see contact information in Appendix 3).

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Cotton growers in New Mexico have opportunities to reduce energy use in the following areas:

Irrigation

Themainopportunitiesforenergyefficiencyinirrigationmanagementarecontrollingwaterflowandmotorefficiency.Better control over the amount of water applied by irrigation systems can reduce individual system energy consumption and water-related costs considerably.

Irrigationsystemefficiencyandenergyconsumptioncandependonelectricordieselprimemoverefficiency,pumpefficiencyandwaterflowandpressurerequirements.Itisrecommended that farmers consider installing variable-speed water pumps for drip irrigation systems and, where feasible,monitoringtheefficiencyofallmotorsthroughaprogram of increased maintenance.

Cotton Processing and Storage

In addition to on-farm uses, energy is used extensively in processing and storing cotton products. New Mexico’s cotton facilities are similar to other industrial sites where the dominant end uses are refrigeration units, boilers, motors, air compressors and other similar industrial equipment. Cotton processors play a very important role in the State’s agricultural economy by providing local and export markets for New Mexico’s agricultural products.

Recommendedefficiencymeasuresforprocessingandstorage facilities include:

• Retrofittingincandescentlightswithcompactfluorescentlights(canreducelightingelectricityconsumption by up to ~ 65%).

• Increasing basic insulation levels in attics to R-30 (can reduce winter heat losses up to 30%, reduce summer electricity consumption for ventilation).

• Installing variable speed drives on main motors.• Energy-efficientV-beltsonmotordrives.

• Boiler maintenance, air-fuel ratio adjustment and condensate recovery.

• Repairing steam leaks and insulating steam pipes (if applicable).

• Repairing leaks on compressed air systems.

Other agricultural states have experienced extremely favorable savings by implementing some or all of the above recommendations with pay-back periods of less than one year. Total energy cost-savings from reduced consumption of electricity, natural gas and fuel oil can be 10% or greater depending on the number of recommendations implemented.

Please feel free to contact NMSU’s Institute for Energy and

the Environment for free, on-site assistance on energy-efficiencymeasuresinthecottonindustry.

Use of Renewable Energy Sources

On-farm renewable energy applications can take a variety of forms in New Mexico where we have many renewable and alternativeenergyoptionsatourdisposal;however,manyofthese may be more viable in long-term scenarios.

Biomass alternatives for electrical generation may be available to cotton growers in the form of direct combustion and/orgasification.Biomassmaterialspotentiallysuitableforfuel include agricultural residues and dedicated energy crops such as cultivated woody plants and grasses.

Solar panels, small arrays and wind generators, may be installed to provide electricity, for pumping wells and open water sources, irrigation pumping, and solar water heaters to provide low- to medium-temperature hot water, for processing and product refrigeration.

Please feel free to contact NMSU’s Institute for Energy and

the Environment for free, on-site assistance on potential alternative and renewable energy sources in the cotton industry.

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COMPANY ADDRESS CITY STATE COUNTY PHONE #A.B.E.S SAW & MOWER 2401 1ST ST NW ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 505-842-8833

ADAPCO, INC. 2035 LA MESA DRIVE RATON NM CO 866-845-2250

AZTEC FEED & SUPPLY 216 S. MAIN STREET AZTEC NM SJ 505-334-8911

BETTER GROWERS, INC. 1094 CR S CLOVIS NM CU 575-985-2386

BIG R OF FARMINGTON, LLC. 908 EAST MAIN ST FARMINGTON NM SJ 505-326-7711

BLOOMFIELD FEED & SUPPLY, INC. 308 W. BROADWAY BLOOMFIELD NM SJ 505-632-2444

BURCO CHEMICAL, INC. 1125 SOUTH 2ND RATON NM CO 575-445-5544

CAPROCK FERTILIZER INC. 3274 QUAY ROAD 36 MELROSE NM QU 575-458-6365

CHAVES SWCD 1011 S. ATKINSON ROSWELL NM CH 575-622-8746

CIRCLE W TRADING 2701 E. MAIN FARMINGTON NM SJ 505-327-4711

CLOVIS VETERINARY SUPPLY 2108 W. SEVENTH ST CLOVIS NM CU 575-762-1200

CORTESE FEED & SUPPLY 704 N. 4TH ST. FORT SUMNER NM DB 575-355-2549

COUNTRY FARM SUPPLY 229 N. RIVERSIDE SR. ESPANOLA NM RA 505-756-4500

CROP PRODUCTION SERVICES (ARTESIA 2) 103 E MILL RD ARTESIA NM ED 575-748-3510

CROP PRODUCTION SERVICES (ARTESIA) 60 ECOMPRESS RD ARTESIA NM ED 575-7483510

CROP PRODUCTION SERVICES (VADO) 8601 S HWY 478 VADO NM DA 575-233-3668

CURRY COUNTY FERTILIZER LLC 4309 SOUTH PRINCE CLOVIS NM SU 575-763-3318

DICKINSON IMPLEMENT COMPANY 1301 E. RT. 66 TUCUMCARI NM OS 575-461-2740

DOUBLE J AG 445 THORNHILL RD LOVINGTON NM LE 575-649-5477

ECOLAB PEST ELIMINATION (ALBQ) 6315 LITTLE JOE PLACE NW ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 505-480-3422

EL AIR AVIATION 786 C HWY 408 LEMITAR NM SO 575-835-1953

EWING IRRIGATION PRODUCTS (ALB) 8601 SAN MATEO BLVD NE ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 602-437-9530

EWING IRRIGATION PRODUCTS (LAS CRUCES) 2341 WESTGATE DR LAS CRUCES NM DA 602-437-9530

EWING IRRIGATION PRODUCTS (RIO RANCHO) 103 RIO RANCHO DR NE # D RIO RANCHO NM SD 505-896-4441

EWING IRRIGATION PRODUCTS (SANTA FE) 20 BISBEE CT SANTA FE NM SF 602-437-9530

FARM CHEMICAL, INC. 3829 SR 209 BROADVIEW NM CU 505-760-7700

FARMER’S CO-OP ASSOCIATION 201 NORTH YORK HAGERMAN NM CH 575-752-3341

FARMWAY FEED & EQUIPMENT COMPANY 1015 GALLINAS STREET LAS VEGAS NM SM 505-425-6775

FINNEY FARMS, INC. E. HWY 60-84 FORT SUMNER NM DB 575-355-7372

FOUR CORNERS WEED CONTROL, INC. #22 COUNTY RD 1956 FARMINGTON NM SJ 505-327-1070

GEARY’S PEST MANAGEMENT 220 1ST STREET NE RIO RANCHO NM SD 505-270-9620

GENERAL SUPPLY 201 E. MAIN ST FARMINGTON NM SJ 505-325-7533

GUTHALS COMPANY, INC. 1001 E. 1ST CLOVIS NM CU 505-763-4243

HAYDEN’S HARDWARE 1210 FOSTER RD LAS CRUCES NM DA 575-522-7220

APPENDIX 1:

LICENSED PESTICIDE DEALERS IN NEW MEXICO’S COTTON-GROWING AREAS

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The information above is provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; it does not constitute an endorsement or an approval by New Mexico State University or the New Mexico Department of Agriculture of any of the products, services or opinions of the businesses, organizations or individuals listed.

COMPANY ADDRESS CITY STATE COUNTY PHONE #HELENA CHEMICAL COMPANY (ALBQ) 8905 ADAMNS NE ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 505-797-5800

HELENA CHEMICAL COMPANY (LAKE ARTHUR) 504 LAKE ARTHUR HWY LAKE ARTHUR NM ED 575-365-2148

HELENA CHEMICAL COMPANY (MESQUITE) 251 JOHN GRISHAM DR. MESQUITE NM DA 575-233-3171

HELENA CHEMICAL COMPANY (RINCON) 2537 HWY 140 RINCON NM DA 575-267-3961

HENRY RAY MILES 430 MORGAN RD. HAGERMAN NM CH 575-752-0208

HOUSE COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION 2200 HWY 252 HOUSE NM QU 575-279-6744

HUGHES FARM & RANCH SUPPLY 7683 HWY 54/70 TULAROSA NM OT 505-585-2200

INDUSTRIAL WEED CONTROL CO., INC. 571 CANYON POINT RD MESILLA PARK NM DA 575-524-0404

INTERMOUNTAIN FARMERS ASSOCIATION 1212 SAN JUAN BLVD FARMINGTON NM SJ 505-326-5005

JOHN DEERE LANDSCAPES #334 4110 PASEO DEL NORTE NE ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 505-828-4437

LEA SWCD 401 TATUM HWY LOVINGTON NM LE 575-396-0707

LEXTRON ANIMAL HEALTH (CLOVIS) 901 W. BRADY CLOVIS NM CU 575-763-9760

OLD MILL FARM & RANCH SUPPLY 19763 HIGHWAY 314 BELEN NM VA 505-865-5432

OTERO SWCD 3501 MESA VILLAGE DRIVE ALAMOGORDO NM QT 575-437-3100

QUESTA FERTILIZER AND LIQUID FEED 414 NORTH EIGHTH LOVING NM ED 575-745-2939

ROSWELL LIVESTOCK & FARM SUPPLY 1105 EAST 2ND ST ROSWELL NM CH 575-622-9164

ROSWELL SEED COMPANY, INC. 115 SOUTH MAIN STREET ROSWELL NM CH 575-622-7701

S.C.A.L.E. AG SERVICES 6050 COLLA DE PAZ LAS CRUCES NM DA 575-644-5440

SCHWEBACH’S , LLC #100 EAST CALLE DEL SOL (A-81) MCINTOSH NM TO 505-269-1231

SOUTHWEST AG, INC. 223 NORTH AVENUE B PORTALES NM RO 575-356-4271

SPRA-GREEN, INC. 221 NORTH MAIN PORTALES NM RO 575-356-6636

TATE SPRAYING SERVICE, INC. 1512 CRM CLOVIS NM CU 575-985-2501

THOMAS CHEMICAL & FERTILIZER 114 HOWELL RD MCINTOSH NM TO 505-384-5430

TRACTOR SUPPLY COMPANY (CLOVIS) 1282 STATE ROAD 209 CLOVIS NM CU 615-440-4600

TRACTOR SUPPLY COMPANY (HOBBS) 201 E. NAVAJO DRIVE HOBBS NM LE 575-391-8910

TRACTOR SUPPLY COMPANY (ROSWELL) 5000 N. MAIN STREET ROSWELL NM CH 615-440-4977

TUCUMCARI RANCH SUPPLY 502 SOUTH LAKE TUCUMCARI NM QU 575-461-9620

UNIVAR USA, INC. (ALBQ) 3301 EDMUNDS SE ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 505-842-6306

USDA-APHIS WLDLIFE SERVICES (LC) 505 SOUTH MAIN LAS CRUCES NM DA 575-527-6980

USDA-APHIS-WILDLIFE SERVICES (ALBQ) 8441 WASHINGTON NE ALBUQUERQUE NM BE 505-346-2640

USDA-APHIS-WILDLIFE SERVICES (ROS) 500 N. RICHARDSON ROSWELL NM CH 575-523-3310

WILBUR – ELLIS COMPANY (FARMINTON) 9 MILES S. HWY 371 FARMINGTON NM SJ 505-566-2630

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APPENDIX 2: READING AND UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE LABELS Pesticide Labels

Pesticide labels are legal documents and it is illegal to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its label. Use of a pesticide implies that you have read and understand its label.

Read the pesticide label:Before you purchase it: Specimen labels on the Internet or that are handed out at meetings might not match the one on the container you buy. Remember that products and directions for use change over time. Sometimes a product with the same brand name may have a different active ingredient than it did a year ago. Just because the supplier says you can do something doesn’t absolve you from your responsibilitytofollowthelabel.Ifyoucan’tfinditonthelabel, don’t do it.

Before you mix it: Determine what personal protective equipment you need for mixing, and wear it. Figure out the amount of pesticide required and make sure there are no compatibility issues if you are tank mixing with other pesticides, fertilizers, or other products. Read the mixing procedure and follow it.

Before you apply it: Determine what safety measures you should follow for your protection, including personal protective equipment. Follow any applicable procedures for minimizing potential harm to people, animals, plants, or the environment. Check the limitations on re-entering the treated area and the minimum number of days between application and harvest.

Before you store or dispose of the pesticide or the container: The label has instructions for storing the pesticide and for rinsing and disposing of the container.

Parts of a label:

Trade name or brand name –

Different manufacturers may use different brand names for the same active ingredient. Beware of choosing a product by brand name alone. Products with similar brand names may have entirely different ingredients.

Active ingredients and their percentages -

These are the components of the pesticide that control the target pests.

Relative safety of the product -

In order of low to high toxicity, these signal words are used: Caution, Warning, or Danger. Pesticides with Danger are highlytoxic;thoselabeledCautionarerelativelynontoxic.

EPA numbers –

Each pesticide has a unique EPA Registration Number (“EPAReg.No.”)thatidentifiesthepesticideandanEPAEstablishmentNumber(“EPAEst.No.”)thatidentifiesthemanufacturer.

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Classification –

Pesticidesareclassifiedaseitherrestricteduseorgeneraluse. Restricted use pesticides may only be purchased or usedbycertifiedapplicatorsorpersonsundertheirdirectsupervision.Ifapesticideisclassifiedasrestricteduse,thelabel will state “Restricted Use Pesticide” at the top.

Hazards to humans – Reading and understanding this part of the label helps the user know which parts of the body need the most protection during use.

Personal protective equipment statements–

The minimum personal protective equipment that must be worn when using the pesticide.

Worker Protection Standard (WPS) requirements–

States that the WPS must be followed when the pesticide is used on farms, forests, nurseries or greenhouses, and specifiestheRestrictedEntryInterval(REI).

First Aid –

These directions should be followed very carefully in case of exposure.

Environmental hazards –

Provides precautions for protecting the environment when usingthepesticide.Maycontainspecificstatementsiftheproductishighlytoxictobees,fishorotherwildlife,orissubject to leaching.

Directions for use – These directions are not advice --- they are requirements. Only crops listed on the pesticide label can be treated and it is illegal to exceed the rate of application on the label.

Storage and disposal – May include general statements such as “Keep out of reach ofchildrenandpets,”andspecificdirectionssuchas“Donot store at temperatures below 32 degrees F.” The label also includes general information about disposing of excess pesticide and the pesticide container.Read the entire label, and:

Only treat labeled sites-

If the label has no directions for treating the site (crop, commodity, etc.), do not treat it.

Treat at labeled rates-

Years of research and millions of dollars were invested by the pesticide manufacturer to determine the best rates for specifiedsitesandpests.

Pay attention to the personal protective gear-

Required;useitandmakesureyouremployeesdo,too.

Use appropriate application equipment -

For all jobs.

Triple-rinse -

Emptied containers, render them unusable, and dispose of or recycle according to the label. Never allow a pesticide container to be used for anything else.

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APPENDIX 3: CONTACTS FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Names Contact Information Resources

Christopher CampbellDavid Johnson


New Mexico State University800-523-5996

[email protected]@nmsu.edu

Additional copies of this reference guide

Information on energy efficiency and renewable energy

http://ieenmsu.org

Bonnie RabeMarjorie Lewis Cary Hamilton

New Mexico Department of AgriculturePesticide Compliance Section

[email protected]

[email protected] [email protected]

General information on pesticide regulations,

permitting and usenmdaweb.nmsu.edu/pesticides

Tracey Carrillo

Agricultural Experiment Station New Mexico State University

[email protected]

Current information on cotton production including integrated pest management (IPM)

and biological controls

John Idowu

New Mexico Cotton Growers Association575.646.2571

[email protected]

Information on association membership, benefits, research, industry news,

conferences.http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/ifcpm/cotton-

production.html

Integrated Pest Management Centerswww.ipmcenters.org

www.sripmc.orgwripmc.ucdavis.edu

Current information on integrated pest management (IPM) and biological controls

from USDA and the Western IPM Center

28


In addition to the contacts in Appendix 3, the following resources contain valuable information on pesticide use and IPM for the cotton industry:

National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) is a Web-based link for all federally registered pesticides including registration status in NM. http://nmda.nmsu.edu/DIVISIONS/AES/PEST/newmexicopesticideproductdata.html

Greenbook® provides pesticide product labels, supplemental labels and MSDSs provided by the marketing companies and compiles them for use by subscribers. http://www.greenbook.net

Extension Toxicology Network (Extoxnet) provides a variety of information about pesticides. Access the Pesticide InformationProfiles(PIPs)forspecificinformationonpesticides;ToxicologyInformationBriefs(TIBs)containa discussion of certain concepts in toxicology and environmentalchemistry;ToxicologyIssuesofConcern(TICs),Fact sheets, News about Toxicology Issues, Newsletters, Resources for Toxicology Information, and Technical Information. Information in these topic areas has been developed by toxicologists and chemists within the Extension Service of the Land Grant universities. A major goal has been to develop unbiased information in a form understandable by the non-expert and to make that information fully searchable and selectively retrievable. www.extoxnet.orst.edu

APPENDIX 4: INTERNET RESOURCES

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APPENDIX 5: PESTICIDE SAFETY AND WORKER PROTECTION STANDARDThe1992WorkerProtectionStandard(WPS)protectsmore than 3.5 million people who work with pesticides at more than 560,000 workplaces. WPS represents a major strengthening of national efforts to safeguard the health of agricultural workers and pesticide handlers.

Agricultural workers are those who perform tasks for any type of compensation related to cultivating or harvesting plants and crops on farms, in greenhouses, nurseries, orchards or forests within 30 days after a pesticide application.

Pesticide handlers are those who mix, load and apply agricultural pesticides, clean or repair pesticide application equipment, and assist in applying pesticides in any way.

Implementing WPS effectively will substantially lower the risk of pesticide poisonings among agricultural workers and pesticide handlers.

Protection during applications. Applicators are prohibited from applying a pesticide in a way that exposes workers or other people. Workers are excluded from areas where pesticides are being applied.

Restricted-entry intervals. Thesemustbespecifiedonallagricultural plant pesticide labels. Workers are excluded from entering a pesticide-treated area during the restricted-entry interval, with few exceptions.

Personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE must be provided and maintained for handlers and early-entry workers.

Worker notification.Workersmustbenotifiedabouttreatedareas so they may avoid inadvertent exposures.

Decontamination supplies. Handlers and workers must have an ample supply of water, soap and towels for routine washing and emergency decontamination.

Emergency assistance. Transportation must be made available to a medical care facility for workers or handlers who may have been poisoned or injured. Information must be provided about the pesticides to which they may have been exposed.

Pesticide safety training and safety posters. Training is required for all workers and handlers who may be in areas treatedinthelast30days;apesticidesafetypostermustbedisplayed.

Access to labeling and site-specific information.

Handlers and workers must be informed of pesticide label requirements. Central posting of recent pesticide applications is required.

The Worker Protection Standard is enforced by the New Mexico Department of Agriculture. Contact them for compliance assistance or more information on this federal law.

Web: www.nmda.nmsu.edu/pesticides

E-mail: [email protected]

Telephone:575•646•2134

30


The Strategic Agricultural Initiative (SAI) is an innovative partnership between EPA and the agricultural community. As requiredbytheFoodQualityProtectionAct(FQPA)of1996,EPA is phasing out or reducing the risks from many toxic and persistent pesticides. As those pesticides are taken off the market, farmers need assistance adopting new reduced-risk pesticides such as biological pesticides, advanced pest monitoring, pheromone mating disruption, and other Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices.

The transition to sustainable, reduced-risk practices requires that agricultural producers have access to new tools and information.Inresponsetothisneed,EPA’sOfficeofPesticidePrograms(OPP)createdtheSAIasapilotin1998.The successful pilot was expanded to all ten EPA Regions in 2002, with one SAI Specialist in each Region to provide technical assistance, outreach, and to implement the SAI grant program.

The program encourages bio-intensive farming practices, works with farmers to change their traditional pest

management approaches, and measures the impact of those changes on human health and the environment.

Biointensive farming practices are economically viable, socially responsible, and minimize the impact on human health and the environment, resulting in cleaner air, water and food.

EPA funds grants to demonstrate and facilitate the adoption of pest management practices that will enable growers across the country to transition away from the use of high risk pesticides. SAI partners with pesticide users, grower groups, agricultural educators, and the research community, and passes information and data on pest management needs and economically viable, safer alternatives to OPP.

SAI supports EPA’s Strategic Plan through collaborative activities, outreach, and grants. Incorporating sustainability into the regulatory decision-making process is consistent with EPA’s goal of protecting human health and the environment from pesticide risks.

APPENDIX 6: U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Strategic Agricultural Initiative

EPA’s STRATEGIC PLAN

Sub-objective 4.1.1: Reducing Exposure to Toxic Pesticides. Through 2008, protect human health, communities and ecosystems from pesticide use by reducing exposure to pesticides posing the greatest risk.

Sub-objective 4.1.5: Realize the Value from Pesticide Availability. Through 2011, ensure the public healthandsocio-economicbenefitsofpesticideavailabilityanduseareachieved.

31


Funding for Alternative Pest Control

From 2003 - 2006, SAI helped to implement reduced-risk pest management strategies on over 1.2 million acres of farmland. This led to a 30% reduction in the use of highly toxic pesticides on those acres. Approximately $1.5 million in Federal grant funding is awarded competitively each year though SAI. Funding levels vary between the ten EPA regions based on minor crop acreage. All projects address one or more of the following goals:

• Utilize demonstration, outreach, and education to increase the adoption of reduced-risk/IPM practices that provide alternatives to the use of highly toxic pesticides orpesticidesimpactednegativelybyFQPAdecisions;

• Encourage partnerships between producers, commodity groups, scientists, extension, local/state/federal

governmentagencies,andotherstakeholderstofindregionalsolutionstopestmanagementissues;

• Measure and document the effects of using reduced risk and IPM programs on the environment, human health, andthecommunity;

• Use a whole farm systems approach that considers alternative pest control tactics impacts to air, water, and ecosystem health

NationalprogrammeasurescaptureSAI’sinfluenceinreducing pesticide risk in American agriculture. Using measures created by SAI in 2006, EPA can summarize and report the environmental progress of individual grantees and the program overall.

Inthefield,SAIgranteesarelearninghowtogaugetheirown environmental progress by using the SAI IPM Transition Gradient.

SAI’s IPM Transition Gradient

The SAI IPM Transition Gradient is used to score and evaluate pesticide risk-reduction projects across an easy to use continuum. It can be used to document the baseline level of current pest management practices and as a monitoring tool to document the progress toward the adoption of reduced-risk pest control methods. All SAI grantees evaluate their performance using this tool.

0-No transition, growers resist any change.

1-Growers are interested in learning about reduced-risk pest management practices. 2-Reduced-risk pest management practices have been initiated at the grower level on a pilot basis. 3-Growers utilize key management practices to determine pest management needs. 4-Full implementation of reduced-risk pest management practices.

5-Adoption of a whole systems approach.

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APPENDIX 7:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

The Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP) is a voluntary program that forms partnerships with pesticide users to reduce the potential health and environmental risks associated with pesticide use and implement pollution prevention strategies.

While government regulation can reduce pesticide risk, PESP is guided by the principle that, even in the absence of additional regulatory mandates, the informed actions of pesticide users reduce risk even further. Based on this principle, membership in the program is completely voluntary.

By joining, organizations pledge that environmental stewardship is an integral part of pest control, and they commit to working toward pesticide practices that reduce risk to humans and the environment. Members take a strategic approach to risk reductionandundertakespecific,measurableactivitiestowardachievingtheirriskreductiongoals.

EPArecognizestheneedtoprotectpublichealthandthefoodsupplywithefficient,cost-effectivepestcontrol.Inourroleasa partner, the Agency promotes the adoption of innovative, alternative pest control practices that reduce potential pesticide risk.

Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program

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Membership Categories

Partners: Organizations that use pesticides or represent pesticide users.

Supporters: Organizations that do not use pesticides buthavesignificantinfluenceoverthepestmanagementpractices of pesticide users. (For example, food processors influencetheuseofpesticidesontheproducetheybuybutthey do not apply the pesticides themselves.) Supporters may also include public interest groups whose constituencies have a strong interest in pesticide risk reduction.

Why Join PESP?Membership may enhance public perception of your organization, constituent support, and employee morale. Joining PESP gives your organization the opportunity to demonstrate a commitment to environmental stewardship and take steps to put this commitment into practice. EPA provides each PESP member with liaisons to help members develop their strategy, provide information on EPA activities and provide information on funding opportunities to support strategy implementation.

PESP publicly recognizes members who have demonstrated a commitment to environmental stewardship and made progress in reducing pesticide risk. Recognition is in the form of articles in PESP Update, PESP Progress Reports, and press releases.

How do I Join?To join PESP, complete a Member Participation Form (2 pp, 270 K, about PDF) and return it to EPA:

PESP (7511P) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20460-0001-- 703-308-7026 (fax)

Electronic submissions cannot be accepted because the signature of your organization’s representative is required. If you have trouble accessing this form, please contact us.

Once EPA receives an application, it will be reviewed and you will be contacted by a PESP sector leader. EPA will make a decision on your application and you will be mailed a letter either welcoming you into the Program or informing you that your application was not accepted.

Joining the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program

Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot),LifeCycle;PhotobyUniversityofGeorgiaArchive;www.insect.org

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College of Engineering



PESTICIDE and INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ...PESTICIDE and INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES for NE MEICO COTTON GROERS TABLE OF CONTENTS Sections I. Introduction 5 II. Acknowledgements

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