Pest Management Plan - World Bank Documents & Reports

For Project Proposal by Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province

as part of the World Bank Loan Project of

The Integrated Economic Development of Small Towns

Pest Management Plan

Entrusted by: South Green Exhibition Park Company Limited

Prepared by: Zhongshan City Forest Pest Control Quarantine Station

October 2011

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................. 1

1.2 NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT AREA .......................................... 2

1.3 SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ..................................................... 3

1.4 CURRENT STATUS OF THE SUB-PROJECT AREA RELATING TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ....... 4

1.5 IPM CONCEPT ................................................................... 4

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF IPM IMPLEMENTATION UNDER THE PROJECT............................... 5

2 CURRENT PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN THE PROJECT AREA ........................................................................ 6

2.1 MAIN PESTS FOUND IN THE PROJECT AREA............................................. 6

2.2 PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL METHODS CURRENTLY USED IN THE PROJECT AREA.............. 9

2.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF DISEASE AND PEST MANAGMENT ........ 12

3 POLICY AND SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES .... 14

3.1 POLICIES OF THE NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ON PLANT PROTECTION AND IPM .. 14

3.2 SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES.......................... 15

3.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CAPACITY..................... 16

3.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND USAGE OF PESTICIDES ............ 17

4 OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THIS PMP .................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

4.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVES ............................................................ 20

4.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL UNDER THE PROJECT...... 20

5 RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ............................................................................ 22

5.1 PURPOSES OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS............................................... 22

5.2MAIN MEASURES RECOMMENDED IN THIS PMP ........................................ 22

6 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................................... 27

6.1PESTICIDES RECOMMENDED FOR USE UNDER THE PROJECT................................ 27

6.2 PESTICIDE APPLICATION DEVICES FOR USE IN THE PROJECT AREA.......................... 29

6.3 MANAGEMENT ON USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER THE PROJECT .............................. 29

6.4CAPACITY OF PESTICIDE USERS TO HANDLE PESTICIDE WITHIN THE ACCEPTABLE RISK LIMIT .... 30

6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL, PROFESSIONAL AND HEALTH RISKS................................... 30

6.6 MANAGERIAL MEASURES TO REDUCE RISKS CAUSED BY PESTICIDE USE IN THE PROJECT ....... 31

7 CAPACITY BUILDING FOR PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PROJECT 33

7.1 POLICIES TO BE IMPLEMENTED ..................................................... 33

7.2 OBJECTIVES OF CAPACITY BUILDING................................................. 33

7.3 INFRASTRUCTURE, MANAGERIAL CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COOPERATION. 34

7.4 OVERALL DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT............... 35

7.5 TRAINING TO FOREST FARMERS..................................................... 35

8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION UNDER THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................ 37

8.1. CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT MONITORING ............................................ 37

8.2. CONTENTS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................ 37

8.3. PLAN OF MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ............................................ 38

9 COST ESTIMATE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44

ANNEXES:

ANNEX 1. MAIN SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE PROJECT AREA ................................................................................................ 49

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ANNEX 2 MAIN SPECIES OF PLANTS AND PESTS/DISEASES IN THE PROJECT AREA ................ 53

ANNEX 3 MAIN PESTS/DISEASES IN THE PROJECT AREA AND THE CONTROL MEASURES

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56

ANNEX 4 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLAN TO ADDRESS MAJOR DISEASE/PEST

DISASTERSIN THE PROJECT AREA.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

FAO—United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization

GB—abbreviation of Guo Biao, refers to National Standards

IPM—Integrated Pest Management

PMO—Project Management Office

PMP—Pest Management Plan

1 Introduction

1.1 Project Description

The project proposed by Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province includes two

sub-projects, namely green exhibition parkdevelopment sub-project and decorative lighting

industry development service platform and project management sub-project. The first sub-

project, consisting of construction of the green exhibition park and development of biological

breeding platform, will be located in the South Green Exhibition Park in Guzhen Town of

Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. The second sub-project will be located in east of

Zhongxin Road, to the north of Town government building compound. Implementation of the

project will take 3 years. Activities to be accomplished include: construction of the green

exhibition park, development of the biological breeding platform, civil work for construction

of the project management office, procurement and installation of equipment and facilities,

institutional strengthening and capacity building, project management and monitoring and etc.

Implementation of the first sub-project will start with construction of public infrastructure and

public service facilities to build a foundation for development of the green exhibition park.

Construction of green houses, bridges, roads, water engineering facilities, buildings, ancillary

structures and etc. for the green exhibition parkwill provide it withnecessary basic

infrastructure for itsdevelopment, provision of modernized mechanical equipment and

devicesof a certain amount will strengthen its advancement in equipment and devices and

establish its high standards of mechanization, intelligentization and standardization, so that the

green exhibition park can be in a leading position in China in terms ofmanagement,

production, trading and security. Further development of the green exhibition park can be

realized through its holding China (Zhongshan) SouthVirescence Plantlet Expo at regular

intervals and use of all possible public relation channels to increase its influences.

Development of the biological breeding platform will support development of ornamental

flora and fauna germplasm resources nursery and database, development of innovation and

research center for nursery stock germplasm of flowers and plants,research and development

center for breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, establishment of

demonstration base for large-scale breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals,

and control and technical extension center for nutrition, diseases and pests of ornamental

animals and plants, etc. Technical advantage of Zhongshan University, the town’s partner, will

be utilized to develop breeding and reproduction systems of orchids, Cuora trifasciata (a small

water turtle for ornamental purpose) and ornamental fish and other products, so as to establish

the highest standards for the industry and provide scientific and technical support and talents

for back-end industrialized production and thus drive and facilitate development of rare and

precious ornamental animals and plants in Southern China and even in the whole China.

Development of Guzhen Town decorative lighting development service platform will start

with a high standard and cover services for all activities ofthe decorative lighting industry,

including design, trading, training and testing. Implementation of the sub-project will favor

safe, efficient and stable development of decorative lighting industry in Guzhen Town, and

will also facilitate combined development of the advantageous industries of decorative

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lighting and virescence plantlets and ornamental animals and plants in Guzhen Town, so as to

achieve integrated economic, social and ecological benefits.

The project involves construction of the green exhibition park, which relates to agricultural

production and consists of activities such as production and trading of virescence plantlets,

development of biological breeding platform, ornamental animal and plant germplasm

resources nursery and database, development of innovation and research center for nursery

stock germplasm of flowers and plants, research and development center for breeding and

processing techniques of ornamental animals, establishment of demonstration base for large-

scale breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, and institutional capacity

building and etc. Since all these activities relate to pest control and management during project

implementation, this PMP is preparedfor the purpose of ensuring smooth project

implementation, based on surveys to the project areas and collection of a large amount of data

and in compliance with the World Bank’s environmentalassessment procedures for pest

management and Forest Pest Control Regulations issued by the State Council.

This PMP follows the principle of “Prevention First, Scientific Control, Rule of Law,

HealthPromotion”as stipulated in the Forest Pest Control Regulations and puts forward

approaches for control and management of the main animal and plant pests and diseases

relating to the project. The proposed approaches advocate natural control of the pests and

diseases on the premise of environmental protection, and aim at promoting biological

prevention and control or environmental prevention and control by using appropriate

techniques in a coordinated way to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, so as to

limit pest damage within a tolerable leveland achieve optimal economic, social and ecological

benefits while preventing environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticides.

1.2 Natural Conditions of the Project Area

1.2.1 Location of the Project Area

Guzhen Town is well-known both at home and abroad as “Lighting Capital of China”.

Located in the northwest part of Zhongshan City of Guangdong province, Guzhen Town is

at the junction of three cities of Guangdong Province, including Zhongshan, Jiangmen and

Fushan and adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao.

1.2.2 Hydrological and Meteorological Conditions of the Project Area

Zhongshan City is located in the low latitude zone, with all territory situated in the south of

the Tropic of Cancer. It is characterized by sub-tropical zone monsoon climate, with plenty

of heat and light resources, abundant rainfall and solar radiation. Total radiant quantity of the

city maximizes in July, amounting to 51,141.3 Joule/cm2 and minimizes in February,

amounting to only 23,285.7 Joule/cm2.Over the years, the sunshine duration

averages1843.4hrs., accounting for 42% of the possible annual sunshine duration. The

maximal sunshine duration occurred in 1955, totaling 2,392.6 hrs.and accounting for 54% of

the possible annual sunshine duration, and the minimal sunshine occurred in 1994, with only

1,448.2 hrs. andaccounting for 33% of the possible annual sunshine duration. Annual

average temperature of the city is 22.0 ;its lowest monthly temperature occurs in January,

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being 13.6 ; and highest monthly temperature occurs in July, being 28.5 . Extremely

highest temperature of the city is 38.7 , which occurred on July 18 and 19, 2005),

extremely lowest temperature is -1.3 , which occurred on January 12, 1955). Being on the

verge of the South China Sea, the city has its main water source of precipitation, or the great

quantity of moisture brought about by monsoons in summer, and its annual precipitation is

1,791.3mm on average. Disastrous weather events that affect the city include typhoon,

rainstorm, low temperature, frost, low temperature and overcast and consecutive rain,

drought and thunderstorm.

1.3 Social Economic Conditions

Guzhen Town covers an area totaling 47.8 km2, consisting of 3 naturally formed villages,

namely Guzhen, Caobu and Haizhou. Jurisdictionally, the town includes 12 administrative

villages and 1 neighborhood committee, and totally 71 thousand people registered as local

residents and 80 thousand people as transient population.

Ever since implementation of national policy of reform and opening to the outside world,

Guzhen Town has been gradually evolving from unitary agriculture dominated town to

anindustrialized town characterized by regional, featured economy, with decorative

lightingand flower and plant seedlings as itsmajor supporting industries.Comprehensive

economic and social development in Guzhen Town has brought to it lots of honors,

including the honors of “Lighting Capital of China”, “National Level Civilization Town”

and“National Level Sanitary Town”, and recognitions as one of the “Nationwide Top 100

Towns for Best Investment Environment”, “Nationwide Top 100 Towns for Best

Performance of Afforestation and Virescence”, “First Batch Industrialize Satellite Towns in

Guangdong Province”, “Provincial Level Top Towns for Education Promotion”, “Provincial

Level Demonstration Area for Agricultural Modernization”, “Provincial Level

Demonstration Area for Industrial ClusterUpgrade” and etc. In 2010, the gross output value

of industry and agriculture of Guzhen Town totaled RMB 23.653 billion, and GDP totaled

RMB 8.77 billion, per capita GDP was RMB 123.3 thousand; national and local tax

revenues totaled RMB 960 million, per capita income of farmers was RMB 22,603; at the

end of the year, bank balance of the town totaled RMB 15.6 billion, and household savings

surplus was RMB 11.7 billion. For many years, the town hasranked forefront place in the

whole Zhongshan City in terms of per capita income and deposits held in the banks.

Guzhen Town is one of the conventionaleconomic crop planting zones in Zhongshan City. In

recent years, the town increased its investments in agricultural production to improve

agriculturalinfrastructure and water engineering works,and also made great efforts in

adjusting distribution of agricultural production and agricultural product structure. As a

result, an agricultural economic structure with flower and plant seedling plantingas leading

industry and good quality aquaculture as supplementary industry has been formed in the

town and generated high output, high efficiency and high added value, and the town has

become a major production bases for flower and plant seedlings and one of the major

markets for such productsin Southern China.In 1999, Guzhen Town was recognized by

Guangdong provincial government as one of the Ten Major Demonstration Areas for

Agricultural Modernization. Currently, the town has cropping area totaling 21 thousand mu,

including 11 thousand mu for flowers and ornamental plants and 300 mu for vegetable

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planting.In 2008, the South Green ExhibitionPark was planned with a total area of about 10

thousand mu, and 3times of China (Zhongshan) South Virescence Plantlet Expo have been

successfullyheld in the exhibition park, all of which were widely and highly commended by

leaders at all levels and all social circles. Additionally, agricultural production by farmers of

Guzhen Town in places outside the town is very prominent, with lots of farmers of the town

going to Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xinhui and Zhanjiang and other places to conduct agricultural

production activities. At present, agricultural production area operated by farmers of Guzhen

Town in places outside the town totals above 30 thousand mu, which greatly upgradeextension

and driving-force impact of agricultural development of Guzhen Town.

1.4 Current Status of the Sub-project Area Relating to Agricultural Production

The sub-project involves agricultural production is the South Green Exhibition Parksub-

project. The South Green Exhibition Park covers an area totaling 10,050 mu, including

indoor exhibition area of 6,800 m2 in total, mainly for exhibition of landscaping and

landscape trees, but also with stands for display of gardening material, pesticides and

fertilizers, drainage, irrigationand lighting facilities, and landscaping sketches and elements,

etc. The park has the biggest temporary planting base for camphor in Asia, over 2,000 mu of

area for exhibition of flowers and trees, as well as Longlinsha flower and tree planting base,

which covers6,800 mu of land equipped with ancillary facilities and is the largest

landscaping seedling production base in South China. Through two years of planning and

construction, all scenery spots in the exhibition areas and ancillary facilities in thepark have

become increasingly improved, and the park has attracted investors from abroad,

surrounding provinces in South China and renown enterprises in major cities in the Pearl

River Delta in Guangdong province, such as Guangdong Weisheng Gardening (Greenhouse)

Science and Technology Company Limited, Guangdong Zonglv Gardening Joint Stock

Company Limited, Spanish Philip Corporation and other corporations with foreign

capital.Nearly 138 enterprises have entered in the park, and the park has become a

comprehensive industrial parkwith landscaping seedling industry as the leading industry and

bonsai and rare rocks, shady flowers and plants, ornamental fish culture and turtle breeding

as supplementary industries.

1.5 IPM Concept

For the purpose of agricultural development, IPM is a strategic approach to pest control and

management that consists of closely related 3 stages of implementation, namely prevention,

monitoring and interference. It relies on a combination of supplementary agricultural,

physical, ecological and chemical practices to effectively reduce or put an end to use of

pesticides, so as to reduce pollution caused by chemicals to natural environment and

ecosystems.

IPM supported by the project involves the following aspects:

(1) Pest control to manage the damage to the limit of acceptable economic losses, instead of

exterminating all pests and diseases;

(2) Utilizing as much as possible non-chemical means to maintain a low level of pest

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population;

(3) When it’s necessary to use pesticides, selection of the variety and application method

should ensure that hazardous impacts on beneficial organisms, human beings and eco-

environment can be reduced as far as possible.

1.6 Objectives of IPM Implementation under the Project

Implementation of IPM will make it possible to change the current practice of input and

application method of agro-chemicals (chemical fertilizers, pesticides) in the

production/culture processes of seedlings, ornamental fish and turtles. The Project will attend

to the potential negative impacts caused by change of input and application method of agro-

chemicals, and will mitigate them by introducing to the enterprises in the park more effective

agro-chemicals and application techniques. Meanwhile, through introduction and

demonstration of more environmentally friendly IPM techniques, the Project will help to

enlarge planting/culture areas of seedlings, ornamental fish and turtles, improve quality and

outputs of the forestry and aquatic products, so as to increase incomes of the enterprises that

have entered in the park.

Under the Project, this PMP will be implemented in the green exhibition park sub-project area

through vigorously promoting use of forest culture and management, physical and biological

methods to control pests and diseases, so as to reduce reliance of seedlingsproduction and

ornamental fish and turtle culture on agro-chemicals and thus pollution to the products and

natural eco-environment. Therefore, preparation of this PMP is very much necessary.

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2 Current Pest Management Practice in the Project Area

2.1 Main Pests Found in the Project Area

2.1.1 Current Status of Seedling Planting and Predictable Main Pests

Nanfang Green Exhibition Park is anindustrial park with trade as the major operation and

production as supplementary activity. The enterprises in the park mainly conduct temporary

planting of seedlings transported from their own production bases or outsourcedseedlings in

the park, and selling of the living seedlings. The seedlings won’t be kept for long duration in

the park. Currently, the park has over 300 kinds of seedlings regularly planted, as shown in

Appendix 1. There are altogether over 400 kinds of pests predictable (see Appendix 2 for

details), including 6 kinds of quarantine pests, such as Brontispa longissima,Rhynchophorus

ferrugineus, Quadrastichus erythrinae, Mikania micrantha, Solenopsis wagneri,Opogona

sacchari Bojer.

2.1.2 Current Status of Ornamental Fish and Testudinate Culture and Predictable Pests

There are mainly 7 kinds of ornamental fish in the Green Exhibition Park,

includingCyprinidae, Tetra, Aphyosemion, Cichlaidae, Anabas testudineus, Hornpout and

other ornamental fish (see Table 2-1 for details). Main culture varieties of Testudinate

include Platysternidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae and

Trionychidae, etc., as shown in Table 2-2.Due to reasons relating to pond environment,

water quality, feed and own conditions of the fish and turtles, diseases would occur at any

stages of the culturing process, the disease and control methods are shown in Table 2-3.

Table 2-1 Main Varieties of Ornamental Fish

No. Name of Family

Varieties

1 Cyprinidae

Golden carp, Danio rerio, leopard cheeta, Danio rerio, Big zebra fish, Rose bartlos, Double Color labeo, Red tail black shark, Red fin labeo, Rainbow shark, Black fin Balantiocheilosmelanopterus, Scaly Four Brotula, Side Line Four Brotula, Puntius tetrazona Chubby Pleco, cowfish, Rasbora heteromorph Duncker, Red stripe rasbora

2 Tetra

Quasi labiodental tetra,labiodental tetra, Eye spot line half characin, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Red eye fish, Glass bloodfish, Astyanaxscabripinnis,Rose Tetra, Red dot tetra, Dotted tetra, Congo tetra, Silver dollar tetra, Black pacu, Flag tail lip tetra, Gasteropelecidae

3 Aphyosemion Guppy, Broadtail, Swordtail, Spot Swordtail

4 Cichlaidae

Angel fish, Disc Cichlids, Malawi gold porgy, Minefield butterfly color cichlid, A color's butterfly cichlid, Eye spot star Cichlids, Green crown, Brinell tilapia, Solemn Cichlids, Crater Cichlids, Blue point Cichlids, Grand head Cichlids, plena fish, Beautiful Cichlids, Crown with Cichlids, -Electric yellow cichlid, Blood parrot fish, Colorful porgy

5 Anabas

testudineus

Luo Betta, Silk foot thick perch, Nile perch, Pearl Gourami,Three star

Gouramis Osphronemus goramy

6 hornpout Hypostomus multiradiatus, Quasi wide mouth catfish, Red tail catfish, Glass catfish, Crystal Bardeen

7

7 Other

Ornamental Fish

Scleropages formosus Dragon fish, Red dragon fish , Osteoglossum ferreirai Silver

Arowana, Silver Belt , Chitala chitala, Fine scale quasi tripletail, archerfish, Lepomis cyanellus, Gold gyrinochelilus aaynonieri, Potamotrygon motoro, Arapaima, Cuban Gar, Longnosed Elephant Fish, Rainbow fish

Table 2-2Main Varieties of Testudinate in the Park

No. Name of Family Categories Varieties 1 EmydidaePlatysternidae Platysternon Platysternon megalorcephalum

Chinemys Big head turtle, black neck turtle, turtle Cistoclemmys Chinese box turtle, Flower back box turtle

Cuora Yellow head box turtle, McCord’s box turtle, Golden coin turtle, Yunnan box turtle, Zhou’s box turtle

Cyclemys Asian leaf turtle Geoemyda Geoemyda spengleri

Mauremys japonica Mutica turtlebr Ocadia Chinese stripenecked turtle Pyxidea Pyxidea mouhotii

2 Emydidae

Sacalia bealei Beal’s eyed turtle, Four eyed turtle Testudo graeca Central Asian Tortoise

Cherisin angulata Elongated tortoise 3 EmydidaeTestudinidae

Manouria Impressed tortoise Caretta Loggerhead turtle

Chelonia Sea turtle Hawksbill turtle Hawksbill turtle

4 EmydidaeCheloniidae

Lepidochelys Olive ridley sea turtle

5 EmydidaeDermochelyidae Emydidae

leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle

Palea Mountain Trionyx Trachemys Loggerhead turtle

Trionyx Trionyx sinensis 6 Trionychidae

Rafetus Refetus swinhoei

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Table 2-3 Main Disease and Control Methods of Ornamental Fish and Testudinate

Categories Main Diseases Prevention and Control Methods

Saprolegniasis

Soak in malachite green (0.2ppm 0.4ppm)

Soak in formalin ( 0.5ppm)

Put sick fish in a small pond filled with a mixture of table salt

(400ppm 500ppm) and Sodium bicarbonate (400ppm 500ppm).

Fin rot

Soak in bleaching powder (1ppm)

Soak in furacilin (1.5ppm 2ppm)

Soak in erythrocin (0.3ppm)

Splash copper sulfate (0.5ppm 0.7ppm) in fish pond.

Enterritis

Soak in furazolidone (0.1ppm 0.7ppm) and mix feed with

oxytetracycline

Orally feed with furazolidone (1g 2g/100kg) for 3 consecutive

days, Mash a small amount of garlic and put and add into feed for 3

consecutive days.

Red skin disease

Use caution in feeding to avoid injury of fish body; Use bleaching powder (1g/liter) in outdoor pond to prevent and

control the disease;

Use furan medicine (10mg liter) to soak and wash fish body.

Ornamental Fish

Leprnorthsis

Use furacilin (1ppm);

Put in water with table salt (0.5%) and stop feeding for 2 days, and then use sulfadiazine (0.6g/per fish) in feed;

Soak in table salt (2%) for 10 minutes;

Soak and wash using erythrocin (2.0ppm 2.5ppm) for 30

min. 50 min.

Red neck disease

～ Intramuscular injection using aureomycin, chloramphenicol and etc.(150 thousand U/kg), and injection site is between hind leg base and

sternum at depth of 1.5cm; Replacement method: immune vaccine made

from liver or spleen of sick turtle (100ml/kg).

Saprlegniasis

～ Sterilize pond with sick turtle usingsolution of formalin (100 mg/l ) or malachite (2 mg/l);

～ Soak sick turtle using malachite (100 mg/l) for 15 min.;

～ Mix feed with antibiotics and sulfanilamides.

Testudinate

Ulcerate disease

After have removed thefocus of infection part, applyChlorotetracycline oculentum one time each day. If the sick turtle takes feed, add oxytetracycline in feed; if it has stopped taking food, apply aureomycin to its infected part and isolate it from others. Avoid putting it in water to aggravate the sickness. Only put it in pond after its recovery.

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Mucormycosis

Prevention is the first thing. It is a must to apply fertilizer in pond and maintain certain degree of fertility, so as to restrain mold. Need to take cautions in all practices to avoid injury of turtle body. Sunshine platform needs to be constructed in the pond to allow the turtle of bask and dry shells, so as to effectively prevent moldparastisu. Apply sulfanilamide ointment to sick turtle.

Hemorrhage

Use antibiosis medicines, i.e. sulfanilamide (0.2g/kg as per weight) to mix with feed, and make the sick turtle to finish the feed to achieve therapeutic effect; or use oxytetracycline (7.5g/100kg as per weight) to mix with feed; or use other antibiotics.

Sternite red and swollen disease

～ Avoid high-density temporary culture and pile up of the turtles in transportation process;

～ Rinse or apply the sick turtles usingmalachite green solution (1mg/l);

～ Inject 150 thousand U/kg of antibiotic.

Shothole disease ～ Ade Vitamin E in feed; ～ Dip in bleaching powder solution.

Branchial gland adenitis

Isolate the sick turtles once found, to avoid spread of the disease; Thoroughly disinfect the pond using bleaching powder (200mg/l).

Parasitic disease Soak the sick turtle in copper sulfate (8mg/l) or potassium permanganate (20mg/l) for 30 minutes to remove ectozoa.

Feed-related diseases

Avoid use of deteriorate feed, add vitamin E in feed, preferable use eel feed.

Disease relating to deterioration of water

quality

Replace water in the entire pond and the turtles will recover in about 10 days.

Death in hibernation period

Before putting turtles in pond in winter, use bleaching powder solution (100mg/l) to disinfect the pond and then drain water out, dry and solarize the pond, improve sedimentat the bottom of the pond.

Pests and enemies to turtles

Reinforce dykes of the pond, conduct frequent check and plug holes and cracks; cast proper amount of pesticides around the spawning ground of the turtles to prevent against damage to eggs by ants. Additionally, heighten the fence walls and raise dogs to prevent theft.

2.2Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used in the Project Area

2.2.1 Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used for Seedlings, Ornamental Fish and

Testudinates

2.2.1.1 Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used for Seedlings

Use of chemical pesticides is the main measure currently used in the project area to control

pests and diseases of seedlings. The types and usage amounts of pesticides used in the

project area is listed in Table 2-4.

2.2.1.2 Types and Usage Amounts of Pesticides and fungicides Used in the Project Area for

Control of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings

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Table 2-4 Types and Usage Amounts of Pesticides and Fungicides Used for Control of

Pests and Diseases of Seedlings

Pests and Diseases

Types of Pests and Diseases

Types of Pesticides and Fungicides Usage Amounts/year

Diseases Rust, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, stem rot, etc.

Chlorothalonil, carbendazim, mildothane, triadimefon, chloroisobromine cyanuric acid

200 Boxes of each type

Chilades pandava Supracide 200 Boxes of each type Mmesoneura rufonota Rohwer

Daotech, phoxim 200 Boxes of each type

Autumn maple leaf cicada Imidacloprid, DDVP, heterophos 2000 200 Boxes of each type

Quadrastichus erythrinae DDVP 200 Boxes of each type Banian thrip Imidacloprid 200 Boxes of each type Stem pests Dursban 200 Boxes of each type Subbterranean pests Abamectin, carbofuran 200 Boxes of each type Defoliators Dipterex, DDVP 200 Boxes of each type

Harmful plants Glyphosate, butchlor, paraquat, fenoxaprop pethyl


Pests

Other pests

Flolimat, rogor, difenoconazole, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid Mospilan, colloidal sulfur, cymbush, Glyphosate,Yunfu, etc.


2.2.1.3 Pest and Disease Control Methods for Ornamental Fish and Testudinates

Measures currently used in the project area for control of pests and diseases of ornamental

fish and testudinates are shown in Table 2-3.

2.2.2 Types of Pesticides for Use of Pest and Disease Control

(1) Organic pesticides: also called organic synthetic pesticides, artificially synthesized using

organic synthesis materialsincluding benzene, alcohol, fatty acids and organic amine.

Depending on composition, chemical pesticides can be classified as organochlorine pesticides,

organophosphorus pesticides and organic nitrogen pesticides, etc., such as carbaryl,

chlodimeform, thiophanate and carbendazim, etc.

(2) Inorganic pesticides: also called mineral pesticides, e.g.sulfur, Bordeaux mixture, etc.,

made of raw mineral materialssuch as arsenic, fluorine and sulfur as main compositions.

(3) Botanical pesticides: made of plant ingredients. Its main active ingredient is the alkaloid

(such as the nicotine in tobacco and stemonine in radix stemonae, etc.) and glycosides.

Through chemical actions in insect bodies, these substances can change to toxic substances

that will kill the insects. Being harmless or of small virulence to humans and animals and no

injury to plants, botanical pesticides are safe in use and are thuswidely advocated and applied

in forest pests/diseases control.

11

(4) Microbial pesticides: made of microorganisms or metabolite of microorganism. The active

ingredients are the spores or antibiotics, such as Beauveria bassiana and kasugamycin, etc.

Safety in use is the outstanding feature of microbial pesticides, they are harmless to humans

and animals, without resistance of pests.

Beauveria bassiana,i.e., entomogenous fungi, also called“white zombie worms’fungi”because

of thewhite,stiff looking of pests dead after their being infected by such fungithat arenow

widely used in production.

Bacillus thuringiensis(B.t): a broad spectrum bacterial pesticides, now used for control of up

to a hundred kinds of pests, particularly Lepidoptera spp., such as Apocheima cinerarius and

Malacosoma neustria testacea, which is safe to humans, animals and natural enemies, and no

injury to plants.

(5)Chlorbenzuron pesticides:they arehighly effective to kill lepidopterous larvae, with best

control period of 3 instar or earlier stages and advantages of long residual effect and no harm

to natural enemies, etc.

(6) Insect pheromones�chemical substances of special smell released by insect adults and

mainly used to attract insects to mate with the same species of opposite sex.In terms of the

principle, traps with pheromone can be set in the forest to kill pests.

2.2.3 Types of Pesticides That Are Banned or Restricted for Use

For the purpose of safe and effective use of pesticides, “Regulations on Pesticide

Management”promulgated by the state council of the People’s Republic of China and

“Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticides” promulgated the Ministry of Agriculture provide:

�1�Pesticides applicable for pests/disease control in agricultural production (very dangerous

and highly toxic pesticides are banned for use);

�2�Pesticides of high effectiveness, low toxicity and low residue recommended for

application when other control methods have failed to work effectively�

�3�No access to markets for any agricultural products with pesticide residues exceeding the

standards;

�4�Safe application methods for pesticides, including scope of the pesticide application, safe

and proper application methods, concentration (or dosage), frequency and safety interval of

pesticide application, etc.

The “Regulation on Pesticide Management” encourages use of pesticides which are highly

effective, low toxic and with low residue, and defines the standards for pesticides marketing.

Use of some pesticides is forbidden as per the “Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticide” and

the“Regulation on Pesticide Management”.

2.2.3.1 Banned/restricted Pesticides

12

The Chinese government has banned by explicit order use of 23 kinds of pesticides, namely,

Benzex, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, chlordimeform, dibromoethane, nitrofen,

aldrin, dieldrin, mercurial compounds, arsenic compounds, lead-bearing compounds, Bis-A-

TDA, fluoroacetamide, glyftor, Tetramine, Frato, silatrane, Methamidophos, Parathion-

methyl, parathion, monocrotophos, Dimecron.

2.2.3.2 Pesticides for Restricted Use

Pesticides (totally 19 kinds) for restricted use for vegetables, fruit trees, tea and medicinal

herbs are: omethoate for cabbage; dicofol and fenvalerate for tea; hydrazide (B9) for peanut;

tert-parathion for sugar cane; phorate, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos, posfolan-methy, sulfotep,

systox, carbofuran, aldicarb, phosphorus, posfolan, coumaphos, dyfonate, isazofos and

fenamiphos for vegetables, fruit trees and herbal materials

2.3 Overall Evaluation of the Current Practice of Disease and Pest Managment

Biological and non-polluting chemical prevention and control of pests and diseases are

currently the prevailing methods in Guzhen Town, Zhongshan City of Guangdong province,

but use of pesticides for control of pests and diseases of seedlings has the advantages of

beingeffective, convenient for machine-based application and etc. In cases of large scale of

pest incidence, pesticides can help to exterminate pests in short time period, and therefore

are being widely used in control of pests and diseases of seedlings.

Through consultations with relevant departments of the project area and field surveys to the

farmers, it is understood that, due to the special geographic environment, dynamic

international and domestic economic and trade activities, an abundance of tree varieties, and

warm and humid climate in the project area,pests and diseases exist in the project area are of

great varieties, causing serious damages. It was also learned that, a complete system of

disease and pest prediction and forecasting has been established by agricultural plant

protection department of Guzhen Town Agricultural Office and equipped with matured

techniques that are in the leading position in the region. However, problems relating to use of

pesticides still exist in the project area, including:

(1)Reliance on chemical control methods;

(2)Arbitrary disposal of agro-chemicals and their packaging material, which forms latent plane

source pollution;

(3) Incidents of illegal use of highly toxic agro-chemicals are still found;

(4) Improper use of and management on pesticides;

(5) Inadequate compulsory execution of relevant laws and rgualtions on labeling and

marketing of agro-chemicals;

(6) Lack of awareness of safe use of pesticides and of personal safety measures;

13

(7) Insufficient understanding of IPM of the agricultural extension staff, agro-chemical seller

and farmers.

14

3 Policy and Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities

3.1 Policies of the National and Provincial Governments on Plant Protection and IPM

At the national level, the State Forestry Administration subordinating to the State Council is

responsible for forest pest/disease control and quarantine, while the Ministry of Agriculture is

responsible for the registration and supervision of pesticides. Main relevant laws and

regulations on forest pest and disease control by the People’s republic of China and

Guangdong province are summarized as follows:

(1) Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (adopted by the Standing Committee of the

National People’s Congress in September 1984);

(2)Law of P.R. China on Quality and Safety of Agro-Products�adopted by the Standing

Committee of the National People’s Congress in April, 2006�;

(3) Regulations on Implementation of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China

(promulgated by the State Council in January 2000);

(4) Regulations on Forestry Pest Control (promulgated by the State Council in December

1989);

(5)Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by

the State Council on January 29,2001);

(6) Regulations on Plant Quarantine (revised and promulgated by the State Council on May

13,1992);

(7) Guangdong Provincial Regulations on Agricultural Environmental

Protection(promulgated bythe Ninth Session of Standing Committee of the People’s Congress

of Guangdong Province in June 1998);

(8)Methods for Implementing the Regulations on Pesticide Management (revised by Decree

No. 9 (2007) of the Ministry of Agriculture on December 8, 2007);

(9)Norms for Use of Pesticides in Green FoodProduction( NY/T393-2000) (issued by the

Ministry of Agriculture in March 2000);

(10) Detailed Rules for Implementing the Regulations on Plant Quarantine (Forestry Volume)

(issued by the Ministry of Forestry in July 1994);

(11) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides(GB4285-1989) (issued by the State

Environmental Protection Administration in September 1986);

(12) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides (GB8321.2—1987) (issued by the State

Environmental Protection Administration in September 1986);

15

(13) Norms for Proper Application of Pesticides (Volume 1 to 8)

(GB/TB8321.1�8321.8)(issued by the Ministry of Agriculture);

(14) Anti-poison Standards for Storage, Selling and Usage of Pesticides (GB 12475-

2006�(issued by the Ministry of Agriculture)�

(15) Methods for Management on Production of Pesticides in Guangdong Province(issued

by Guangdong Province Economic and Trade Committee in April 2007).

Along with implementation of the Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides and

Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China, implementation of

IPM has been promoted.

3.2 Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities

3.2.1Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides

0

Figure 3-1 Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides

Responsibilities of the Institutions:

Agricultural Bureau: responsible for registration of and supervision and management on

pesticides used in Guangdong province; and for defining or participating in defining

agriculture-related provincial, national and industrial standards for safe pesticide usage,

quality of pesticides and pesticide residues;

Industrial and Commercial Bureau: responsible for management on marketing of pesticides;

Quality and Supervision Bureau: responsible for management on production of pesticides;

Agricultural Laws’ Enforcement Team: responsible for supervision and management on

quality of agro-chemicals in the marketing places.

City Agricultural Bureau

City Industr.& Commer. Adm.Bureau

City Quality Supervision Bureau

City Agricultural Laws’ Enforcement Team

Town/District Agro-Laws’ Enforcement Team

City Plant Protection and Testing Station

TownshipAgro-tech. Service Center

16

3.2.2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues

0

Figure 3-2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues

Town/District Agro-Forest Product Quality Monitoring Center/Station: responsible for

supervision and management on quality and safety of agro-forest products produced within its

administrative territory

Agro-forest Product Quality Testing Station at wholesale markets and supermarkets:

responsible for quality testing of agro-forest products for market access purpose;

Agro-forest Product Testing Point at agro-production base: responsible for quality testing of

agro-products at the production base for their selling to outside.

3.3 Overall Evaluation of Pest and Disease Management Capacity

3.3.1 Current Status and Trend of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings

Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province is located in the northwest part of

Zhongshan City, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and is only a little bit more than 1 hour

ride to Guangzhou Municipality. Being an important hinterland area of the Pearl River Delta

Economic Zone, Guzhen is featured by mild and humid weather and an abundance of plant

varieties that, unfortunately, also bring along pests of great varieties, wide distribution and

serious damages.Quarantine pestsfound in the town include Quadrastichus erythrinae,

Mikania micrantha, Brontispa longissima, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and etc. Over recent

years, along with increase of plantation area of seedlings, varieties and incidence area of

forest pests has been increasing, with the problem of abrupt incidences of forest pests

becoming more and moreoutstanding. Given the frequent international and national seedling

trade in the town, major damages caused by intrusion of forest pests are increasingly serious.

3.3.2 Problems Existing in Pest and Disease Management

(1) Lagging behind in using updated prevention concept: seedling health concept has not

been incorporated in the current practice of preventing pests for forest production, and forest

culture and management techniques and effective measures to strengthenresistance capacity

of seedlingsin line with ecological systemconsideration are still lacking;

City Agro-Forest Product Quality& Safety Testing Center

Town/Distrct

Monitoring Station for

Agro- Forest Pro. Qlty. &

Safety

Agro-Forest Pro.Qlty &

Sfty. Testing Stations at

Wholesale Markets &

Supermarkets

Agro-Forest Pro. Quality

Testing Points at

Production Bases

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(2) Backward prevention measures: traditional ground investigation methods are still the

primary approaches used for monitoring of forest pests, resulting in higher time and labor

input and poor accuracy. Advance monitoring techniques need to be promoted for better

accuracy in monitoring and prediction.

(3) Capacity building system is not well established: training of forest pest IPM techniques

is still lagging. Because of inadequate introduction, demonstration and extension of

advanced monitoring and prevention techniques, awareness of risks of forest pests is not yet

well understood, making it impossible to realize real time monitoring and early warning of

forest pests within the whole region.

3.3.3 Measures Needed for Pest and Disease Management under the Project

Due to limited technical staff and inadequate fiancial input,progress in research and extension

of non-chemical control techniques includingphysical and biological ones, is kept at a slow

pace, with only single prevention and control method used and the resulted unsatisfactory

results. Additionally, non-chemical prevention and control accounts for a smaller proportion,

so further efforts are needed in carrying out extensive publicity, training and extension. During

project implementaiton, the following aspects should be strengthened:

(1) Upgrade the level of pest management through training to technicians in the green

exhibition park and in the seedling production enterprises;

(2) Provide training to farmers on basic knowledge about identification, prevention and

control of pests, based on local situation and actual needs of the farmers;

(3) Prepare practical training material and supplement it with necessary audio-visual aids;

(4) Strengthen support to research on and extension of IPM of major forest pests.

3.3.4Development of Pest and Disease Prevention and Control System in the Project Area

At present, 3relatively completed systems, including a monitoring and early warning system,

a quarantine and prevention system and a non-polluting prevention and control system, have

been established in the project area, with monitoring sites of various amounts set up at each

of themonitoring and prediction stations for the purpose of ensuring real time, dynamic

monitoring of pests and diseases, so as to provide data support to comprehensive prevention

and control. Professional staff has been teamed up to conduct quarantine, prevention and

control of pests and diseases.

3.4 Pesticide Management and Distribution System and Usage of Pesticides

In line with the Regulations on Pesticide Management of the P. R.China, agricultural

administration of Zhongshan Citygovernment shall be responsible for assisting agricultural

administration of the State Council to register pesticides and conducting pesticide

supervisionand administrationin its jurisdictional area; the agricultural administrative

departmentof the town/district shall take responsibilities for supervision and administration on

pesticides in the administrative area. Other relevant departments of the city shall be

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responsible for the supervision and administration on pesticides in their respective scope of

duty.

3.4.1 Pesticide Distribution System

In the project area, Guzhen Town government shall be responsible for supervision and

administration of pesticides unitedlyprocured by the project management office (PMO).In

cases of pesticide procurement by seedling enterprises themselves, standardized

managementin compliance with the national and local laws and regulationsof the producers

and retailers is required, including registration of pesticides and control methods to ensure

compliance with the safety, quality and environmental pollution control standards.

Any pesticide retailer can operate only after having obtained a permit, and can only sell those

pesticidesproduced under registered contracts. Highly toxic and toxic pesticides cannot be

produced or sold for production.

Pesticides with residues in excess of the standards (especially in vegetables, fruits and food

crops) have been banned in the market for sale.

Packaging of a pesticide product must be labeledor enclosed with instructions indicating name

of the pesticide, name of manufacture, product lot number, registration number or temporary

registration number, production license number or production approval document number,

active ingredients, contents, weight, performance, toxicity, purposes,application techniques

and methods, date of production, useful life and precautions and etc. Before delivery, pesticide

products should go through quality inspection and beara quality acceptance certificate.

Companies and units that are eligible for pesticide operations are:

(1) Agro-production material businesses of theSupply and Marketing Cooperatives;

(2) Plant Protection Station;

(3) Soil and Fertilizer Station;

(4) Agricultural and forestry technology extension organizations;

(5) Forest pests/diseases prevention and control organization;

(6) Pesticide manufacturers;

(7) Other operation units specified by the State Council.

For marketing dangerous chemicals, the operation unit should have a special certificate

granted to it following procedures requiredby relevant national regulations.

3.4.2 Measures for Proper Usage of Pesticides

Pest occurrence pattern, ecological concept, site conditions, types of pesticides and the forms

of pesticides form the base for determination of proper measures of pesticide applications, as

shown in Table 3-5.

Table 3-5 Proper Measures for Pesticide Usage in the Project Area

No. Measures Contents

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1 Scientific Selection Accurately identify the types of pests/diseases and determine the control object according to morphology, symptoms, biology and ecology of pests/diseases, select the most cost-effective pesticide or formulations, which are safe, economic and effective.

2 Optimal Timing

In the critical period of prevention and treatment, according to indicators of pesticide control, result in economic losses in the prior. Disease control must grasp to the principles of protection for the first, protective agent spraying before the disease occurrence, and therapeutic agents have to spray after the occurrence of disease. Pest control in young stages.

3 ProperFrequency

In the case of ensure the control effect, in the range of effective concentration should make use of low concentrations of drugs for prevention, the number of control according to the degree of residual validity and the occurrence of pests/diseases to be. Cannot only effective control of pest damage, but also not produce injury and no pollution to the environment.According to the duration of pests/diseases, the amount of occurrence and the length of agents to determine the number of persistence spraying.

4 Appropriate Application Method

Different formulations of pesticides should be used in different application methods. General emulsion and dissolve powder mainly by spray and splash water; powder mainly by spray; granule mainly by applicator or deep basal; strong absorption within the pharmaceutical mainly by powder, spray, splashed water and smear.Different action mechanism of pesticides, should take a different application methods to achieve maximum control effect for the purpose. According to the part of disease occurrence, insect activity patterns and different pesticide formulations to choose the different methods and time of application.

5 Safe Application

According to state pesticide regulations, strictly control the use of highly toxic pesticides, determined disable high-residue and the "three-induced effects of pesticides, earnestly implement the safe use of pesticides and crop safety procedures interval requirement, and make sure safe medication, to avoid environmental pollution, to prevent livestock poisoning.

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4 Overall Objectives of this PMP

4.1 Overall Objectives

Objectives of this PMP are to:

(1) Ban use of highly toxic pesticides by seedling and aquatic product businesses;

(2) Reduce sales of improperly or incompletely labeled pesticides to forest farmers;

(3) Improve awareness, knowledge and capacity of integrated pest management (IPM);

(4) Upgrade capability of safe pesticide application and management.

Under the project, the following measures will be used to increase awareness and

understanding of IPM:

(1) Introduce to the seedling operators that apply for the project loans the quality standards

of pesticides as required by the project procurement policies;

(2) Upgrade capacity-building of governmental organizations for IPM extension service;

(3) Provide training to pesticide distributors and retailers on IPM.

4.2 Basic Principles and Objectives of Pest and Disease Control under the Project

4.2.1 Basic Principles

Basic principles are: to persevere interritoriality of management, with local government

toassume the administrativeresponsibility and relevant governmental departments to perform

respective functions as per clearly defined responsibilities for protection and development of

seeding resources; to adhere to puttingprevention first and combining prevention and control,

so as to strictly restrainspread of epidemic; to stick to the approach of preventing pests and

diseasesin all areas and eliminating pests and diseases inkeyareas to ensure safety of those key

area; to implement rational zoning and differentiated measures based on local situation to

upgrade effectiveness of prevention and control; to abide by the laws and standardize

management to enhance scientific prevention and control of pests and diseases.

4.2.2 Specific Objectives of Pest and Disease Prevention and Control

(1) Integrate non-polluting pest and disease control techniques and demonstrate for

extension, gradually reduce agro-chemical input;

(2) Ban use of agro-chemicals that are banned for use by the national government and

upgrade farmers’ ability to adopt scientific pesticideapplication methods;

21

(3) Increase awareness and application ability of farmers of IPM and thus upgrade the

degree of IPM application;

(4) Gradually standardize behavior of pesticide producers and sellers and promote safe

production and marketing of agro-chemicals;

(5) Ensure no serious losses will occur in the project area even with major pest or

disease incidence of seedlings, fish or testudinate.

22

5 Recommended Measuresfor Pest and Disease Control

5.1 Purposes of the Recommendations

The purposes of recommending measures for pest and disease control under the project are to

demonstrate and extend to a maximal degree use of IPM methods to reduce reliance on synthetic

chemical pesticides in the entire project area. The recommended measures include: plant

quarantine, pest prediction andforestry measures,, physical, biological and chemical measures

andetc., and, more specifically, disinfection of ornamental fish ponds and seedlings, biological

disease control, polyculture of fish and turtles, planting of floating vascular bundle plant (Pistia

stratiotes), proper use of microbial ecological agents to recover water environmental ecology.

5.2Main Measures Recommended in this PMP

5.2.1 Recommended Measures for Pest and Disease Control of Seedlings

5.2.1.1 Plant Quarantine Measures

Plant quarantine should be strengthened in the project area. Plant quarantine at places of origin,

for export or transport purpose and re-quarantinesystems should be strictly observed, so as to

secure effectiveelimination of pests and diseases. Introduction of seeds, scions or seedlings from

the pest/disease affected areas is prohibited. For purpose of standardizing the production and

marketing of the seedlings, registration of forest seedlings, seedling production permit, seedling

quality certificate and seedling production license systems should be implemented. Quarantine of

imported wood and wood products should be strengthened, and on-the-spot elimination of

quarantine object(s) should be performed once discovered,so as to prevent its/their entering into

the project area.

5.2.1.2 Pest Prediction Measures

Guzhen Town Agricultural Office shall provide information on pest incidence to the enterprises

in the green exhibition park in a timely manner, including object of control, control measures,

technologies and types of pesticides for use, etc. Such information shall be provided 7-10 days

prior to commencement of implementation of the control measures. Guzhen Town Agricultural

Office should ensure that the control measures are implemented in parallel in the nearby

towns/townships to enhance effectiveness.

5.2.1.3 Forestry Measures

• Selectingpests/disease resistant tree species to upgrade self-resistance capability of

the seedlings;

• Applyingintercropping or mixed planting to have proper allocation of species and

crops, so as to damages;

• Breeding sturdy seedlings by sterilizing the seeds and soil, culling unhealthy

seedlings, so as to cultivate high-quality and strong seedlings

23

• Matching sites with trees, i.e. selecting tree species that best adapt to local

environmental conditions of the site;

• Planting in time, i.e. selecting proper planting season;

• Rationalizing use of fertilizers by applying adequate organic manure, minimalizing

use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increasing up-take of calcium;～

• Cleaning seedling land by deep plowing of soil to expose pests to extreme weather

and removing infected plants, branches or leaves.～

5.2.1.4 Physical Measures

• Capturing pests: such as using black light trap to capture moths, beetles and orthoptera

pests; using sweet and sour solution to capture moths; artificial capturing and removal of

coleoptera adults, lepidoptera larvae, pupae and egg masses; artificial clearing of

overwintering pupae in the earth; prunning the infected/impacted plant to remove

pests/diseases and so on.

• Cutting off routes of pests: this is to use specific habits of some pests to prevent damage,

such asstickingon a tree trunk a plastic apron to prevent damage by some kinds of pestswith

the habit of overwintering under the tree, or climbing up and damaging trees at night but

going down and hiding underneath the tree during daytime.

5.2.1.5 Biological Measures

Biological measures include: use of biological pesticides, such as matrine, Bt, SNPV, etc; use of

natural enemies such as the Sclroderma guani, Chouioia cunea, Cerambycid Parasitoid, ladybird

beetle; and use of sex attractant traps to kill pests, such as Monochamus alternatus .

5.2.1.6 Chemical Measures

Cost-effective measures by combining pesticide use with other control measures should be

promoted to increase effectiveness of pest and disease control. Useof pesticides should be on

the premise of applying only those pesticides that are of good quality, low toxic or non-toxic

pesticides to humans and livestockand safe to seedlings.

The main measures to improve effectiveness of pesticides include: prohibiting use of highly

toxic, toxic or highly residual pesticides; using different pesticides to control various pests and

forbiddinguse of broad-spectrum pesticides; adopting proper application frequency based on pest

occurrence; applying pesticides of proper amount; mixing pesticides with appropriate proportions

and alternating pesticides properly; strictly implementing national regulations on pre-harvest

interval (GB4285-89).

Use of chemical control measures should abide by the following principles:

(1) Use cost-effective non-pesticide chemicals;

24

(2) Use highly effective, low toxic and low residual pesticides (Category III pesticides defined by

the WHO );

(3) Promote use of pest and disease control techniques that are low toxic to humans, livestock

and plants and withless pollution to environment, including:

�Use of low toxic and low residual pesticides;

�To ensure optimal effectiveness of pesticide application, timely use of high effectiveness and

low concentration pesticides to control various pests is recommended in pest source area with

high density of pests, focal area of pest occurrence, and at larval stages of pests. Pesticides which

have lethal effect on the natural enemies will be prohibited to increase natural enemies at the late

stage after rampant occurrence of pests;

～ Ensuring safe interval for use of pesticides;

～ Instead of long-term continuous use of a single type of pesticide, alternative pesticide

use is recommended for pest control.

(4) Use of safe spraying devices (such as shouldered sprayers, optimized nozzle dimension) and

methods to enhance effectiveness of the pesticide application and pest control;

(5) Strengthening publicity and education on safe and proper use of pesticides, extending safe

application of pesticides through training, strictly following regulations on pesticide application

and paying attention to safety in use of pesticides;

(6) Safe storage of chemicals (e.g. keeping pesticides away from food and children);

(7) Dumping invalided and obsoleted pesticidesinto natural waters and cleaning containers or

application instruments of chemicalsin natural waters should be banned, proper disposal (such as

deep burial) at safe locations should be chosen.

5.2.2Recommended Measures for Pest and Disease Control of Ornamental Fish and Turtles

5.2.2.1 Recommend Measures for Disease Control of Ornamental Fish

(1) Disinfection of Fish Pond

Either dry pond disinfection method or with-water pond disinfection method can be applied. For

the dry pond disinfection method, first thing to do is to drain the pond, and then use quicklime

2250kg/ha or bleaching powder (150 kg/ha)to disinfect the pond. For with-water pond

disinfection,solution of quicklime (5250kg/ha)or bleaching powder (225kg/ha)can be used to

splash pond with water depth of 1m.

(2) Fingerling Disinfection

25

Before putting the fingerlings into pond, disinfection of the fingerlings should be conducted to

kill microbes and parasites on their bodies and thus benefit prevention and control of fish

diseases.

(3) Biological Prevention of Fish Diseases

Polyculture of various varieties of fish can be used to allow three-dimensional use of the space

and mutualistic symbiosis and mutual benefit of the fish varieties forming a food chain, so as to

reduce and prevent fish disease and increase productivity.

Proper aquatic plants can be put in pond, such as proper amounts of water hyacinth, Azolla

Filiculoides Lamk, to control nitrogen concentration and thus fertility level of water in the

pond, absorb harmful substances, mitigate water qualitydeterioration, and cool the pond water

in hot summer, for a good ecological environment of cultured fish.

Periodical disinfection of water in fish pond.June to October is the time period of high

incidence of fish diseases, when disinfection of pond water should be strengthened. The

prevention methods include: splashing the entire pond using bleaching powder solution

(1mg/kg) once every 15 days to prevent bacterial diseases of fish (such as red skin, rotten

branchia, enteritis and etc.); splashing the pond with copper sulfate (0.5mg/kg) +ferrisulphas

(0.2mg/kg) once every month to prevent parasites including Trichodina, Crytocia branchialis,

Bodo globasus and Sinergasilus and etc.; crystaldipterex (0.3-0.5mg/kg) to kill larvae of

Lernaea, Sinergasilus and etc.in the fish pond.

Oral medicine to be added in feed for fish disease prevention and control: Since disinfection of

pond water alone will not be adequate for prevention of some diseasesof fish (such as

Hemorrhage and enteritis), oral medicines to be added in feed or stuck onto waterweeds are

also necessary.

5.2.2.2 Recommended Measures for Disease Control of Testudinate

(1)Maintaining a well-adjusted water environment to stabilize water quality, water color and

transparency, reduce environmental stress and the resulted hypoimmunity, so as to reduce

disease incidence of the turtles;

(2) Conducting strict monitoring and control of fingerlings, feed and medicinesput in turtle

ponds and the input methods in compliance with technical standards stipulated by the national

government, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangdong province, so as to prevent against diseases

and damage to quality of final products resulted from import of pathogens from outside and

improper use of feed or medicines.

(3) Performing integrated disease prevention and control of turtles by using methods including:

mixed culture, planting of floating vascular bundle plant (Pistia stratiotes), and proper use of

microbial ecological agents to recover water environmental ecology�control of turtle-raising

density to reduce intimidate reaction and optimal densities of ponds for young and adult turtles;

and use of panimmunity activatorand growth promoting agents, called jointly as

immunopotentiator, to upgrade turtles’ stress resistance capacity. Scientific use of fishery

medicines within limitsof national and local governmental regulations and sectoral

26

regulationsshould be applied by using Chinese herbal medicine as priority choice and combining

it with chemical medicines, and using suitable medicine with accurate dosage based on drug

sensitivity tests, for the purpose timely prevention and control of diseases.

27

6 Pesticide Management under the Project

6.1Pesticides Recommended for Use under the Project

For the purpose of further promoting non-polluting prevention and control of forest pests and

diseases, protecting eco-environment and biodiversity, the State Forestry Administration has

recommended use of a batch of highly effective, low toxic and low residual pesticides based on

development level of pesticides in China.

Included in the recommended pesticides are:

� biological and natural enemies, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Dendrolimus punctatus

virus, gypsymoth virus, Apocheima cinerarius virus, Hyphantria cuneavirus, Ectropis

obliqua virus, matrine, Azadirachtin, nicotine, rotenone, celangulin,abamectin, spinosad,

Beauveria Vuillemin, green muscardine fungus, microsporidia, pyrethrin and parasites or

predative natural enemies such as Scleroderma guani, Trichogrammal, Chouioia cunea,

coccobius azumai and Coccinellidae.

� Attractants for Monochamus alternatus, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Parathrene

tabaniformis Rottenberg, Dendrolimus punctatus, Hyphantria cunea, Holcocerus renicola

and etc.

� Synthetic pesticides (chemical pesticides): Cyfluthrin, chlorbenzuron, Triflumuron,

Hexaflumuron, Fluorine carbamide, Diflubenzuron, Tebufenozide, imdidacloprid,

Fenoxycarb,Methylamino Avermectin, Chlorfenapyr, lime sulphur, mancozeb, carbendazim,

chlorohalonil, triazolone, Myclobutanil, iprodione, Flumorph, chemosterilant and repellents.

Machines for plant protection use are: engine-driven sprayers-dusters (for balanced medicine

application, electrostatic machine), built-in vehicle wide rangesprayers, smoke sprayers,

punchingmachines for medicine injection, forest medicine injection and sampling machines,

pest-killing lamps.

(1) Use of pesticides during project implementation should combine with forest culture and

management, physical and biological measures, and should follow the principle of economy,

safety and effectiveness.

In case pesticide is necessary, biological, vegetative, bionic and non-polluting pesticides should

be the choice.In accordance with IPM principle and OP 4.09 of the World Bank, pesticides and

relevant prevention and control measures recommendedunder the project are listed in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1 Pesticides Recommended Under the Project

Recommended Pesticides

Chemical Pesticides Type of Trees Main Pests Biological Pesticides

Low Toxic

28

Moth , Rhopalocera Zadirachtin, Bt

SNPV

Chlobenzuron No.3, Chlorfluazuron,

Cyfluthrin, Permethrin, Imidacloprid,

Bacillus Thruringlensis

Chrysomelidae�e.g. Brontispa

longissima� Green muscardine fungus Yejiaqing Powder

Piercing and sucking pests (Scale

pests) and mites Imidacloprid

Phylloxerae Chlorfluazuron�Imidacloprid

Phytophthira Nicotine microemulsion (5%) Imidacloprid�phoxim

Shieldbug Chlorfluazuron

Tetranychus urticae Koah

Phoxim�Chlorfluazuron

Pests on Branches and in Trunk Nematode pesticides Phoxim

Hieroxestidae(Opogona sacchari Bojer�

Trichogramma dendrolimi,

Steinernema, Bacillus

Thuringiensis (Bt.)

Dipterex

Landscping

Seedlings

Anthracnose, Scab, Rust, Brown

blotch, Powdery mildew, Leaf apex

blight, Root rot, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia

solani and etc.

Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim, Triadimefon,

Mildothane

(2) Pest and disease control measures of each of the tree varieties incorporates main measures

of IPM, though with a strong dependence on pesticides.

(3) Non-chemical control measures are mainly silvicultural, physical and biological measures.

Biological control measures that have been tested and proven to be effective will be introduced

into and extended in the projectby Zhongshan City Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station.

Asupplementary, coordinated and integral prevention and control system shall be established in

the project area by incorporating forestry, physical, biological and chemical measures with other

effective ecological measures and thus giving full play to advantages of each of the measures.

Integrated IPM techniques for seedlings formed under the project will be used to guide pest and

disease control in the whole city.

In selecting pest and disease control measures, forest culture and management measures, physical

measures (e.g. pest-killing lamps, pheromone traps), biological measures orbiological pesticides

that are of equally cost-effective tosynthetic pesticides should all have priority over use

ofsynthetic pesticides (Table 4).Use of chemicals without registration or including Type I active

constituents defined by WHO shall be strictly banned in the project area.

29

6.2 Pesticide Application Devices for Use in the Project Area

In order to guide safe, scientific and proper use of pesticide application devices, further promote

non-polluting prevention and control of forest pests and protect eco-environment and

biodiversity,the State Forestry Administration has recommended use of a batch of pesticide

application devicesbased on development level of pest prevention and control devices in China,

among them are engine-driven sprayers-dusters (for balanced medicine application, electrostatic

machine), sprayers-dusters, built-in vehicle wide range sprayers, smoke sprayers,

punchingmachines for medicine injection, forest medicine injection and sampling machines,

pest-killing lamps.

6.3 Management on Use of Pesticides under the Project

(1)In line with the plant protection principle of “prevention first and integrated prevention and

control”, the Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease ManagementCenter shall provide technical

training to enterprises in the park at regular intervals. Topics included in the training are:

extension of safe and highly effective pesticides, upgraded pesticide application

techniques,knowledge on pests and diseases of seedlings, fish and turtles, and on the damages,

emergency control, prevention and relevant laws and regulations.

(2) The Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease Management Center shall strengthen guidance

on safe and proper use of pesticides, ensure procurement of approved chemical pesticides, and

monitor rate of use of pesticides and medicines. At the same time, it shall formulate rotational

pesticide use plan based on incidence of pests and diseases in the park, so as to mitigate drug

resistance of pests and improve control effectiveness.

(3) The Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease Management Center shall ensure sales of

pesticides in the vicinity of the park all accord with standards for labeling and examination ( of or

below Category II), and ensure that enterprises in the park and neighboring farmersare aware of

IPM methods and able to have properdosage and safe applicationof pesticides and safe disposal

of the waste, so as to prevent against environmental pollution caused by pesticide uses and

pesticide poisoning accident.

(4) Guzen Town Agricultural Office of Zhongshan City shall conduct periodical inspection to

ensure use of pesticides in compliance with nationalregulations in its jurisdictional area,

including the users’ compliance with specified dosage, frequency, application methods and pre-

harvest internal for safe and proper use of pesticides and prevention of pollution to agro-

products.Highly toxic and toxic pesticides are not allowed to be used for hygienicpests,

vegetables, fruits, melons, tea or Chinese medicinal herbs.Use of pesticides should consider

protection of environment, beneficial organisms and rare species. Use of pesticides to poison fish,

shrimps, birds and animalsand etc. is strictly banned.

(5) The Project Leading Project of established for implementation of the project in Guzhen Town

of Zhongshan City shall facilitate making of environmental protection policies relating to agro-

chemical marketing and use.

30

6.4Capacity of Pesticide Users to Handle Pesticide within the Acceptable Risk Limit

As indicated in Section 2.3 “Overall Evaluation of the Current Practice of Disease and Pest

Management”of this PMP, there is a discrepancy of capacity to handle pesticides within the

acceptable risk limit (e.g. safe storage, safe application machines or devices, safety protection

clothes, safe disposal of wasted pesticides and their packing material) among the seedling

production enterprises in the park and pesticide retailers. To effectively address this problem, a

training plan targeted at farmers and pesticide retailer is prepared as described in Chapter 7 of

this PMP.In addition to this, a monitoring and evaluation plan (see Chapter 8.1) will be

implemented to monitor at regular intervals pesticide use and disposal capacity of farmers and

pesticide retailers, and further training shall be provided to address improper use or unsafe

disposal if any.

6.5 Environmental, Professional and Health Risks

6.5.1 Environmental Risks

(1) The main environmental risks of pesticide useunder the project include:

• potential risk of reduction of the number of aquatic organisms (such as fish and aquatic

insects) due to water quality deterioration;

• Contamination of water source due to spray, overflow or leakage of pesticides or

chemicals near the drinking watersource;

• Impacts on non-targeted species (especially bees, birds, livestock, natural enemies) due to

the use of highly toxic pesticides;

• Increased resistance of pests due to long-term use of certain types of pesticides;

• Soil contamination due to pesticide residues in soil.

(2) Measures to Mitigate the Above-mentioned Risks

• To train the town leaders, farmers,seedling/fish/turtle producers, pesticide retailers on

potential impacts of particular agro-chemicals on environment, and recommend to them

suitable and safe spraying methods and devices;

• To monitor spray of pesticides to ensure no use of highly toxic pesticides in places close

to water sources;

• To procure safe and verified pesticide spraying devices with support of the project;

• To select onlyhighly effective but low toxic pesticides for use;

• To use pesticidesof low residue and shorter half-life;

• To enhance promotion of biological control measures for minimizing use of pesticides;

31

• To integrate use of various pest and disease control methods (silvicultural, physical,

biological, and chemical measures) to ensure no increase of pest resistance.

6.5.2 Professional /Health Risks

(1) The major occupational/health risks of pesticides application include:

• Physical discomfort will occur if inhaling vapors of pesticide(s) when compounding or

spraying pesticide(s)without wearing protective masks;

• Skin burns caused by overflow or leakage of pesticide(s)if withoutwearing protective

clothing;

• Pollution of drinking water source due to spray, or overflow/leakage of pesticide in places

close to the water source.

(2) Measures to Mitigate the Above-mentioned Risks

• Train the town leaders, farmers, seedling/fish/turtle producers, pesticide retailers on potential

professional/health impacts of particular agro-chemicals, and recommend and display to

them: suitable and safe spraying methods, approved devices and their usages(such as

sprayers, nozzle size, etc.), wearing safety clothing (long sleeves, masks, hats, gloves,

trousers and footwear); static spraying (no wind); safe storage of pesticides in locked

cabinets to keep away access by children; safe disposal of wasted chemicals and their

packaging material by deep burying or incineration;

• Monitor implementation of the above measures and conduct further training if without full

compliance.

6.6 Managerial Measures to Reduce Risks Caused by Pesticide Use in the Project

(1) Establish the Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease Management Center to take

responsibility forinspecting at regular intervals uses of pesticides by project beneficiaries, so as to

ensure:

• Their Production, packaging, labeling, transportation, storage, application and handling

are in line with standards of the World Bank;

• To avoid use or preparation of pesticidecompound that isof Category IA or IB as

classified by the WHO (World Health Organization), or use of pesticides of Category II

with concentration of active ingredients exceeding the WHO standards.

(2) Examine and verify pesticide(s) purchased by project beneficiaries to ensure compliance with

standards, including examination and verification of:

• Risks and the severity of risks caused by pesticide usage method or pesticide users;

• Reliability of the usage method and the application capacity of user(s);

32

• Classification and preparation of pesticide(s) in line with Risk-based Pesticide

Classification Method and Procedures (Geneva: WHO2004-05) and latest pesticide

classification references.

(3) Select pesticide(s) in accordance with requirements defined in the World Bank policy OP

4.09 to ensure the pesticide(s) to be used is/are:

• Of minimal damage to human health;

• With proven effectiveness to control of target pest or disease;

• Of minimal impact on non-target species and natural environment. Application method,

timing and frequencymust have minimal damage to natural enemies. Pesticides for

public health programs must be proven to be safe to residents, local species and users.

33

7 Capacity Building for Pest and Disease Management under the Project

7.1 Policies to Be Implemented

7.1.1 Pest and disease management policies to be implemented under the project include:

• Reducing ratio of chemical pesticides in currently used pesticides;

• Recommending to the government to strengthen supervision over pesticide use through

legislation and enforcementof relevant laws;

• Implementing administrative regulations on use of pesticides;

• Banning use of highly toxic and highly residual pesticide or use of pesticide without a

license in the project area;

• Prohibiting use of Category I pesticides classified by the WHO and replacing them with

low toxic pesticides.

7.1.2 The following regulations shall be strictly followed:

(1) FAO proceduresfor pesticide standards, distribution and usage (or corresponding

Chinese norms)�

(2) FAO specifications for pesticide packaging and storage (or corresponding Chinese

norms)�

(3) FAO specifications for labelingof pesticide package (or corresponding Chinese norms)�

(4) FAO specifications for disposal of remaining pesticide on application site and the

packagingcontainer (or corresponding Chinese norms)�

(5) Standards for discharge of pesticide pollutant defined by the State Environmental

Protection Administration (SEPA);

Financial support or support through implementing other program of Guzhen Town

government of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province shall be requested for implementation of

IPM under this project.

7.2 Objectives of Capacity Building

7.2.1 Awareness Raising

Through project implementation, awareness of IPM policy in the project area will be

strengthened, which can be embodied by:

• Reduced amount and frequency of daily use of chemical pesticides in the project area;

34

• Use of pesticides without registration prohibited in the project area;

• Use of highly toxic pesticides (of category I, as defined by WHO) forbidden or replaced

with lowtoxic ones;

• FAO procedures for pesticide standards, distribution and usage (or corresponding Chinese

norms) implemented in the project area;

• FAO specifications for pesticide packaging and storage (or corresponding Chinese

norms) implemented in the project area;

• FAO specifications for labelingof pesticide package (or corresponding Chinese norms)

implemented in the project area;

• Standards for discharge of pesticide pollutant defined by the State Environmental

Protection Administration (SEPA) implemented in the project area

• Project shall prepare to formulate norms or standardsthat correspond to FAO

standards/guidelines if such corresponding Chinese norm or standards is not available;

• PMP of the project prepared for implementation.

In addition, the town government shall be encouraged to promote and support implementation of

IPMbydiscussions and benefits of IPM implementation (especiallythe long-term benefits)under

the project.

7.2.2 Strengthening Forest Protection Capacity at Grass-Root Level

Through project implementation, plant protection capacity of the surroundingtowns of the project

area will be strengthened because of:

• Training provided to technicians in the seedling/ornamental fish/turtle

production/culture enterprises, technical extension staff and farmers in Guzhen Town,

Xiaolan Town and Henglan Town;

• In the process of project implementation, technicians in the seedling/ornamental

fish/turtle production/culture enterpriseswill be enabled to familiarized with and utilize

IPM methods and farmers will develop understanding of IPM;

• Through project implementation, contact and cooperation for pest and disease control

among the city, town and villages will be strengthened, which will facilitate

implementation of IPM plan.

7.3 Infrastructure, Managerial Capacity, Institutional Arrangement and Cooperation

The project will strengthen construction of basic infrastructure for pest and disease control and

supervision over pesticide use and distribution, so as to control marketing and utilization of

pesticides.Under the project, the following activities will be implemented:

35

(1) Experts of agricultural, forestry and fishery bureaus of the Zhongshan City shall strengthen

training to agricultural technical extension staff and farmers in the towns/districts (see Section

7.5);

(2) Monitoring plan will be prepared (see Chapter 8) for evaluation of pest and disease control

and integration of IPM techniques in the project;

(3) Project Management Office (PMO) shall appoint a full-time staff to supervise over

implementation of IPM methods;

(4) PMO shall establish cooperation with Zhongshan City Forest Pest and Disease Control and

Quarantine Office and other organizations, such as Guangdong Province General Station for

Forest Pest and Disease Control and Quarantine, Guangdong Province Fish Research

Institute, Guangdong Province Wild Animal Research Institute, Guangdong Province

Agricultural Information and the Research Institute, so as to broaden knowledge on pest and

disease control and upgrade IPM capacity;

(5) Exchange of pest and disease control techniques and experience among the farmers in the

project area shall be strengthened to ensure sharing of benefits;

(6) Leaders of relevant towns/districts and villages will be encouraged and supported to promote

and adopt safe pest/disease control methods and IPM techniques.

7.4 Overall Description of Training and Human Resources Development

Suggestions on capacity building and human resources development for pest and disease control

are as follows:

(1) Obtaining information on new pest and control method of the new pest by consulting

plant protection experts and technicians;

(2) Conducting regular training to agricultural technical extension staff of Guzhen Town to

ensure effective implementation of regulations on pesticide uses;

(3) Conveying to farmers new pest and disease control methods by organizing farmer field

schools by agricultural technicians and engaging pest and disease control experts to

participate in the training wherever necessary;

(4) Preparing practical training material and supplementing with necessary audio-video

means.

7.5 Training to Forest Farmers

The objective of training staff and other relevant people working in the green exhibition park is to

enhance their ability of safe and effective control of pests/diseases (as described in the project

implementation plan). The training includes pest identification, appropriate management

decisions and application of appropriate control measures.

36

A 4-day training course will be held in each quarter of the years to each forestry/fish or turtle

cultureenterprise (50 enterprises/day). The annual training plan and budget is shown in Table 9-3.

7.5.1 Topics of Training

(1) Pest/disease features;

(2) Losses caused by different pests ordiseases;

(3) Natural enemies of main pests;

(4) Methods for field investigation and sampling of pests and diseases;

(5) Scope anddensity of control measures ( thresholds of pests and diseases for taking control

measures);

(6) IPM techniques, including forest culture, physical, biological and chemical control

techniques;

(7) Safe storage and disposal of pesticide, pesticide packaging material and waste;

(8) Methods of pesticide application and standardized use of protection clothes.

The trainees will include:

• Bigger enterprises that can play a leading role;

• Forestry technical extension staff in Guzhen Town;

• Pesticide retailers.

7.5.2 Organizations Capable to Provide the Training

(1) Trained agricultural administrative departments at town level;

(2) Pesticide producers and retailers;

(3) Forest pest and disease control and quarantine organizations at province and city levels;

(4) Other national and provincial organizations capable for the training, including

universities and scientific research institutes at or above provincial level.

37

8. Monitoring and Evaluation under the Project

8.1. Contents of the Project Monitoring

During project implementation, it is required to conduct field monitoring of: (i) the

implementation of this PMP, (ii) pesticide use patterns, (iii) product quality (growth of

seedlings, fishes, turtles in comparison with the control groups), (iv) the dynamic population

changes of the main pests and their natural enemies and (vi) the environmental impacts after

the project implementation. The specific procedures of the project monitoring are shown

below:

0

Fig. 8-1 Chart of the Project Monitoring

8.2. Contents of Monitoring and Evaluation

In the process of project supervision, the World Bank supervision group shall conduct

fieldsurveyand inspection to understand:

(a) Status of pesticide registration (evidence documents);

(b) Whether Category I pesticide is used in the project area ;

(c) Implementation of relevant policies;

(d) Implementation of field monitoring plan, analysis results and remedial measures.

M&E Contents

Pesticides Use Eco-system change Product quality Control cost

Safety protect Toxicity

Natural enemies Pests

Pesticide

varieties Pesticide use

quantity

DIY buy Proposed buy

Seedling

growth

Growth of fish

and turtles

38

The World Bank supervision group shallconduct twice a year field supervision and inspectionto

the project area, preferably during time periods of high incidence of pests and diseases to observe

the field implementation of pest control.

The World Bank supervision group shall be composed of experienced pest control experts and

funded by the World Bank.

Monitoring in the project areashould be done by staff of local agricultural technical extension

office, with support of technicians of forest pest prevention and control and aquatic culture

institutions at the city level.

Expert(s) to be sent by the World Bank shouldhelpestablish, as soon as possible, an appropriate

monitoring system and sampling procedures and provide training on monitoring and analysis.

8.3. Plan of Monitoring and Supervision

8.3.1. Monitoring Plan of Pest Management

8.3.1.1. Implementation of Monitoring Plan

The monitoring should be done with the joint efforts of Guzhen Township Agricultural Office

and the Project Management Office as well as the enterprisers of seedling nurseries, forest

farms and aquaculture farms. Once the incidence of pests is observed, it should be timely

reported and managed. Expert sent by the World Bank should, as soon as possible, help establish

an appropriate monitoring system and sampling procedures and provide training on monitoring

and analysis.

39

Fig. 8-2 Illustration of Pest Management and Monitoring

8.3.1.2 Monitoring Points and Items

On the basis of the actual situation in the project area, at least the project will have the

following monitoring sites: (i) Guzhen Green Exhibition Park (focusing on seedlings); (ii)

Longlingsha Flower and Seedling Production Base (focusing on seedlings); (iii) Zhennan

Flower and Seedling Production Base (focusing on seedlings); (iv) Zone of Ornamental Fishes

in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park (focusing on ornamental fishes); and (v) Zone of Testudinate

in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park (focusing on tortoises and turtles).

Table 8-1Monitoring Items and Quantity (15 mu = 1 ha)

Items Monitoring Sites Area to BeMonitored (mu)

Guzhen Green Exhibition Park 11,000

Longlingsha Flower and Seedling Production Base 8,000 Seedlings

Zhennan Flower and Seedling Production Base 11,000

Ornamental Fishes Zone of Ornamental Fishes in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park 1,500

Guzhen T. Agri Office

Pest Monitor Points

Frequent pests Sudden-burst

pests

Occasional

pests

Pests in

quarantine list

Pest data collection

and analysis

Pest control

measures

Effect of pest

control

Agriculture,

aquaculture and

forestry bureaus of

ZhongshanMunicipal

ity

40

Tortoises and Turtles Zone of Tortoises and Turtles in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park 300

8.3.1.3. Data Collection and Sampling

Data collection and sampling is designed as in Table 8-2.

Table 8-2Data Collection and Sampling

Indicators Data Collection and Sampling Frequency

1. Product quality Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the project area. The data include the growth of all the main products in comparison with the controls.

Once a year

2. Pesticides use

Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the project area. The data include the type, dosage and use frequency of pesticides as well as the disposal of pesticides and packaging.

Twice a year

3. Main pests and the natural enemies

Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the project area. The data collection focuses on the pest types, the hosts, the occurrence area, damage degrees, occurrence timing and the natural enemies on the main products to be monitored.

Once a month, 12 times a year

4. Pesticide residues Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the project area. The data include pesticide residues in soils.

Once a year

5. Pesticide poisoning Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the project area.

Once a year

8.3.1.4. Monitoring and Evaluation System

(1)Adoption degree of IPM Measures

� Number of households involving in demonstration of IPM measures;

� Area of the productswith IPM measures adopted;

� Number of householdsable to identify main pests and the natural enemies;

� Number of households participating in IPM training; and

� Effectiveness of IPM measures on the main pests/diseases.

(2) Safe Use of Pesticides

� Frequency of pesticides application on the main species of seedlings, fishes, and turtles

(times/year);

� No. of varieties and quantity of pesticides applied on the main species of seedlings,

fish and turtlesper mu per year;

41

� Cost of pesticides per mu per year for pest and disease control of main species of

seedlings, fish and turtles;

� Number of households with safe use and management of pesticides (e.g. safe storage,

proper use of appliances for labor protection); and

� Poisoning accidents on human and livestock due to pesticide use.

(3) Growth of the Products

� Growth of the main species of seedlings, fishes and turtlesafter implementation of IPM

under the project (in comparison with the control groups); and

� Profits of the main species of seedlings, fishesand turtles after implementation of IPM

under the project.

(4) Impacts on Ecosystem

� Incidents of and damage by the main pests in different demonstration zones of main

species of products;

� The dynamic changes of the types and quantity of the beneficial organisms in each of

the IPM plots (thebeneficial organisms include predatory insects, parasitic insects and

so on);

� Impacts of IPM on wild animals, honey bees, water, soils and so on.

(5) Other Indicators

� Frequency of visit by dealers of agricultural chemicals to project area;

� Frequency of agricultural chemicaladvertisementson media including TV, radio and

newspapers;

� Frequency at which brands of agricultural chemicals are observed in the project area

through retails; and

� Frequency of exhibitions of acceptable brands of agricultural chemicals.

8.3.2. SupervisionPlan

8.3.2.1. Implementation of the Supervision Plan

Project offices at all levels should be responsible for ensuring regular supervision activities.

Project offices at all levels and the local agricultural extension center should closely supervise

and monitorimplementation of the IPM plan, particularly at the incident peaks of pests and

diseases, and provide support and cooperation to World Bank Supervision Groupduring its field

inspection and supervision. World Bank Supervision Group should be composed of experienced

42

pest control expert(s) and conduct its work at a frequency of 1~2 times a year, preferablyduring

high incidence of pests and diseases.

8.3.2.2. Contents of Supervision and Monitoring

(1) Pesticide Use

� To check whether the pesticides in sales by dealers and in use by farmers in the project

area are officially registered and recommended by the pest management plan;

� To check whether Category I pesticides are in sales or in use in the project area;

� To check registration status of new pesticides;

� To check whether protective measures are taken by farmers in pesticide use; and

� To check waste disposal of pesticides and packaging by the farmers.

(2) Policy

� To monitor governmental subsidy (if ever) for pesticide use;

� To monitor implementation of the policies and regulations on pesticide use and IPM

technical extension by the local government; and

� To monitor the joint enforcement of the relevant regulations by agricultural, forestry

and aquatic culture departments at the city level.

(3) Implementation of the Field Monitoring Plan

� To evaluate the implementation of the field monitoring plan in each of the projectsites

inspected by the World Bank Supervision Group;

� To help the project staff solve problems in the implementation of the field monitoring

plan; and

� To train localproject staff on field monitoring, data analysis and result interpretation,

and help them improve pest management.

8.3.3. Responsibilities

Bureaus of agriculture, aquiculture and forestry at city level should be responsible for

technicalguidance, supervision, monitoring and training for the implementation of IPM plan.

Green Exhibition Park Pest Management Centre will be responsible for identifying and

reporting pest incidents and implementing IPM measures according to the actual situation.

8.3.4. Technical Support

43

Agricultural technical extension centers, forestry and aquiculture institutions at all levels shall

be responsible for providing IPM technology andmethodology.

44

9Cost Estimate

Pest Management Plan (PMP) is an important part of the World Bank loan projectin Guzhen

Town.Considering its specificity in main tasks, objectives and technical approaches, the PMP

should be managed as a separate component of the daily work of the project office in the

process of overall project implementation. For effective implementation of the PMP, 1~2

special researches should be conducted to solve the key problems in the non-pesticide control

of the main pests. Costs for PMP implementation and the relevant researches should be

budgeted as part of the overalladministrative expenses of the PMO and agricultural, forestry

and aquatic culture institutionsto support technical training, information dissemination, safe

pesticide application, pest and disease monitoring, prediction and early warning, supervision

and monitoring, special researches and management.Costs for PMP implementation are

estimated to be 5.88 millionYuan, with breakdowns illustrated in the following tables:

Table 9-1Cost Estimation for IPM Equipment

Items Quantity (set) Unit Price (Yuan) Cost (Yuan)

Computer for biological microscope 1 7,000 7,000

Computer for stereomicroscope 1 13,000 13,000

Electronic balance 1 10,000 10,000

Tools for insect collection and specimen making

1 40,000 40,000

Trapping lamp 20 400 8,000

Drying cabinet 1 10,000 10,000

Alarm lamp 3 15,000 45,000

Dehumidifier 2 2,800 5,600

Glass ware 1 10,000 10,000

Biological microscope 2 5,000 10,000

Chemicals 1 46,400 46,400

Stereomicroscope 1 5,000 5,000

Duster 10 5,000 50,000

Sprayer 10 5,000 50,000

Vehicle for pest monitoring and quarantine 1 100,000 100,000

Subtotal 410,000

45

Table 9-2 Cost Estimation for IPMTrainingin 2012~2017

Target Group Contents Quantity

(person-time) Day(s)

Patterns and

Frequency Year

Unit Cost

(Yuan/Day/Time)

Total Cost

(Yuan)

Extension technicians in the stations of plant protection, forest protection and aquiculture at municipality and township levels

IPM concept, project pest management plan, latest IPM technologies for the main products, safety use and management of pesticides

20 3 Intensified training, twice a year

2011~2017

(5 yrs) 500 300,000

Farmer technicians, farmers and pesticide dealers in the project area

Technologies of identification, prevention and control of the main pests; safe use of pesticides and proper disposal of waste pesticides and packing

700 1 Once in 2 months, or 6 times a year

2012~2017

(5 yrs) 150 3,150,000

Total 4 8 5 3,450,000

Note: The project office will be responsible for the implementation.

Table 9-3 Cost Estimation for Workshops, Researches, Consulting Service, Management and Monitoring in 2012-2017

Budget Items Target Group Time, Place, Frequency and Number of Participants

Expenses Total Costs (Yuan)

Project Launch Workshop Participants will be the World Bank experts as well as the experts and technicians from the project offices and agricultural society at provincial, municipality, county and township levels

The workshop (1 day) will be held for project start-up in the project area, to be attended by 40 people.

30,000 30,000

Annual Meeting forSummaryand Experience Exchange of Implementation of IPM

Participants will be the project staff; technicians in the stations of plant protection, forest protection and aquiculture at municipality and township levels; farmer technicians, farmers and pesticide

One day meeting with 40 participants, at end of each year.

20,000 Yuan×5 year 100,000

46

Strategy and Action Plan in the Project Area

dealers in the project area

Training materials (handouts, video discs, posters) and consumables

To be prepared by the experts and professors from research institutes and universities of forestry and agriculture as well as the extension institutions of plant protection, forest protection, aquiculture and agriculture.

Before the project implementation, IPM training materials on IPM of the 5 categories of products will be prepared and completed, in the form of video discs and posters.

Training materials: 5 sets ×800 copies× 30 yuan; video discs and Poster: 500 sets×2×30 yuan

150,000

Special researches on pest management for seedlings, fishes, tortoises and turtles in the project area

The researches will be done by capable research institutes and universities.

To solve the major problems in the forestry and aquiculture development in the project area, special research on “Integration and Demonstration of IPM Technologies for the Main Products” will be done.

1~2 researches; 0.5~0.8 million yuan; resultsdue in3~5 years

650,000

Consulting service The consulting service will be renderedby known international and national experts of forestry, agriculture, plant protection, forest protection, aquiculture, pesticides and ecology.

3-4 expertswill be engaged to conduct field guidance and trainingduring cropgrowing season, twice a year and 3-4 days each time

2 times ×10,000 Yuan/time ×5 year

100,000

Technical service by technicians

Participants will be the farmer technicians, farmers and pesticide dealers in the project area.

As per the training plan, 6 training courses a yearplanned for 5 year duration, one day and 20 traineesfor each of courses, 200 yuan allowance per person.day

20 people×6 times×1day×5year×200 yuan/day

120,000

Pest M&E and pesticide supervision in the project area

Fixed monitoring staff assigned by agriculture,forestry, plant protection, forest protection, aquiculture institutions in the project area

5 people to conduct 12 investigations annually for 5 years, 200 yuan allowance each time,

5 people×12 times ×200Yuan/person×5 year

60,000

Quarantine Planting Experiment and Monitoring

Fixed experimental staff assigned by the project area for quarantine planting

2 people 2 people×5000Yuan/person ×5 year

50,000

Import-export quarantine for seedlings, Brocarded carp and turtles

Plant and aquiculture quarantine technicians in the project area

2 people 50,000 50,000

Total 1,310,000

Note: Theproject officewill be responsible for the implementationand the World Bankwill be responsible for supervision..

47

Table 9-4Operational Costs for the Implementation of Pest Management Plan in 2012~2017

Items Expenses (yuan) Cost (yuan) Management staff (8 people) 8 people×10000 yuan/person.yr ×5years 400,000 Consumables 4000 yuan/yr ×5years 20,000 Chemical reserve for emergency uses 10000 yuan/yr ×5years 50,000 Maintenance and repair of equipment anddevices 6000 yuan/yr ×5years 30,000 Vehicle costs 30000 yuan/yr ×5years 150,000 Construction and maintenance of monitoring sites 12000 yuan/yr ×5years 60,000 Total 710,000

Note: The implementation will be done by the project office under the supervision of the World Bank.

48

49

Annex 1. Main Species of Plants in the Project Area

No. Species No. Species

1 Hibiscus mutabilis 157 Clausena lansium

2 Lagerstroemia indica 158 Schefflera actinophylla

3 Michelia alba 159 Canna generalis

4 Cassia surattensis 160 Sabina chinensis ‘Kaizuca’

5 Erythrina crista-galli 161 Agave americana

6 Dimocarpus longan 162 Sabina chinensis

7 Osmanthus fragrans 163 Cassia fistula

8 Alstonia scholaris 164 Nolina recurvata

9 Hibiscus mutabilis 165 Rhapis multifida

10 Dracontomelon duperreanum 166 Butia capitata

11 Prunus cerasifera 167 Pandanus utilis

12 Sophora japonica “Golden Stem” 168 Bombax ceiba

13 Bauhinia blakeana 169 Ravenea rivularis

14 Bougainvillea spectabilis 170 Caryota maxima

15 Melaleuca bracteata ‘Revolution Gold’ 171 Carvota mitis

16 Tabebuia chrysantha 172 Homalium hainanense

17 Lagerstroemia speciosa 173 Brachichyton bottlewoodiana

18 Pittosporum tobira 174 Antidesma bunius

19 Cinnamomum camphora 175 Artocarpus heterophyllus

20 Bischofia javanica 176 Aphanamixis polystachya

21 Plumeria rubra 177 Litsea monopetala

22 Camellia japoica 178 Citrus grandis

23 Mangifera indica 179 Cleistocalyx operculatus

24 Excoecaria cochinchinensis 180 Saraca dives Pierre

25 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 181 Pachira macrocarpa

26 Lxora chinensis 182 Schima superba Gardn et Champ

27 Hamelia patins 183 Liquidambar formosana Hance

28 Loropetalum chinensis 184 Syzyglum hancei Merr.Et Perry

29 Ervatamia divaricata 185 Mangifera persiciformis

30 Ficus microcarpa‘Golden leaves’ 186 Ficus benjamina

31 Cordyline fruticosa cv. 187 Bambusa multiplex

32 Pachystachys lutea 188 Phyllostachys nigra

33 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 189 Phyllostachys iridescens

34 Quisqualis indica 190 Bambusa textilis

35 Gardenia jasminoides 191 Liriope palatyphylla

36 Cuphea ignea 192 Liriope palatyphylla

37 Rhododendron pulchrum 193 Podocarpus macrophyllus

38 Casin bicapsularis 194 Kigelia aethiopica

39 Alternanthera dentata cv.Ruliginosa 195 Washingtonia filifera

40 Schefflera arboricola 196 Glyptostrobus pensilis

41 Murraya paniculata 197 Elaeocarpus hainanensis

42 Cycas revoluta 198 Kaya senegalensis

43 Salix babylonica 199 Lagerstroemia indica

44 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens 200 Araliaceae

45 Diospyros kaki 201 Ficus hisPida L·f·

46 Carmona microphylla 202 Salvia spcendens

47 Ginkgo biloba 203 Euphorbia pulcherrima

50

48 Ficus retusa 204 Tagetes patula

49 Podocarpus macrophyllus 205 Petunia hyhrida

50 Syzygium jambos 206 Impatiens holstii

51 Dalbergia odorifera 207 Viola tricolor

52 Araucaria cunninghamia 208 Cleome spinosa

53 Terminalia mantaly 209 Coleus blumei

54 Lagerstroemia indica 210 Melampodium paludosum

55 Elaeocarpus apiculatus 211 Tagetes erecta.

56 Rhododendron pulchrum 212 Cosmos sulphureus

57 Jatropha integerrima 213 Impatiens balsamina

58 Duranta repens 214 Begonia semper

59 Aglaia odorata 215 Senecio cineraria

60 Philodenron selloum 216 Antirrhinum majus

61 Codiaeum variegatum 217 Tabebuia rosea

62 Zephyranthes candida 218 Prunus yedoensis

63 Phoenix sylvestris 219 Pongamia pinnata

64 Michelia macclurel 220 Taxodium distichum

65 Livistona chinensis 221 Cassia siamea

66 Olea ferruginea 222 Kaya senegalensis

67 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 223 Sterculia lanceolata

68 Murraya paniculata 224 Mallotus paniculatus

69 Sterculia lanceolata 225 Dillenia turbinata

70 Artocarpus heterophyllus 226 Elaeocarpus serratus

71 Celtis sinensis 227 Symplocos caudata

72 Sophora japonica 228 Syringa oblata

73 Nerium indicum 229 Toona ciliata

74 Cerbera manghas 230 Ficus elastica

75 Polyalthia longifolia 231 Diospyros glaucifolia

76 Eugenia uniflora 232 Randia spinosa

77 Sansevieria trifasciata 233 Serissa japonica

78 Fagraea ceilanica 234 Viburnum tinus

79 Rhapis excelsa 235 Viburnum plicatum

80 Hamelia patins 236 Viburnum dilatatum

81 Lantana camara 237 Ligustrum sinense

82 Hymenocallis americana 238 Fraxinus hupehensis

83 Sanchezia nobilis 239 Psychotria rubra

84 Codiaeum variegatum 240 Diospyros rhombifolia

85 Rhoeo discolor 241 Castanea henryi

86 Arachis duranensis 242 Daphniphyllum oldhami

87 Michelia figo 243 Sloanea sinensis

88 Syngonium podophyllum 244 Syzygium araiocladum

89 Excoecaria cochinchinensis 245 Tutcheria spectabilis

90 Calliandra haematocephala 246 Camellia semiserrata

91 Phoenix roebelinii 247 Pittosporum tobira

92 Wodyetia bifurcata 248 Pittosporum illicioides

93 Roystonea regia 249 styrax benzoin

94 Dypsis decaryi 250 Embelia undulata

95 Bambusa vulgaris 251 Canthium dicoccum

96 Erythrina indica 252 Gardenia jasminoides

97 Ficus lacor 253 Fraxinus insularis

98 Ficus altissima 254 Helicia hainanensis

99 Podocarpus fleuryi 255 Artocarpus hypargyreus

51

100 Ficus religiosa 256 Ilex triflora

101 Ficus binnendijkii 257 Ilex cornuta

102 Ficus lyrata 258 Stewartia gemmata

103 Ficus benjamina ‘Variegata’ 259 Ilex pubescens

104 Pterocarpus indicus 260 Ilex szechwanensis

105 Ficus microcarpa var.crassifolia 261 Ziziphus jujuba

106 Delonix regia 262 Toona sinensis

107 Artocarpus altilis 263 Skimmia reevesiana.

108 Magnoliaceae glanca 264 Toona ciliata

109 Macaranga denticulata 265 Eurycorymbus cavaleriei

110 Magnolia delavayi 266 Sapindus mukorossi

111 Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei 267 Koelreuteria bipinnata

112 Ormosia pinnata 268 Toxicodendron verniciflum

113 Grevillea robusta 269 Swida paucinervia

114 Dolichandrone canda-felina 270 Terminalia myriocarpa

115 Tsoongiodendron odorum 271 Ferreous mesua

116 Araucaria heterophylla 272 Fatsia japonica

117 Ilex chinensis 273 Camellia cuspidata

118 Cinnamomum burmannii 274 Eurya alata

119 Heteropanax fragrans 275 Camellia pitardii

120 Bauhinia blakeana 276 Ternstroemia gymnanthera

121 Chukrasia tabularis 277 Machilus veltina

122 Koelreuteria elengans 278 Callicarpa giraldii

123 Podocarpus nagi 279 Tectona grandis

124 Callistemon viminalis 280 Symplocos tetragona

125 Annona glabra 281 Symplocos urceolaris

126 Wisteria sinensis 282 Symplocos setchuensis

127 Myrtaceae 283 Viburnum odoratissimum

128 Spathodea campanulata 284 Kopsia lancibracteolata

129 Hibiscus tiliaceus 285 Sabina squamata

130 Terminalia muelleri 286 Machilus chinensis

131 Thevetia peruviana 287 Michelia maudiae

132 Madhuca longifolia 288 Elaeocarpus sylvestris

133 Radermachera hainanensis 289 Taiwania flousiana

134 Myrica rubra 290 Phyllostachys vivax

135 Syzygium samaragense 291 Phyllostachys heterocycla

136 Ficus carica 292 Bambusa multiplex

137 Syzygium jambos 293 Bambusoideae cerosissima

138 Lucuma nervosa 294 Phyllostachys viridis

139 Eriobotrya japonica 295 Phyllostachys spp

140 Annona squamosa 296 Phyllostachys helva

141 Punica granatum 297 Phyllostachys aureosulcata

142 Citrus sinensis 298 Bambusa remotiflora

143 Castanea mollissima 299 Phyllostachys bambusoides

144 Canarium album 300 Bambusa multiplex

145 Citrus limon 301 Bambusa spp.

146 Litchi chinensis 302 Bambusa tuldoides

147 Manilkara zapota 303 Monstruocalamus sichuanensis

148 Verrhoa carambola 304 Oligostachyum oedignatum

149 Prunus salicina 305 Phyllostachys bambusoides

150 Wrightia pubescens 306 Pseudosasa orthotropa

151 Sterculia nobilis 307 Bambusa lenta

52

152 Morus alba 308 Bambusa wenchouesis

153 Catharanthus roseus 309 Bambusa eutuldoides

154 Jasminum sambac 310 Bambusa pervariabilis

155 Ligustrum sinense 'Variegatum' 311 Phyllostachys bissetii

156 Synsepalum dulcificum 312 Bambusa diaoluoshanensis

53

Annex 2 Main Species of Plants and Pests/Diseases in the Project Area

No. Plant Species Main Pests and Diseases

1 Bombax ceiba Anthrax, Spot disease, Loranthaceae, Wooden cotton moth�Cotton leafhopper�Celadonite weevils�Glenea cantor

2 Bauhinia blakeana Gray leaf spot disease�Leaf spot�Shoot blight�Stem rot�Yellowing disease�Flowers rot� Xystrocera globosa�Cotton ancient moth�Arbela bailbarana

3 Michelia alba Anthrax�Blast skin disease� Black spot�Gray leaf spot disease�Pseudaulacaspis caspiscockerelli�Graphium doson�Graphium agamemnon�Blue textured thrips�Leopard Holcocerus�Formosaphis micheliae

4 Magnolia Grandiflora Spot disease�Algal leaf spot

5 Ficus virens Ait.var,sublanceolata

Rust�Black spot�Leaf spot�Perina nuda�Ridge gill beetles

6 Ficus elastica cv.Deco-ra Anthrax

7 Ficus benjamina var Anthrax 8 Ficus Spp. Yung Purple Butterfly

9 Ficus microcarpa Gray moth�Yung psyllid eggs mole�Gynaikothrips ficorum�Androthrips�Backbone rot�Gynaikothrips uzeli

10 Ficus altissima Root rot�sooty blotch�Anthrax�Aleuidolobus marlatti

11 Cinnamomum camphora Anthrax�Gray leaf spot disease�felt disease�Yellowing disease�Mesoneura rufonota�Mimothestus annulicornis�Helionothrips aino�Aulacaspis yabunikkei�Backbone rot�Shoot blight�Eriogyna(Saturnia)pyretoum�Termite

12 Cinnamomum burmannii Leaf spot� Exobasidium sawadae�algae-spot disease �fengdie�Bactrothrips brevitubm�psyllidae�Aleurocanthus spiniferus

13 Roystonea regia Dry rot�Leaf spot�dieback

14 Cocos nucifera dry crack disease�Bud rot disease�Gray leaf spot disease 15 Archontophoenix alexandrae Dasychira mendosa

16 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens leaf blight

17 Caryota ochlandra Black spot�Anthrax

18 Hyophore lagenicaulis Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

19 Trachycarpus fortunei Dry rot 20 Livistona chinensis black-dot disease�Chondracris rosea

21 Washingtonia filifera damping-off �Bronlispa Longissima

22 Phoenix Spp black-dot disease �Curculionidae

23 Mangifera indica Anthrax�Leaf spot�powdery mildew �shoot-blight�Black spot�Chlumetia transversa�Aspidiotus destructor�Rhytidodera Bowringii�Brown thrips�Scirtothrips dorsalis

24 Prunus persica Deporaus marginatus�leaf blight

25 Swietenia macrophylla leaf tip blight

26 Artocarpus heterophyllus Anthrax�soft rot�fruit rot�Icerya aegyptiaca

27 Artocarpus altilis Anthrax�Bread tree beetles 28 Acaciaconfusa Rust�leaf tip blight�Root rot�Callosobruchus

29 Albizia falcataria Viscum coloratum�Geometrodae

30 Cassia surattensis Rust�Psychidae

31 Lagetstroemia speciosa Spot disease�Anthrax�Trabala vishnou 32 Casuarina equisetifolia powdery mildew �Bacterial wilt�Anoplophora chinensis

33 Manilkara zapota van Royen Leaf spot�swollen shoot

34 Sabina chinensis Rust�leaf blight

35 Podocarpus macrophyllus leaf blight

36 Dalbergia odorifera Phyllachora 37 Albizia lebbeck Rust

38 Salix babylonica Rust

39 Bischofia javanica Pseudococcidae�Euproctis bipunctapex�Holcocerus

40 Ormosia pinnata Chalin larminati�Leaf spot

41 Syzygium hainanense Carea subtilis

42 Dracontomelon duperreranum

Lawana imitata�CMoropulvinaria psidii

43 Winchia calophylla Diaphania angustalis

54

44 Delonix regia Pericyma cruegri

45 Cassia fistula Catopsilia 46 Cassia siamea Catopsilia pomona

47 Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei Latoia lepida

48 Syzygium jambos Triozidae

49 Taxodium distichum Clania minuscula

50 Bamboo Phyllachora�witches broom disease�Artona funeralis�Algedonia codesalis�Latoia bicolor�Microstegium ciliatum�Amathusiidae�Ceracris kiangsu�Hieroglyphus tonkinensis�Cytotrachelus longimanus�Cyrtotrachelus buqueti

51 Pinus massoniana leaf blight �Lophodermium sp 52 Homalium hainanensis Clostera anachoreta

53 Quercus palustris powdery mildew �Anthrax

54 Ficus superba Miq. var. japonica

Butt-rot Disease

55 Dimocarpus longan Felt disease

56 Araucaria cunninghamii leaf blight

57 Celtis sinensis powdery mildew

58 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flowers rot�Anthrax�Leaf spot�root-knot nematode�Haritalodes derogata�Phenacoccus fraxinus

59 Rhododendron Leaf spot�leaf blight�Exobasidium japonicum�Yellowing disease�Rosette disease�Stem rot�Arge similis�Stephanitis typica

60 Osmanthus fragrans Leaf spot�leaf spot disease�Anthrax�Parainsulaspis laterochtinosa�Panonychus citri 61 Euphorbia pulcherrima Botrytis cinerea �Leaf spot�damping-off �root-knot nematode�phytophthora blight

62 Cycas revoluta Spot disease�Anthrax�Leaf spot�Stem rot�sooty blotch �fruit rot�Whitening disease�Chilades pandava�Coccus hesperidum�Pseudaulacaspis pentagona

63 Camellia japomica Anthrax�Gray leaf spot disease�Leaf spot�Spot disease�Sooty mould�algae-spot disease �Yellow spot�Thrips japonicus�Taeniothrips lefroyi�Chrysomphalus aonidum

64 Michelia figo Anthrax�leaf blight�Unaspis yanonensis

65 Jasminum sambac Anthrax�sclerotium blight�Nausinoe perspectata�Psilogramma menephron�Thrips flavus

66 Jasminum mesnyi Shoot blight�Leaf spot 67 Lagerstroemia indica Leaf spot�powdery mildew �sooty blotch �Chalioides kondonis

68 Nerium oleander Leaf spot�witches broom�aphids�

69 Punica granatum Leaf spot�fruit rot

70 Prunus persica mosaic virus�hole disease�Gummosis�aphids�Stephanitis nashi 71 Grendarussa valgaris Rust�witches broom

72 Gardenia jasminoides Leaf spot�Yellowing disease�Cephonodes hylas�thrips

73 Murraya exotica Gray leaf spot disease�powdery mildew �Chelidenium ar gentatum�Panonychus citri

74 Aglaia odorata Anthrax�Aulacaspis cratcii

75 Fuchsia hybrida Shoot blight 76 Ixora chinensis Gray leaf spot disease�Dappula tertia�Psychidae

77 Bougainvillea spectabilis China Dodder�witches broom

78 Lantana camara root-knot nematode

79 Pittosporum tobira Icerya purchasi

80 Dendranthema morifolium Black spot�powdery mildew �Wilt disease�damping-off �Spot disease�Anthrax�Gray leaf spot disease�stalk rot� Leaf blight nematode disease�Macrosiphoniella sanborni�Phytoecia rufiventris�Microcephalothrips�Haplothrips chinensis

81 Zinnia Linn White star disease�Porthesia scintillans 82 Chin Chu Leaf miner

83 Pericallis hybrida Aphis gossypii

84 Dahlia pinnata powdery mildew �Leaf spot�mosaic disease�stalk rot�Argyrogramma agnata�Brevipapus obovatus

85 Impatiens balsamina Leaf spot�powdery mildew �Leaf spot� Black spot

86 Impatiens holstii root-knot nematode

87 Impatiens Guinea Botrytis cinerea �Achatina fulica

88 Celosia cristata Anthrax�Leaf spot�ring spot

89 Celosia cristata root-knot nematode�Wilt disease �Cassidinae 90 Dianthus caryophyllus Wilt disease �Anthrax�leaf blight �piebaldism�Tetranychus cinnabarinus

91 Begonia Leaf spot�Stem rot�root-knot nematode�Botrytis cinerea

55

92 Gladiolus gandavensis Blight�brown rot�leaf streak�mosaic disease�Frankliniella intonsa

93 Largeleaf Hydrangea Anthrax 94 Pelargonium hortorum sclerotinia sclerotiorum �Leaf spot�crown gall

95 Canna indica Rust�Black spot�Anthrax�Bud rot�stalk rot�root-knot nematode�mosaic disease�Southern blight �Whitefly

96 Dieffenbachia picta Anthrax

97 Hippeastrum rutilum red spot

98 Hedychium coronarium nematode disease�leaf blight�Udaspes folus

99 Gomphrena globosa Leaf spot

10 Catharanthus roseus phytophthora blight�Yellowing disease

101 Magnolia coco Anthrax 102 Lilium brownii var. viridulum Southern blight

103 Vallota speciosa Stem rot

104 Sinningia speciosa Rot disease�Physiological browning

105 Cleome spinosa Pierisrapae 106 A. zerumbet Acanthopsyche subferaloa

107 Cymbidium sinensis Anthrax�Black spot�Southern blight�Flowers rot�Virus disease�armoured scale�Aulacaspis pseudospinosa

108 Rosa chinensis Black spot�Gray leaf spot disease�powdery mildew �Rust�Shoot blight�Flowers rot� tumour disease�Arge pagana�Anomala cupripes�cotton spider mites�Thrips hawaiinensis

109 Monstera deliciosa Rust�Gray leaf spot disease�Anthrax

110 Pachira macrocarpa stem blight�Leaf spot

111 Spathiphyllum floribundum brown rot�phytophthora blight 112 Daffodi Leaf spot�Rot disease�nematode disease

113 D．Concinnacv Anthrax�Opogona sacchari

114 Solanum pseudo-capsicum Southern blight�Rot disease�Black spot�root-knot nematode

115 Aspidistra elatior Anthrax�Pinnaspis aspidistrae

116 Asparagus plumosus Shoot blight�Yellowing disease�Epicauta chinensis

117 Parthenocissus tricuspidata Rust�Spot disease�Anthrax�leaf blight�Oides decempunctata

118 Wisteria sinensis Anthrax

119 Lonicera Japonica powdery mildew�Spot disease�Epilachna vigintioctopunctata

120 Hedera nepalensis K,Koch var.sinensis

Aspidiotus nerii

121 grapes Ampelophaga rubiginosa

122 Passionfora edulis f. flavicarpa

phytophthora blight�Stem rot

123 Zoysia tenuifolia Rust�leaf blight�damping-off�Phyllachora�Spodoptera pecten�mealybugs�Grub

124 Axonopus affonis Anthrax�leaf blight

125 Arrhenatherum elatius Black rot 126 Eremochloa ophiuroides head smut�Rust

127 Ophiopogonjaponicus Anthrax�nematode disease

128 Wedelia chinensis Leaf spot

129 Syngonium podophyllum Bacterial soft rot�Anthrax

130 Altemanthera Ficoidea cv.'Ruliginosa'

Rot disease

131 Epiphyllum oxypetalum Rot disease

132 Renwangwan Anthrax

133 Liulengzhu root-knot nematode

134 Echinopsis tubiflora Bacterial heart rot

135 Notocactus magnificus Stem rot

136 Opuntia stricta Pinnaspis aspidistrae�Spider mites

137 Nelumbo nucifera Leaf spot�leaf blight�Spodoptera litura

138 Nymphaeu tetragona Spot disease�Rhopatosiphurm nymphaeae 139 Victoria cruziana Leaf spot

56

Annex 3 Main Pests/Diseasesin the Project Area and the Control Measures

1. Plant Diseases in the Project Area and Control Measures

1.1. Powdery Mildew

1.1.1. Symptoms

The most significant symptom of powdery mildew is a layer of white or greyish powder on the

leaves, fruits or tender branches of the infected plant.

1.1.2. Methods of Control

(1) At the end of growing season, the infected plants should be collected and turned;

(2) The cultivation should not be an environment of too much humid and shading. It should be a

sunny place of good ventilation.

(3) Too much application of nitrigen fertilizer should be avoided and suitable pesticides should be

timely applied to control this disease. The commonly used agents include lime sulfur, triadimefon,

sulfur powder, colloidal sulfur, carbendazim WP, mildew treasure, Teflon WP, thiophanate-methyl

and so on.

1.2. Sooty Blotch

1.2.1. Symptoms

The symptoms can be observed at the above-ground parts of the infected plant. The surface of the

infected branch and leaf looks coal-polluted. At the beginning, black powder gradually accumulates

at the both sides of leaf veins and finally forms a layer of black film, covering the surface of the

infected leaf and branches. In a serious case, the whole tree looks a black victim without flowering,

and its value of ornament and green beautification is lost.


(1) In winter pruning, the infected branches are removed and the ground litter is collected for

burning.

(2) In spring and early summer, control measures are taken against aphids, scale insects, whiteflies

and other pests to keep down the rapid growth of pest population and density.

(3) Commonly used pesticide can be used. 1 to 2 times a week. The dilution follows the procedures

of normal operation. In addition, the pesticides with copper ion should not be used to control the

57

disease on Lagerstroemia indica, since these pesticides are likely to injure the plant by resulting in

leaf yellowing and drop-off.

1.3. Rust Disease

1.3.1. Symptoms

Rust disease occurs mainly on the leaves. At the early stage, yellow brown or yellow-white spots

are observed, while at the late stage, herpes-like protuberances appear. After the protuberances

break, orange-brown or brown powder is released.


(1) Quarantine should be strengthened. It is prohibited to introduce planting materials from the

infected growing areas so as to reduce the infection source. In autumn and winter, dead leaves and

diseased leaves should be cleared up. At the early stage of incidence, infected leaves should be

timely removed, burned or deep buried.

(2) The nursery should be kept away from the forest stand. For the case of alternate hosting, a

separation belt should be arranged around the nursery.

(3) In the spreading period and early stage of the disease, pesticides should be timely applied. The

commonly used agents include triadimefon, carboxin, sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate, triazine,

sulfur suspensions, triadimefon WP, double benzene triadimefon WP, tridemorph EC, etc.

1.4. Leaf Spot Disease

1.4.1. Symptoms

There are varieties of spot diseases on leaves and fruits, the diseases such as mosaic disease,

powdery mildew, rust, sooty blotch and malformation. The symptoms of such diseases usually

present local tissue necrosis, leaving the leaves, fruits (or stems) to generate a variety of shapes and

colors of dry spots. The spots are normally circular, angular or irregular in shape as well as dark

brown, black, gray, purple or other colors.


(1) The infection sources should be cleared up by means of removing and burning the diseased

branches, shoots, leaves and fruit. Deep plowing in the winter can help bury the pathogens deep in

soils to reduce the infection source the second year.

(2) Plant management should be strengthened to reduce or control the humidity of local

environment. By appropriate increase in the application of phosphorus and potassium, the resistance

to disease will be reinforced.

58

(3) The pesticides to be used include difenoconazole, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb WP and so on.

1.5. Soft Rot

1.5.1. Symptoms

Bacterial soft rot occurs on the petioles, leaves and bulb base. At the early stage, the lesions on

petioles are small light brown spots. With the expansion ofhygrophanous soft rot, the infected tissue

becomes soft-rotting, tumefacient, breaking, epidermis peeling off and smell releasing. When a bulb

is infected, the tissue becomes dark brown, soft rot and paste-like. At the early stage, the infected

leaves look white or dark green. It gradually becomes brown. On sunny days, the infected petioles

or leaves will gradually dry up. In wet days, the infected parts become rot, releasing smell.


(1) Proper ventilation and light are required;

(2) The infected parts should be timely removed to reduce infection source;

(3) At early stage, streptomycin, oxytetracycline or penicillin can be applied on the plants and soils;

and

(4) Water quantity should be proper. It should be noted that the water should not applied directly on

plants to prevent the water from accumulating at leaf center and to prevent the infected soils

splashing on the leaves.

1.6. Virus Disease

1.6.1. Symptoms

Most of the plant virus diseases are of systemic infection. Therefore, the symptoms are usually

manifested by the whole plant with leaves as the most obvious infection. The symptoms of virus

diseases are color changing in leaves and flowers, necrosis, malformations and so on.


(1) When introducing planting materials, regulations of quarantine should be highly respected to

prevent artificial spreading;

(2) Vectors of disease spreading should be controlled. The commonly used insecticides to control

aphids include Malathion 50% EC, while nematicides include phoxim for soil disinfection;

(3) The planting materials should be virus-free;

59

(4) When it becomes necessary to use infected planting materials, they must be disinfected by

heating before use; and

(5) At the early stage, virus disease can be controlled with Dioctyl divinyltriamino glycine and

Virus-killing A.

1.7. Shoot blight, Abscess and dry rot

1.7.1. Symptoms

Shoot blight occurs mainly on soft shoots, shoot ends and weak branches. When the lesion ring is

formed, the upper part of the shoots and branches become dryonly to result in dieback.

The typical symptoms of abscess and dry rot are abscess or rot on tree bark, resulting in shoot blight

and plant death.


(1) To strengthen plant management to enhance growth vigor for higher resistance to plant disease;

(2) To remove and burn diseased branches and shoots to reduce infection source;

(3) To control the shoot blight with chemicals in case of need. The chemicals include Bordeaux

mixture, DACOTECH, thiophanate, Sporgon, Score and so on;

(4) Abscess and dry rot is prevented mainly by improving the growing conditions for higher vigor;

and

(5) Mechanical wounds from natural damage or managing activities such as pruning should be

timely treated.

1.8. Wilt disease and Root rot

1.8.1. Symptoms

After invasion, the pathogen of wilt disease would live and multiply in the conduit system, where

toxins are produced only to result in the plant wilting.

For root rot disease, the plant roots or stem base are infected by the pathogen to result in rot and

plant death.


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(1) The basic measure to prevent these diseases is to produce disease-free seedlings on pathogen-

free soils or other mixture. It is proposed to produce seedlings on new lands. When old lands have

to be used, the pre-crop should be non-host plants.

(2) Soils can be disinfected by heating or chemicals. Before sowing, it is proposed to sunburn the

soils several times or disinfect the soils with chemicals such as bleach powder or potassium

permanganate.

(3) In case of need, chemicals are applied to control the diseases. The commonly used chemicals

include Miejuncuzhangji, Curzate.

1.9. Root-knot nematode

1.9.1. Symptoms

Root-knot nematode disease is widely distributed over 1700 species of hosts of herbs, crops and

trees.

The disease main damages plant roots. When the roots are severely affected, the upper parts wilt

and die only to cause serious economic losses. When a big tree is affected, it will be in poor growth.

The infection with root-knot nematode will often lead to the development of other root diseases.


(1) To strict follow the regulations of quarantine to prevent disease spread;

(2) To choose proper lands for nursery, to manage the lands with reasonable rotation, and to

increase the application of nitrogen fertilizers (especially urea, which can inhibit the occurrence of

nematodes disease);

(3) To select nematode-free healthy planting material. When the planting materials are to be treated

with heat, the combination of temperature and time should be properly handled;

(4) The chemicals for soil treatment include phorate;

(5) The chemicals for leaf treatment include fenitrothion.

2. Main Pests of Trees and the Control in the Project Area

2.1. Defolia Pest Insects (Encleidae, Psychidae, moths, noctuids, Pyralidae, Bombycidae,

Geometrodae, Chrysomelidae)

2.1.1. Commonly Used Chemicals to Control Defolia Pest Insects

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When to control medium and small larvae, it is proposed to use 20% fenvalerate-trichlorphon

emulsifiable concentrate or 50% malathion (1000~1500 times). When to control big population, it is

proposed to use 90% trichlorphon or 5% chlorfluazuron EC (1000~2000 times). The eggs can be

controlled by 10% etofenprox (6000 times). The other measures to control the pests include 50%

phoxim EC (1000 times), 50% fenitrothion EC (800 times), 3.2% emamectin benzoate ME (5000

times), 25% chlorbenzuron � (1500 times), 1.8% avermectin EC (3000 times), insecticidal bacteria

liquid (500 times), Wanelin (1000 times), B.t. (500 times).

2.1.2 Control Methods against Defolia Pest Insects of Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelidae)

According to the insect population, the methods of control can include (i) picking-off heart leaves +

chemical application, (ii) making heart leaves open + chemical application, or (iii) chamical bag

hanging.

Commonly used agents are: 90% Dipterex; 80% carbaryl (1500 timnes); 8% Chongxianqing EC

(1000 times). In controling the pests, spraying should be focused on central leaves. One spraying in

10~15 days. After 3 sprayings, the control effect can be over 90%.

Method of Bag Hanging with Pesticides: Hanging pesticide bag is one of the effective methods in

controlling Brontispa longissima. The pesticides can be those of contact toxicity and systemic

agents. The bags of chemicals are fixed on central leaves. The pesticide can leach out in rainwater

and be absorbed by plants to kill pests.

2.2. Control Methods against Sucking Insects and Mites (e.g. scale insects, psyllidae, aphids, stink

bugs, Quadrastichus erythrinae and spider mites)

2.2.1. Control Methods against Scale Insects

(1) Reasonable thinning for better ecological environment of ventilation and photopermeability to

reduce the damage. For instance, this method is effective to control Icerya purchasi on Begonia;

(2) Removing infected branches in the pruning in winter or early spring;

(3) Chemical Control: (i) rubbing with kerosene cloth (e.g. controlling scale insects Cycas); (ii)

application of petroleum spray oils; (iii) application of chemicals such as imidacloprid on tree

crown and branches.

2.2.2. Control Methods against Psyllidae (Macrohomotoma sinica)

(1) The pesticides include cyfluthrin, imidacloprid and so on;

(2) Special attention of pest control should be paid when Ficus microcarpa is grwoing new shoots.

The pesticides include 50% Imidacloprid WP (800-1000 times);

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(3) For serious damaged Ficus microcarpa, a girdling of 3 cm width is made at stem base (no

damaging phloem) and 20% imidacloprid EC is brushed on the wound. When the pesticide dries

up, the pesticide is brushed again and wrapped with plastic film.

2.2.3. Control Methods against Aphids

(1) Proper management measures are made for better ecological environment of ventilation and

photopermeability;

(2) Spraying with tobacco water to control and pests and protect natural enemies;

(3) To control the pests with 5% nicotine micro-emulsion and imidacloprid;

(4) The other measures include imidacloprid 10% WP (3000-5000 times), derris (1000-2000 times).

2.2.4. Control Methods against Stink Bugs

The chemicals to control stink bugs include 50% fenitrothion EC 2000 times applied have certain

effect.

2.2.5. Control Methods against Quadrastichus erythrinae

(1) To strengthen quarantine and monitoring surveys to prevent pest spreading;

(2) For slightly infected plants, Chongxianqing EC can be sprayed to control the pests. The infected

leaves and branches should be removed and burned;

(3) Seriously infected plants should ne removed and burned immediately after spraying pesticides;

(5) It has been observed in tests that the Erythrina indica without pruning is more resistant to the

pest; and

(6) Hanging yellow sticky insect board is a successful measure to trap and kill the pest.

2.2.6. Control Methods against Leafhoppers

The measures include 10% imidacloprid WP 2500 times.

2.2.7. Control Methods against Spider Mites

The measures include avermectins and cyfluthrin.

2.3. Trunk Borers (e.g. Cerambycidae, Hieroxestidae and Weevils)

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2.3.1. Control Methods against Cerambycidae

(1) When tree trunk is painted white with the following mixture, there will be less Cerambycidae

eggs on the tree. The mixture is made of 10 kg of lime + 1 kg of sulfur + 10 grams of salt + 20~40

kg of water;

(2) When the bore hole is not deep, the larvae can be pick out with a wire hook. When the infection

is slight, the affected branches can be cut off;

(3) Chemical Control. (i) injecting 80% Dipterex EC 500 times into the bore holes; (ii) blocking the

bore holes with pesticide cotton plug and clay sealing; (iii) thrusting poison stick into the bore

holes. Fumigants include cyfluthrin.

2.3.2. Control Methods against Hieroxestidae (Opogona sacchari)

It is a good chance to control the pests when the larvae is overwintering in soils. The pesticides

include 50% Phoxim EC 1000 times, 50% fenitrothion EC 1000 times, 80% trichlorfon 8000 times.

The soils can be treated with 50% carbaryl powder or 90% trichlorfon powder at the proportion of

1:200.

2.3.3. Control Methods against Weevils

(1) For severe cases, the infected plants should be removed and burned;

(2) Root treatment with systemic pesticides such as 80% trichlorfon at the rate of 20~50 g per plant.

(3) Stem Injection: at the height about 50 cm on the stem, 4 holes are drilled, each hole is 10×0.1

cm in size, the dosage per plant is 20 ml (original pesticide) or 40 ml (1:1 diluted liquid).

Commonly used pesticides are: 50% phoxim EC 500 times One application in 15 days, successively

2-3 times.

2.3.4. Control Methods against Cossidae

(1) To strengthen the management of water and soil fertility, and timely remove the infected

branches;

(2) When the bore hole is not deep, the larvae can be pick out with a wire hook;

(3) To control larval, pesticides can be injected into the bore holes, the pesticides such as 80%

dipterex EC. Another measure is to block the bore holes with dipterex clay.

2.3.5. Control Methods against White Ants

(1) Measures of Prevention

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(a) Forestry measures should be taken for healthier and stronger plants and higher resistance to the

pests;

(b) Soils can be disinfected with 20% imidacloprid 200 times;

(c) Seedling rots are dipped in slurry before planting. The slurry is made of 30% soil + 70% water

added with 0.1% phoxim;

(d) For container seedlings, the nursery soils are treated with phoxim, or Metarhizium anisopliae

complex; and

(e) Pesticides are applied in the planting pits, the pesticides such as 25% carbaryl WP (30~45 kg per

ha.).

(2) Control Methods against White Ants

(a) Trapping + Chemical Control: In autumn and winter, piles of straw + loose soil are prepared to

attract white ants for concentrated chemical control with 50% Mirex powder;

(b) Poisenous Baits: (1) 75% mirex + powder of smilax tubers and ferns + sugar at proportion of

1:6:1); (ii) ASP bait of mirex powder 2.5% + acetone + brown sugar + pine pollen + water + track

pheromone powder (97.5%);

(3) Trapping Pit: After soaking in 5% sugar water, eucalyptus bark and sugar cane are put in

trapping pits (40×40×40 cm). The pits are covered with plastic film and soil. When it is observed

that white ants are attracted, the ants are sprayed with an appropriate amount of mirex powder, so

that the ants would take the drug back to the nest to poison other ants.

2.4. Underground Pests

2.4.1. Control Methods against Scarabaeoidea (Awmala cupripes)

(1) Larvae can be controlled with soil treatment. The pesticides include 50% phoxim granules, 50%

phoxim 200 times; and

(2) The adults can be control by spraying 90% trichlorfon 800-1000 times, 2.5% trichlorfon powder

or 10% imidacloprid WP 2000~3000 times.

2.4.2. Control Methods against Limax and Snails

(1) Physical Control: Tree leaves, weeds and vegetable leaves are piled in the field to trap Limax for

concentrated control. At the places Limax frequently appear, lime powder belts are made to protect

the crops (75~110 kg/ha);

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(2) Chemical Control: (i) weeds and vegetable leaves are piled in the field to trap Limax for

concentrated control with 90% crystal trichlorfon; (ii) snails can be controlled with Metaldehyde.

2.4.3. Control Methods against Solenopsis invicta

(1) The pest is control with poisonous baits. The baits are made of maize and soybean oil and

pesticides such as Pyriproxyfen, avermectin and fipronil.

(2) The systemic pesticides include carbaryl and avermectin. Two applications a year. The first time

in Apr.~May, while the second – Sep.~Oct.

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Annex 4Emergency Preparedness Plan to Address Major Disease/Pest Disasters

in the Project Area

For the purposes of timely handling of major disease/pest disasters in the project area, proper

prevention and control of pests and diseases of seedling, fish and turtle products, effective

prevention of spread of quarantine and hazardous pests and diseases and guaranteed ecological

security of the project area, this Emergency Preparedness Plan to Address Major Disease/Pest

Disasters in the Project Areais hereby formulated.

1. Principles

1.1. Prevention First: Information publicity will be conducted to upgrade knowledge and awareness

of the enterprises in the green exhibition park and the public of the prevention and control of

the quarantine and dangerous diseases and pests of forests, fishes and turtles. Daily monitoring

will be strengthened to ensure observation and identification of the diseases and pests in a

timely manner, so that effective and immediateactionscan be taken to cut off the routes of

spread and have overall control the diseases/pests.

1.2. Rapid Response: Mechanism for rapid response will be established by strengthening reserves

ofpersonnel, material and financial resources upgrading emergency settlement capacities. Close

linkage of identification, reporting, control and extermination will be established to allow rapid

response and timely processing once pest/disease disaster is spoted.

1.3. Rule by Law: Management on prevention, reporting, control andextermination of quarantine

and hazardous diseases and pests in the project area shall be exercised in strictly compliance

with the relevant national laws and regulations. Any offense shall be held accountable.

1.4. Scope of Application

This emergency preparednessplan applies to occurrence of major diseases or pests on seedlings, fish

and turtles in the project area and shall be activated once any of the following situations emerges:

(1) When one of thequarantine and hazardous diseases or pests of the seedlings, fish and turtles in

the project area outbreaks; and

(2) When one of the conventional diseases or pests outbreaks.

2. Command System and Responsibilities for Emergency Settlement

Headquarters of Disease and Pest Management will be responsible to deal with emergency cases of

diseases and pests ofseedlings, fish and turtles in the project area.

2.1. Headquarters of Disease and Pest Management and the Affiliated Expert Group

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The headquarters is headed by the director of the project office, and the deputy commander is the

deputy director of the project office. Members of the headquarters include relevant departments in

the project area, such as project management office, Guzhen Town Agriculture Office and Guzhen

Green Exhibition Park Management Centerand etc. The expert group will be composed of the

experts from the institutions of plant protection, forest protection and aquiculture at provincial and

municipality levels. The headquarters is located in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park Management

Center.

2.2. Responsibilities

(1) Decision-making and guidance for the prevention and control of the quarantine and dangerous

diseases and pests on seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area;

(2) Mobilizing and coordinatingresources to prevent and control the major diseases and pests in the

project area;

(3) Dealing with importance issues in the prevention and control of the major diseases and pests in

the project area;

(4) Replying toemergencyreporting and requests by all relevant institutions in the project area and

making arrangements to address the emergency;

(5) Collecting and analyzing information on the major disease and pests in the project area, and and

reporting in a timely manner to town government;

(6) Implementing decision(s) of town government and adopting a unified manner in organizing,

coordinating, guiding and inspecting emergency control activities in the project area.

3. Disease and Pest Monitoring

Full play of the full-time and part-time monitoring and predicting staff should be ensured to

strengthen monitoring of pests and diseases at regular and irregular intervals. Monitoring of

quarantine and hazardous pests and diseases should be conducted based on features of pest and

disease occurrence relating to seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area.Three times of

comprehensive surveys of the dangerous pests and diseases should be conducted annualy in the

project area, and any abnormal phenomenon of seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area should

be identified in a timely manner.

The full-time and part-time monitoring staff members are responsible for timely reporting ofmajor

diseases and pests. If having spotted pest or disease disaster, enterprises in the park and

individualsshould report to the headquarters. The headquarters should immediately organize the

expert group to visit the spot for confirmation and report to town government for further actions.

4. Mobilization of Emergency Prepardness Plan

4.1. When it has been confirmed that a major disease or pest disaster relating to seedlings, fish or

turtles has seriously broken out, the headquarters shall immediately organize a meeting of all the

relevant member institutions, and report in a timely manner to the town government for immediate

actions.

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4.2. The on-the-spot headquarters should keep the site in good order to prevent spread of the

disaster, keep a close watch on the disaster development status and report in a timely manner to the

town government. At the same timeand based on the spot situtations, the on-the-spot headquarters

should make immediate emergency settlement decision for rapid atctions. Relevant institutions and

individuals should actively and closely cooperate to take joint actions to resolve the emergency.

5. Personnel and Technical Support

A pest control team of 20 staff has been established under the headquarters. Whenever a disease or

pest disaster breaks out, the team will be mobilized immediately for rapid treatment on the spot of

disaster to minimize the losses.

Training to the full-time and part-time monitoring staffshall be provided by the headquarters, with

support by bureaus of forest and aquiculture at city level. The training will be conducted at regular

intervals to introduce to the trainees knowledge and techniques needed for emergency handling,

especially new knowledge and advanced techniques.

Technical and comprehensive ability of the monitoring, quarantine and survey technical staff will

be upgraded through 1~2 times of intensive training each year, so that they will better-equippedwith

knowledge of the symptoms and characteristics of the major diseases of pests and diseases of

seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area, which will upgrade their field survey and judgement

capabilities.

Target-oriented rehearsals will be organized focusing on different pests and diseases (especially

features of the major pest and disease disasters), so that effective and rapid measures can be taken to

protect, to the maximal degree, seedling, fish or turtle resources once occurrenceof a disaster is

identified.

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