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PEST MANAGEMENT IN RICE

Papers presented at the Conference on Pest Management in Rice, held at the Society of Chemical Industry, London, UK, 4-7 June 1990.

PEST MANAGEMENT IN RICE

SCI FOR THE APPLICATION

OF CHEMISTRY AND RELATED SCIENCES

Edited by

B.T. GRAYSON Shell Research Ltd, Sittingbourne, Kent, UK

M.B.GREEN Consultant, Wallington, Surrey, UK

and

L.G. COPPING DowElanco Ltd, Wantage, Oxon, UK

Published for the SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

by ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE

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WITH 151 TABLES AND 101 ILLUSTRATIONS

© 1990 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY © 1990 SHELL RESEARCH LTD-pp. 455-464 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1900

British Li6rary Cataloguing in Publication Data

Pest management in rice I. Rice. Pests. Control I. Grayson, B.T. II. Green, M.B. III. Copping, Leonard G. IV. Society of Chemical Industry 633.1899

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6835-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0775-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0775-1

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v

Preface

The four-day international Conference on Pest Management in Rice, which is the subject of this volume, was the third in an ongoing series of meetings on tropical crops organised by the Pesticides Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, London. The participants came from both the public and private sectors and from many different countries. All the major groups of pests-weeds, microorganisms, arthropods and rodents-were considered, as the organisers believe that it is necessary to address the total pest management problems in each particular growing area, and the variety of the papers indicates the importance of a multi­disciplinary approach to their solution.

Rice is one of the most important world crops and is the major source of food for around 60% of the world's population, with a world production of 500 million tonnes from 150 million hectares of land. Since world stocks amount to only two months supply, many people are at risk from famine. Moreover, it has been esti­mated that the world requirement in 2020 will be about 760 million tonnes, an increase of 50%. This pressure of population on food makes efficient pest management vital and is the reason for bringing together experts from all over the world to this major conference.

Rice is grown under a wide range of farming systems from wet to dry and in a wide variety of environments, from 3000 feet in the Himalayas to sea level in river deltas. Very high levels of management and sophisticated agricultural technology in developed countries such as Japan and the USA contrast with the low manage­ment, low input systems in developing countries in Asia. This is reflected in the use of agrochemicals where the average expenditure per hectare of $680 in Japan contrasts sharply with the average expenditure per hectare of $2 in, for example, Bangladesh. Nevertheless, rice accounts for a total annual global expenditure on agrochemicals of $2400 million, the largest of any crop.

For management of arthropod pests in rice it has become clear that chemical control alone is insufficient and has led to problems of insect resistance and re­surgence due to suppression of predators. An example is the transformation of the brown planthopper in South-east Asia from a non-pest into a major problem as the result of injudicious use of broad-spectrum insecticides. However, the alter­native approach of breeding resistant species has also been proved wanting, and it is now generally agreed that the Integrated Pest Management approach is the right one; this is exemplified in the papers in this volume dealing with insect con-

vi

trol. There are many problems to be solved not only in determining the most effec­tive IPM systems for each region but also in deciding how these are to be im­plemented and whether this is to be by voluntary co-operation between suppliers, farmers and extension services or whether it should be imposed by law. The potential value of computer tools and expert systems to assist implementation of IPM strategies is also discussed.

For management of fungal infections the main technique is the use of chemical control, although some success has also been obtained with biologicals but, so far, to only a limited extent. Natural products also feature in the farmers' armoury, as do compounds which are not directly toxic to the pathogen but which interfere with the infection process. This is exemplified in the papers dealing with fungi­cides. The importance of learning how to use existing fungicides more effectively by timing applications accurately and by predicting the conditions which favour the more damaging diseases is also addressed.

Weeds can have not only an important direct effect on the reduction of rice yields but also an indirect one by harbouring insects, diseases and other pests. The first line of defence can be the farmer's management practice in the preparation of his land, but almost certainly further control will be required. Different cultiva­tion methods (wet paddy/dry upland, direct seeded/transplanted, multiple crop­ping) present different weed problems and these problems may change with time. Hand weeding can be and is carried out in some localities, but chemical control is usually more efficient and, with modern selective herbicides, less damaging to the crop. A large number of new herbicides, often for specific use in rice, have been developed recently and some of these are described in the papers dealing with weed control.

Effectiveness and safety of chemical control agents to the operator and to the environment can be increased by improved formulation and by more accurate application. These matters are touched upon in this volume, as is also the severe problem of rat control in rice fields where they cause large losses. The final papers deal with the possibilities for plant breeding and biotechnology in pest manage­ment in rice. Cereal crops have proved to be difficult to transform using traditional techniques available to the genetic engineer. Rice, however, is proving to be more amenable than other basic cereal crops. There exist opportunities for introducing new genes to protect the crop from insect and fungal attack. Traits exist in nature which can also be introduced into comm~rcial varieties of rice with a view to over­coming stress-induced yield loss. These and other non-conventional techniques are reviewed.

The introduction of sophisticated pest management systems to rice makes great demands on the time and skill of the growers. The development of expert systems and simulation models may assist growers in developed countries such as the USA and Japan with their decision processes, but it is yet to be seen how these techniques can be applied in developing countries and how IPM strategies can be implemented there. In these countries pesticides have appeared to be an easy option, but in untrained hands they can lead to problems. Attempts to limit their use and to develop and introduce alternative methods of control will make heavy

vii

demands upon regulatory authorities, agrochemical manufacturers, research and extension organisations and farmers' skills and, unfortunately, it is in the develop­ing countries that these components of the pest management system are under­resourced or in short supply. It is a challenge to all those involved, especially the wealthier developed countries with their greater financial and technological resources, to try to ensure that the problems of pest management in rice are dealt with and overcome without creating new ones, that production of this vital crop is kept economically viable for the millions who depend upon it for sustenance, and that increases in production needed to feed the increasing populations are achieved. We hope that this conference is a useful contribution to that aim.

B.T. GRAYSON

M.B. GREEN

L. G. COPPING

viii

Acknowledgements

The organisers record their sincere thanks to Shell International Chemical Com­pany for providing the Conference Reception and, at the time of going to press, to the following companies for financial contributions which were used to sponsor the attendance of some speakers and provide bursaries for the attendance of student and senior staff delegates from colleges and universities:

BASFAG elBA-Geigy AG DowElanco Ltd FMC Corporation Sandoz Agro Division ICI Agrochemicals pIc Kureha Chemical Company Ltd Rh6ne-Poulenc Agriculture Schering Agrochemicals Ltd Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd

B.T.G. M.B.G. L.G.c.

ix

Contents

Preface .......................................... v

Acknowledgements

List of Contributors

Rice Pest Management Systems-Past and Future G. A. Norton and M. 1. Way

The Current Rice Agrochemicals Market A. T. Woodburn

viii

xiii

1

15

Foliar Fungicides for Control of Rice Diseases in the United States 31 D. E. Groth, M. C. Rush and G. D. Lindberg

Chemical Control of Seedling Diseases of Rice in Louisiana M. C. Rush and R. W. Schneider

The Benefits of Seed/Early Season Fungicide Application for the

53

Management of Rice Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) ................ 71 A. Loehken

Biological Control of Rice Diseases (Blast and Sheath Blight) with Bacterial Antagonists: An Alternate Strategy for Disease Management ....... 87

S. S. Gnanamanickam and T. W. Mew

Fungicide Use for the Control of Major Rice Diseases in Japan Y. Miyagi

Tricyclazole for Control of Pyricularia oryzae on Rice: The Relationship of

111

the Mode of Action and Disease Occurrence and Development 122 L. G. Peterson

The Importance of Crop Growth Stages for Determining the Application Timing of Disease Control Agents on Rice ................... 131

K. M. Chin and A. Bhandhufalck

x

Variation in Pest and Natural Enemy Populations-Relevance to Brown Planthopper Control Strategies .......................... 143

M. F. Claridge

Resistance Management of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in Indonesia ......................................... 155

M. E. Whalon, H. E. van de Baan and K. Untung

The Role of Migration in the Pest Status of Brown Planthopper in Temperate and Tropical Areas (Abstract) ................... 166

J. R. Riley, J. Holt and D. R. Reynolds

Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizer, Insecticides and Plant Spacing on Insect Pests and Yields of Flooded Rice in Eastern India .............. 167

D. P. Chakraborty, N. R. Maslen and J. Holt

The Potential of Fungi for Control of Rice Pests A. Gillespie and J. Jimenez

Insect Pest Management in Rice in the United States M. O. Way

Synthesis and Properties of the Silaneophane HOE 084498--a Promising

177

181

New Insecticide .................................... 190 H. H. Schubert, G. Salbeck, W. Knauf, R. Schaub, A. Waltersdorfer, K. H. Leist, U. Schollmeier, R. Fischer and G. Gorlitz

Biological Properties of the Silaneophane HOE 084498--a New Insecticide for the Control of Rice Pests ............... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 203

W. Knauf, M. Kern, R. Schaub and A. Waltersdorfer

Buprofezin: A Reliable IGR for the Control of Rice Pests T. Konno

Hexaflumuron (Dowco 473 Pesticide): A Potential New Rice Insecticide in

210

Japan ........................................... 223 J. Kato, N. Kondo and C. D. Forgie

Use of Computer Tools for the Design of Pest Management Strategies 231 D. R. Wareing, J. Holt, J. A. Cheng and G. A. Norton

IPM for Tropical Asian Rice Farmers-a Blueprint for Industry Participation ...................................... 243

W. T. Vorley

Xl

Integrated Pest Management in Rice: Present Status and Future Prospects in Southeast Asia

B. M. Shepard

Pest Interactions in Rice in the Philippines K. Moody

Yield Losses in Tropical Rice as Influenced by the Composition of Weed

258

269

Flora and the Timing of its Elimination ..................... 300 A. Zoschke

Weed Control Technology in US Rice R. J. Smith Jr and J. E. Hill

Current Weed Control Strategies in Louisiana Rice S. H. Crawford, J. B. Baker and D. E. Sanders

314

328

Pyrazosulfuron-Ethyl, a New Sulfonylurea Herbicide for Paddy Rice 338 K. Suzuki, Y. Shirai and H. Hirata

Cinmethylin-a New Herbicide Developed for Use in Rice R. G. Jones

Bensulfuron-Methyl, Metsulfuron-Methyl and their Combination for

349

Weed Control in Rice ................................ 358 L. W. Peterson, W. T. Reed and T. Yamaguchi

Quinclorac, a Ne,,:, Herbicide for the Use in Various Production Systems in Seeded Rice ..................................... 368

U. Kiessling and M. Pfenning

A Solution to the Major Weed Problems in Wet-Sown Rice: Experiences with Pretilachlor/Fenclorim in South-East Asia ................ 378

J. -L. Allard and A. Zoschke

Esprocarb Herbicide Mixtures: Use in Japanese Paddy Rice .. . . . . .. 389 G. Kadota, S. Matsumoto, S. Nakamura, R. F. S. Gordon and J. Hayakawa

A Novel Use for Benfuresate as a Paddy Rice Herbicide R. Rees, T. Matsui and B. Hanisch

Application Techniques for Small-Scale Farmers G. A. Matthews and R. P. Bateman

402

421

xii

Areawide Ricefield Rat Control by Small Scale Landowners in SE Asia through the Co-ordinated Application of Flocoumafen Block Bait 430

N. M. Pearman

Recent Trends in Formulations for Rice G. J. Marrs

A Pyrethroid Insecticide for Use in Rice-Effects of Formulation on Fish

440

Toxicity and its Assessment ............................ 455 R. R. Stephenson·

The Effect of Ethephon Plant Growth Regulator upon the Yield Components of Rice ................................. 465

T. G. Szoke

Paclobutrazol: Control of Lodging in Japanese Paddy Rice P. French, H. Matsuyuki and H. Ueno

The IRAC Rice-Working-Group-Efforts Towards Pest Management in

474

Rice ........................................... 486 w. Knauf

Somaclonal Variation for Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 491 Q. J. Xie, M. C. Rush and J. Cao

Can Insect Pest Problems in Rice be Approached by Using Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Protein Genes? ....................... 510

E. Gobel, M. Peferoen and A. Reynaerts

Rice Biotechnology: Progress and Prospects G. H. Toenniessen

514

xiii

List of Contributors

J. L. Allard, CIBA-Geigy Ltd, Agricultural Division, Research & Development, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland

J. B. Baker, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

R. P. Bateman, International Pesticide Application Research Centre, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK

A. BhandhufaIck, CIBA-Geigy (Thailand) Ltd, PO Box 747, Bangkok 10501, Thailand J. Cao, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Agricultural Experiment

Station, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

D. P. Chakraborty, Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Ltd, 52A Shakespeare Sarani, Calcutta 700 017, India .

J. A. Cheng, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China K. M. Chin, CIBA-Geigy Agricultural Experiment Station, Beg Berkunci, 71309 Rembau,

NS, West Malaysia M. F. Claridge, School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales, Cardiff CF1

3TL, UK S. H. Crawford, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

70803, USA R. Fischer, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230

Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany C. D. Forgie, DowElanco Japan Ltd, 1-6-12, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan P. French, ICI Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire RG 12

6EY, UK A. GiUespie, Chr. Hansen's Bio Systems AIS, B!1lge Aile 10-12, DK-H!1lrsholm, Denmark S. S. Gnanamanickam, Reader, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of

Madras, Madras 600 025, India E. Gobel, Plant Genetic Systems NV, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium R. F. S. Gordon, ICI Japan Agricultural Research Station, 780 Kuno~cho, Ushiku, Ibaraki,

Japan G. Goriitz, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230

Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany D. E. Groth, Rice Research Station, PO Box 1429, Crowley, Louisiana 70527, and Depart­

ment of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

B. Hanisch, Schering AG, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany J. Hayakawa, ICI Agrochemicals, Fernhurst, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 3JE, UK J. E. Hill, Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis,

California, USA H. Hirata, Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries

Ltd, 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama, Saitama pref., Japan 349-02 J. Hol~, Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (ODNRI), Central Avenue,

Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK

xiv

J. Jimenez, CAB International Institute of Biological Control, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, UK .

R. G. Jones, Shell International Chemical Company Ltd, Shell Centre, London, UK G. Kadota, ICI Japan Agricultural Research Station, 780 Kuno-cho, Ushiku, Ibaraki,

Japan J. Kato, DowElanco Japan Ltd, 1-6-12, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan M. Kern, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230

Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany U. Kiessling, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Agricultural Research Station, D-6703

Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany W. Knauf, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230

Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany N. Kondo, DowElanco Japan Ltd, 1-6-12, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan T. Konno, Biological Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co. Ltd, 4-31 Honda-cho,

Kawachi-Nagano, Osaka 586, Japan K. H. Leist, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230

Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany G. D. Lindberg, Rice Research Station, PO Box 1429, Crowley, Louisiana 70527, and

Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

A. Loehken, CIBA-Geigy Ltd, Agricultural Division, Research and Development, Plant Protection, CH-4oo2 Basle, Switzerland

G. J. Marrs, ICI Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire RG126EY, UK

N. R. Maslen, Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (ODNRI), Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK

T. Matsui, Schering AG, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany S. Matsumoto, ICI Japan Agricultural Research Station, 780 Kuno-cho, Ushiku, Ibaraki,

Japan H. Matsuyuki, ICI Japan Agrochemicals Division, PO Box 411, Tokyo 100, Japan G. A. Matthews, International Pesticide Application Research Centre, Imperial College at

Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK T. W. Mew, Plant Pathologist, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), PO Box 933,

Manila, Philippines Y. Miyagi, Biological Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co. Ltd, 4-31 Honda-cho,

Kawachi-Nagano, Osaka 586, Japan K. Moody, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), PO Box 933, Manila, Philippines S. Nakamura, ICI Japan Agricultural Research Station, 780 Kuno-cho, Ushiku, Ibaraki,

Japan G. A. Norton, Silwood Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biology, Imperial

College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK N. M. Pearman, Shell International Chemical Company Ltd, Shell Centre, London, UK M. Peferoen, Plant Genetic Laboratories NY, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9OO0 Gent,

Belgium L. G. Peterson, Development Manager/Asian-Pacific Area, DowElanco Pacific Ltd, 401F

Sung Hung Kai Center, 30 Harbour Road, Hong Kong L. W. Peterson, E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company, Stine-Haskell Laboratory, PO

Box 30, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA M. Pfenning, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Agricultural Research Station, D-6703

Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany W. T. Reed, E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company, Walker's Mill, Barley Mill Plaza,

Wilmington, Delaware 19898, USA R. Rees, Schering AG, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany

xv

R. Reynaerts, Plant Genetic Laboratories NV, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9OO0 Gent, Belgium

D. R. Reynolds, Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (ODNRI), Radar Entomology Unit, RSRE, Leigh Sinton Road, Malvern, Worcs. WR14 ILL, UK

J. R. Riley, Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (ODNRI), Radar Entomology Unit, RSRE, Leigh Sinton Road, Malvern, Worcs. WR14 ILL, UK

M. C. Rush, Rice Research Station, PO Box 1429, Crowley, Louisiana 70527, and Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

G. Salbeck, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230 Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany

D. E. Sanders, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

R. Schaub, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230 Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany

R. W. Schneider, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

U. SchoUmeier, Hoeschst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230 Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany

H. H. Schubert, Hoeschst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320, D-6230 Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany

B. M. Shepard, Resident Director, Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, 2865 Savannah Highway, Charleston, South Carolina 29414, USA

Y. Shirai, Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemic.al Industries Ltd, 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama, Saitama pref., Japan 349-02

R. J. Smith Jr, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and Univ­ersity of Arkansas Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA

R. R. Stephenson, Environmental & Biochemical Toxicology Division, Shell Research Ltd, Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 8AG, UK

K. Suzuki, Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Scierlce, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd, 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama, Saitama pref., Japan 349-02

T. G. Szoke, Rhone-Poulenc Crop Protection Division, Lyon, France G. H. Toenniessen, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, USA H. Ueno, ICI Japan Agrochemicals Division, PO Box 411, Tokyo 100, Japan K. Untung, Department of Entomology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55581B,

Indonesia H. E. van de Baan, Department of Entomology and Pesticide Research Center, Michigan

State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA W. T. Vorley, Agricultural Division, CIBA-Geigy Ltd, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland A. Waltersdorfer, Hoechst AG, R&D Agrochemicals Department, PO Box 800320,

D-6230 Frankfurt am Main 80, Federal Republic of Germany D. R. Wareing, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK . M. J. Way, Silwood Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biology, Imperial

College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK M. O. Way, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Route 7, Box 999, Beaumont, Texas

77713, USA M. E. Whalon, Department of Entomology and Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State

University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA A. T. Woodburn, Director, Allan Woodburn Associates Ltd, 18 Newmills Crescent,

Balerno, Edinburgh EH14 5SX, UK Q. J. Xie, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Agricultural Experiment

Station, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA

xvi

T. Yamaguchi, E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company, Walker's Mill, Barley Mill Plaza, Wilmington, Delaware 19898, USA

A. Zoschke, CIBA-Geigy Ltd, Agricultural Division, Research & Development, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland