Pest Management Plandocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 1 World Bank Loan Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project (HFRDP) Pest Management Plan Forestry Foreign Capital

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World Bank Loan

Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project (HFRDP)

Pest Management Plan

Forestry Foreign Capital Project Management Office of Hunan Province

Central South University of Forestry and Technology

March 2012

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Content

1. Brief Introduction of Pest Management in China ..................................................................................... 3

1.1 Existing Laws and Regulations on Pest Management .................................................................... 3

1.2 Existing Plant Protection Policies in China .................................................................................... 4

1.3 Pest Management Capacity of Hunan Province ............................................................................. 5

1.3.1 Organizations ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.2 Pests forecasting capacity in the project areas ..................................................................... 7

1.3.3 Capacity of integrated pest management in the project area ............................................... 8

2. Present Situation of Forest Pests/Diseases Occurrence and Control in the Project Area ......................... 9

2.1 Present Situation of Forest Pests/Diseases Occurrence .................................................................. 9

2.2 Present Situation of Integrated Pest Management ........................................................................ 11

2.3 Main Problems of Pest Management Existed in the Project Area and Suggestions for

Improvement ....................................................................................................................................... 12

2.3.1 Main problems of pests/diseases control in the project area .............................................. 13

2.3.2 Suggestions on improving pest management in the project area ....................................... 13

3. Integrated Pest Management in Project Area ......................................................................................... 15

3.1 Principles of Integrated Pests Management (IPM) ....................................................................... 15

3.2 Requirements of Pesticide Classification Guidance（2009）by World Health Organization（WHO）

............................................................................................................................................................ 15

3.3 Contents and Measures of Integrated Pest Management .............................................................. 16

3.3.1 Monitoring and forecasting ................................................................................................ 16

3.3.2 Prevention and control methods ........................................................................................ 17

3.4 Safe Use of Pesticides ................................................................................................................... 20

3.5 Prevention and control methods and recommended pesticides lists to the main forest

pests/disease in the project areas ........................................................................................................ 21

3.6 Selection of Other Pesticides ........................................................................................................ 21

4. Implementation Organization and Management ..................................................................................... 37

4.1 Implementation agencies and task allocation ............................................................................... 37

4.2 Procurement, Transportation and Storage of Pesticide ................................................................. 37

4.2.1 Pesticide Procurement ....................................................................................................... 37

4.2.2 Pesticide Transportation .................................................................................................... 38

4.2.3 Pesticide Storage ................................................................................................................ 38

4.3 Pesticide supervision and management agencies .......................................................................... 38

4.4 Pesticide residue inspection institutes........................................................................................... 39

5 Training ................................................................................................................................................... 41

5.1 Training Methods and Object ....................................................................................................... 41

5.2 Training Contents ......................................................................................................................... 41

5.3 Training Plan and Budget ............................................................................................................. 41

6. Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................................................................... 43

6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation on Pests Occurrence and Harm ......................................................... 43

6.1.1 Selection and distribution of positioning monitoring sites ................................................ 43

6.1.2 Monitoring methods........................................................................................................... 44

6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation on the Quality of Pests Management ................................................ 44

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6.3 Budget ........................................................................................................................................... 44

6.4 Pests/Diseases Monitoring Plan and Budget ............................................................................. 46

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The World Bank Loan Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project (hereafter as

HFRDP) is designed to establish various types of forests to explore new pattern of forest

management, recovery the forest resources damaged or denuded by ice storm, improve the

ability of forest ecological system in resistance to disaster climate and adaptation to climate

change, reduce soil erosion, support the forest reform in Hunan Province, realizee the

sustainable development of forestry resources, and promote the ecological construction in

Hunan Province.

With the purpose of improving the monitoring, forecast and prevention of forest

pests/diseases in he implementation of HFRDP, a “Pest Management Plan”(hereafter as

PMP) is formulated in accordance with the “Regulation on Forest pests/diseases

Management” promulgated by the State Council on December 18th, 1989, and the

requirement of the World Bank operational policy of Pest Management (OP 4.09), which

strives to promote and popularize the use of biological methods to control forest

pests/diseases to reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides, so as to minimize the

environmental pollution caused by pesticides, while pests/diseases are under effective

control. The pests/diseases mentioned in the plan refer to all insects, mites, nematodes and

diseases harmful to forest plants. Guided by a policy of “prevention first, scientific control,

treatment by law and health promotion”, this plan mainly covers the following six aspects:

prevention and control methods of main forest pests/diseases might encountered in the

project, recommended pesticides, organization of implementation, training, monitoring and

evaluation, etc.

1. Brief Introduction of Pest Management in China

1.1 Existing Laws and Regulations on Pest Management

The main laws and regulations concerning forest pests/diseases management in China are

summarized as follows:

To strengthen pests/diseases management, the Chinese government has promulgated the

“Forest Law”, “Regulation on Forestry Pest Control”, "The Plant Quarantine Rules"

“Technological Rules for Forest Quarantine”, “Management Measures for Target Forest Pest

Control”, “Standards on Safe Use of Pesticides” and “Regulation on Pesticide

Management”.

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been promoted by the implementation of the

“Standard on Safe Use of Pesticides” and “Regulation on Pesticide Management”.

1.2 Existing Plant Protection Policies in China

The Chinese government attaches great importance to pests/diseases management in

forestry. It lays stress on the policy of “prevention first, scientific control, treatment by law

and health promotion”. Biological control will be gradually adopted as a main control

method in the future.

The objectives of the government policies are to control the occurrence of damage caused by

pests/diseases at a low level, enhance forest quality and promote sustainable utilization of

forest resources. In other words, the government policies aim at protecting forest resources

and the ecological environment. Highly efficient chemical pesticides with low toxic and

pollution free could be used in case when no other control methods can control the severe

pests/diseases.

Forest pests/diseases management adheres to the principle of “"Whoever manages the forest

bears the responsibility for prevention and control of pests/diseases”. The owners of the

forests take the responsibility of pests/diseases management of the commercial forest and

economic tree crops. Forest pests/diseases management organizations shall provide

monitoring and technical guidance during the process. The local governments take charge of

the pest management in ecological public welfare forests, whose detailed implementation is

organized by local Forest Pests Control and Quarantine Stations (hereafter as FPCQS). The

compensation policy is adopted by the state for serious incidences of pests/diseases, and the

operational cost of nationally designated forest pest monitoring and forecasting sites is

subsidized as well.

The Chinese government made following specific provision on the use of pesticides:

pesticides which are allowed to be adopted for pest management;

the low-toxic and low-residue pesticides with high efficiency, which are recommended

when pesticides is the only effective control measure;

agricultural products with an excess of pesticide residue over the set standards are not

allowed to reach the market;

safe use methods for pesticides.

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In addition, the Chinese government is continuously issuing the banned pesticide list,

including Parathion, Phorate and Monocrotophos, etc.

In 2011, a set of banned or restricted pesticides have been published, which includes:

(1) 23 species of the prohibited pesticides, including BHC, DDT, toxaphene, DBCP,

chlordimeform, ethylene dibromide, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury preparations, arsenic

and lead type, MATDA, fluoroacetamide, glyftor, tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, silatrane,

methamidophos, methyl-parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon.

(2) 16 species of the pesticides that prohibited or restricted in forestry construction,

including dicofol, fenvalerate, phorate, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos, phosfolan-methyl,

sulfotep, demeton, carbofuran, aldicarb, ethoprophos, phosfolan, coumaphos, fonofos,

isazofos, fenamiphos, etc.

1.3 Pest Management Capacity of Hunan Province

1.3.1 Organizations

The Provincial FPCQS is responsible for the organization, management, guidance,

monitoring and technical extension of pest management in the whole province.

Each of the prefectures and counties has their own FPCQS, which is responsible for

organization, management, guidance and supervision of forest pest prevention and control

within their respective jurisdictions. The institution components are shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 Management institutions of pest prevention and control

Responsibilities of each institution:

The Provincial Forestry Department is in charge of the forestry work in the whole

province.

The Afforestation Division of Provincial Forestry Department is in charge of the

technology and management of project afforestation .

The Provincial FPCQS is in charge of the organization, management, supervision and

guidance of the pests/diseases prevention and control in the project, and also responsible

for the technology extension.

The Prefecture and County (District) Forestry Bureau is in charge of the forestry work

in its jurisdiction,, including organizing, planning, coordinating, supervising, deciding

the implementation of forest pests/diseases management, as well as formulation of work

management system.

The Prefecture and County (District) FPCQS is in charge of the organization,

management, supervision and guidance of the pest management in its jurisdiction, and

assisting or coordinating the law-enforcing and technical departments to carry out

Provincial Forestry

Department

Prefectural and County

Forestry Bureau

Afforestation divisionof Provincial

Forestry Department

Provincial FPCQS

Township Forestry center County (city, district)

FPCQS

Pest control team

Control

Pest Monitoring

Sites

app:ds:law-enforcing

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activities in publicity, training and guidance of pesticide and pests/diseases control

technology in project areas.

The Pests Monitoring Site is responsible for the survey and monitoring of the occurring

trend of pests/diseases in its jurisdiction. It is also responsible for publishing forest

pests/diseases forecasting of long-term, medium-term and short-term regularly.

The Pest Control team is in charge of the timely treatment of pests/diseases in its

jurisdiction.

1.3.2 Pests forecasting capacity in the project areas

Ten project prefectures have established FPCQSs at provincial, prefectural and county level,

which are responsible for local forest pests/diseases control and management.

At present, sound forest pests/diseases forecast systems have been developed in the project

prefectures. Every of the project counties has national, provincial or county level monitoring

and forecasting sites. Table 1 shows the details of the national and provincial (county) level

monitoring and forecasting sites. Meanwhile, each national level monitoring and forecasting

site has set up monitoring sites with varying numbers, and sufficient technicians are assigned

for integrated pest management, so as to ensure the real-time dynamic monitoring on the

occurrence and development of pests/diseases.

Table 1 Forest pest monitoring and forecasting sites at various levels

Prefecture National monitoring and

forecasting site

Provincial (county level)

monitoring and forecasting site

Changsha 2 5

Zhuzhou 3 8

Hengyang 3 8

Shaoyang 4 6

Yueyang 3 6

Changde 4 5

Chenzhou 3 10

Yongzhou 3 10

Huaihua 3 9

Xiangxi autonomous prefecture 2 6

app:ds:provincial

app:ds:provincial

app:ds:provincial

8

Total 30 73

1.3.3 Capacity of integrated pest management in the project area

The forest protection institutions at all levels are relatively completely established in the

project area, the professional technical staff can satisfy the basic project requirements, and

traditional methods are widely adopted in the forecasting and controlling. In recent years,

the integrated pest management in most of the project areas have abide by IPM principles,

and biological, physical, as well as pollution-free chemical control methods are applied in

the pests/diseases control. The pest management capacity of the existing forest protection

institutes at all levels can meet the needs of the project to some extent.

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2. Present Situation of Forest Pests/Diseases Occurrence and Control in

the Project Area

2.1 Present Situation of Forest Pests/Diseases Occurrence

The project will be implemented in 10 prefectures, which distribute in the east, west, south,

north and central part of Hunan province (see Fig.2). Due to global warming and frequent

natural disasters，forest pest incidence and the harming degree has been severe in Hunan

province in recent years. Therefore the project is pressed by forest pests/diseases control,

which is foreseen to be difficult. The major occurrences of forest pests/diseases in project

areas in recent years are listed in Table 2.

Figure 2 Distribution diagram of project counties under HFRDP

Table2 Occurrence of major forest pests/disease in the project area

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No. Prefecture County (city,

district)

Major pests/diseases kinds Affected forest

stand

1 Chang

sha

Ning

xiang Poplar leaf insect and stem borer, rat pest

poplar

2 Zhu

zhou

Li

ling

Masson Pine caterpillar, bamboo locust, pine

mushroom tussock moth, Hylobitelus xiaoi,

bamboo leafhopper

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

3 Heng

yang

Lei

yang

bamboo locust, pine mushroom tussock

moth, bamboo leafhopper

bamboo forest

Chang

ning

Masson Pine caterpillar, bamboo locust,

pine mushroom tussock moth, Hylobitelus

xiaoi, bamboo leafhopper

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

Heng

nan Masson Pine caterpillar, bamboo locust,

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

4 Shao

yang

Xin

shao

Masson Pine caterpillar, pine mushroom

tussock moth, Hylobitelus xiaoi, bamboo

leafhopper

Masson pine forest

5 Yue

yang

Ping

jiang Poplar leaf insect and stem borer, rat pest

poplar

Yue

yang Poplar leaf insect and stem borer, rat pest

poplar

6 Chang

de

Tao

yuan Poplar leaf insect and stem borer, rat pest

poplar

Ding

cheng Poplar leaf insect and stem borer, rat pest

popular

7 Chen

zhou

Ru

cheng


slash pine mealybug, pine needle brown

spot, Hylobitelus xiaoi

Masson pine, slash

pine and bamboo

forest

Zi

xing




Masson pine, slash

pine and bamboo

forest

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Su

xian

Masson Pine caterpillar, pine needle brown

spot,

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

Gui

yang

Masson Pine caterpillar, slash pine

mealybug, pine needle brown spot,bamboo

locust,

Masson pine, slash

pine and bamboo

forest

Anren Masson Pine caterpillar, bamboo locust, Masson pine and

bamboo forest

Guidong bamboo locust Masson pine and

bamboo forest

Yongxing Masson Pine caterpillar, bamboo locust, Masson pine and

bamboo forest

8

You

zhou

Shuang

pai




Masson pine, slash

pine and bamboo

forest

Jingdong

District Masson Pine caterpillar,

Masson pine

9 Huai

hua

Yuanling

Masson Pine caterpillar, Yunan pine

caterpillar, pine mushroom tussock moth,

cypress tussock moth

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

Mayang Yunnan Pine caterpillar, pine mushroom

tussock moth, cypress tussock moth,

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

10

autonomou

s

prefecture

Luxi Masson Pine caterpillar, bamboo locust,

Hylobitelus xiaoi

Masson pine and

bamboo forest

2.2 Present Situation of Integrated Pest Management

Great progress has been made on pests/diseases control, which is shown in the following

five aspects:

(1) The overall monitoring and forecasting is intensified. This includes increasing an overall

coverage of monitoring and forecasts for pest and diseases; discovering the disasters in time;

circulating forecasts and control announcement; and requiring the concerned people to

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assume their responsibility in pests/diseases control by bringing the radiation role of the

national monitoring and forecasting centers of the forest pests into full, and making full use

of the four level monitoring and forecasting network of the nation, province, prefectural and

county, and the working stations of the towns and townships as well.

(2) Striving for controlling pests which cause severe damages to forest resources, receive

high attention of the society and have strong international impact such as pine wood

nematodes, fall webworm, forest mouse (rabbits), masson pine caterpillar, bamboo locust

etc. According to the “Forest Pest and Diseases Control Regulation”, the integrated control

method of silvicultural, biology, physics and chemistry help reduce losses and the

occurrence area, contributing to a sustainable control of forest pests. Especially when

chemical pesticides have to be applied, only category III and U can be utilized according to

strictly abiding by WHO requirements.

(3) Quarantine law is enforced strictly. The “Plant Quarantine Regulation” have been

seriously executed to strengthen inspection and quarantine work for preventing quarantine

pests from spreading. The risk assessments of the external pests are carrying out in a

scientific way, and plant introduction review and quarantine monitoring are also strictly

carrying out. Quarantine are conducted at both the production sites and transportation

process, so as to strictly prevent contamination by the external pests.

(4) Emphasis is laid on strengthening the establishment of the emergency response system

for handling accidents caused by pests. According to the requirements of “Handling

Methods for Emergent Forest Pests” and “Emergency Preplan for Major External Forest

Pests”, the emergency preparation and preplans are well arranged in the aspects of

organization, technology, finance and resources. Infrastructure construction and material

reserve to tackle emergent accidents are enhanced.

(5) The science and technology content is constantly increased. Efforts have been made to

learn the international and domestic advanced control technologies. International

cooperation and coordination of multi sectors should be enhanced for the purpose of

improving the applied technology and extending the advanced, environment-friendly and

practical technologies as soon as possible.

2.3 Main Problems of Pest Management Existed in the Project Area and Suggestions

for Improvement

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2.3.1 Main problems of pests/diseases control in the project area

(1) The prevention concept needs to be improved. The forest health protection

concept wasn't ran through very well in the implementation of forestry pest prevention

in some project areas, and the afforestation technology and enhance forest resilience

from the perspective of ecosystem.

(2) The forecasting methods need to be improved. Traditional ground survey method

is adopted in most of the exiting forestry pest monitoring, which is time and labor

consuming. The application of the advanced monitoring technology should be

vigorously extended.

(3) Capacity-building system needs to be improved. Trainings on integrated forestry pest

control technology need to be strengthened. The introduction of the advanced monitoring

and prevention technology, promotion of demonstration effects, and training measures of

corresponding organization all need to be improved.

(4) The dependency degree on chemical pesticides is relatively high. As a large area of

pure forest plantation has been established in some of the project areas, such as masson pine,

moso bamboo, poplar, fruit trees, etc., chemical pesticides are mainly applied in pest control

when pests/diseases occurred in large scale.

2.3.2 Suggestions on improving pest management in the project area

In order to effectively prevent the damage caused by pests/diseases in the project areas and

solute the problems existed in the previous pest management, the forest prevention

departments at all levels are required to establish a comprehensive set of IPM management

system, and tried to minimize the use of chemical pesticides. During the implementation of

the project, the following work should be strengthened:

(1) Conducting training on implementing IPM principles, improving the management level

of pests management and enhancing the thought of forest health protection to the forest

protection experts and forestry technology extension staff of project counties and villages.

The application of chemical pesticides is can’t be avoid because the economic forest is

accounting for 10% of the total project plantation, so that it is necessary to strengthen the

management, supervision and training for forest farmers to use chemical pesticides. The

county project management office (CPMO) and the FPCQS are responsible for the

procurement of pesticides, supervision and guidance of the safe use of pesticides. Just the

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category U and III of WHO classification can be approved, and all pesticides should be

applied in accordance with the Regulation.

(2) Improving forecasting methods and vigorously extending advanced monitoring and

early-warning technologies like "3S—RS, GIS and GPS" technology. In recent years，Hunan

forest protection department has upgraded the prediction tools and technologies，which are

recommended to be applied in project forest, and not requiring the WB funds.

(3) Enhancing the support strength on the research, demonstration and extension of the

integrated control of forestry pests/diseases.

(4) Changing the utilizing habit of the chemical pesticides and strengthening the extension

of the biological and physical control methods.

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3. Integrated Pest Management in Project Area

3.1 Principles of Integrated Pests Management (IPM)

IPM, as the pest control strategy, was formed by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

in 1972, by revising the concept of Integrated Pest Control (IPC) which was put forward by

FAO in 1966. IPM is a science relevant to pests/diseases. Natural control is emphasized as a

major control mean, which should be coordinated with other means. Based on the biological

characters and habits of different pests/diseases, strengthened monitoring is the first priority

of IPM. Major control methods include quarantine, silvicultural, physical, mechanical and

biological measures. Only when the methods mentioned above fail to function, could

chemical pesticides with high efficiency and low toxicity be applied.

When formulating pest management tactics, not only economic effects, on top of it,

ecological balance and social safety should be fully taken into consideration. Based on this,

forest pest management in the project provinces would be as follows: prevention is the

first priority and measures on silviculture and management is the basis. Starting from the

general production and ecological point of view, natural control factors on pests/diseases are

fully utilized and conditions which are not in favor of occurrence and development of the

pests/diseases are created. The various project provinces should properly use biological,

physical and chemical controls based on the local conditions, and make them complemented

and coordinated with each other, to avoid, to the maximum extent possible, the killing of

natural enemies or environment pollution, and to control the pests/diseases at a tolerable

level.

3.2 Strictly implementing Requirements of Pesticide Classification Guidance（2009）by

World Health Organization（WHO）

The pesticide classification criterion commended by WHO (see Table 3) was approved in the

28th

world sanitation legislation meeting in 1975. In order to meet the requirements of the

new situation on the environment, the pesticides grading standards were revised by WHO in

2009. The classification of pesticide toxicity is primarily based on rat acute oral and dermal

toxicity, which has become the standard method of determining toxicity classification in

toxicology.

Table 3 Pesticide Classification Standards by WHO（2009）

Category Poisonous degree the median lethal dose(LD50) LD50 for the rat by Dermal

16

for the rat by Oral (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

Ⅰa Extremely toxic <5 <50

Ⅰb Highly toxic 5-50 50-200

Ⅱ medium toxic 50-2000 200-2000

Ⅲ Low toxic Over 2000 Over 2000

U non-toxic 5000 or higher 5000 or higher

This project is an ecological construction project, in which the requirements of the WHO

Pesticide Classification Guidance (2009) will be strictly carried out in the process of pest

management. Pesticides of category Ⅰ are banned from usage; pesticides of category Ⅲ and

U are put in the first place in recommended list.

3.3 Contents and Measures of Integrated Pest Management

The national policy of “prevention first, scientific control, treatment by law and health

promotion” would be earnestly implemented. Pest management should be applied to the

whole process of forest production. At the nursing stage, strong and pests/disease resistant

seedlings are selected; seedling inspection and quarantine should be strengthened, and

transportation and plantation of the seedlings affected by pests/diseases are forbidden;

effective silvicultural measures are adopted, for purpose of enhancing the plant’s

pests/diseases resistant capacity, hence maintaining healthy conditions of the forests;

Strengthened pests/disease monitoring and forecasts is stressed, so as to provide the ground

for decision making on pests/disease control; integrated management is applied including

quarantine, silvicultural measures, physics and mechanism, biology and chemistry. At the

time of pests/diseases control, physical and biological control measures are the first priority.

Pesticides are used only when other methods fail to function, and the monitoring result has

indicated that forest pests damage has exceeded the set economic thresholds; When

pesticides are applied, attention should be paid to select hazardless ones, so as to reduce

pesticide resistant capacity of the pests/diseases and to avoid environment pollution.

3.3.1 Monitoring and forecasting

Monitoring and forecasting is a technical mean to monitor and predict the occurrence and

spreading trend of the forest pests/diseases, hence is the prerequisite and guarantee for forest

pests/diseases control in a scientific way. The monitoring and forecasts of pests/diseases

should adhere to the principle of applying integrating monitoring by the public and the

17

professional communities. The existing forest pest control institutions at all levels should be

made full use of for the project pests/diseases monitoring and forecasting.

The county level FPCQS should timely predict and forecast the occurrence of pests and their

damage through positioned monitoring and field investigations, and then make

corresponding measures for pest prevention and control.

3.3.2 Prevention and control methods

Integrated and effective measures such as the silvicultural, physical and mechanical,

biological and chemical control methods, etc., should be applied in peoject implementation

to reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides.

1）Plant quarantine

Forest plant quarantine is forced by the legal organizations (i.e. the forest pests/diseases

control and quarantine stations at various levels). Quarantine is carried out in the origins of

the forest plants and their products, during their transportation, and after their arriving in the

new planting areas or plantations, for purpose of understanding if they are affected by

pests/diseases or other pests, as well as the safety measures adopted such as hazard

eradication.

Plant quarantine should be strengthened in afforestation areas of the project. The systematic

quarantine of the plant origins, at the time of transportation and rechecking should be strictly

followed and effective hazard elimination should be secured. Introduction of seeds, scions or

seedlings from the pests/diseases affected areas is prohibited. Registration for forest

seedlings is adopted and strictly implemented which includes “tree seedling production

license”, “tree seedling quality certificate” and “tree seedling production management

license”, for purpose of standardizing production and marketing of the seedlings. Strengthen

quarantine on imported wood and wood products. Once the quarantine target is discovered,

elimination should be carried out on the spot, so as to prevent them from spreading into

project areas.

2) Silvicultural measures

By strengthening technical measures, such as silvicultural, and tending etc, pests/diseases

resistant capacity of the forest plants are enhanced, thus curbing the occurrence and spread

of pests/diseases. This mainly includes:

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Selection of tree species which are pests/diseases resistant, to raise the self resistance

capacity of the forests;

Intercropping or mixed planting: properly intercropping trees with crops is carried out to

reduce hazards

Planting adaptive trees: Selection of tree species which are adaptable to the local

environmental conditions;

Proper planting time: select proper planting season;

Production of sturdy seedlings: this refers to cultivating high-quality and strong

seedlings and culling unhealthy seedlings;

Rational use of fertilizers: this is to apply adequate amount of organic manure, with

limited application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increased utilization of

calcium fertilizer;

Slashing of forest land: tilling the soil to expose pests to the extreme weather

conditions, removal of infected plants, branches and leaves;

Reasonable thinning: promoting tree growth and improving the forest pest resistance

capacity of the forests by reasonable thinning.

3) Physical and mechanical methods

Physical and mechanical methods are based on the occurrence rule and habits of forest

pests/diseases. By using their weak links in its infection or life cycle, suitable artificial,

physical and mechanical pests/diseases management methods should be applied to local

conditions:

Artificial and mechanical pests/diseases control: The methods includes artificial

capturing, removal of pest larvae and eggs; killing some pest larvae and adult pests by

making use of feign death of shaking down the pests; artificial clearing of overwintering

or pupae pests in the earth; artificial cutting the branches and leaves with pests/diseases

from the plant, etc.

Trapping and killing: Trapping and killing are possible by making use of preference on

colors and smells of some pests. The black light trap is used for moths, beetles or

orthoptera pests, and sweet and sour solution is used for some moths.

Separation: This is to use the habits of some pest to prevent damage from happening,

such as hanging on the trunk the plastic rings to prevent some pest which have the habit

19

of overwintering under the trees or damaging the trees at night by climbing up on to the

trees and hiding themselves under the trees during day time.

Such methods are simple, easy to be applied and cost-effective. In addition, they are

environment friendly. The main constraints are time consuming and effective only to some

pests; hence can be used as a supplementary method.

4) Biological methods

Biological method is carried out by making use of the natural enemies or insect pathogenic

micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes) and their metabolites. Biological

methods are safe to human beings, animals, plants and the environment. It enables constant

maintaining of the pest population at a low level; hence is the priority for pests/diseases

prevention and control. It includes the following detailed methods:

Use of biological pesticides, such as Bt, Polynacfin, NPV, etc.;

Use of natural enemies, such as Trichogramma spp., .genus Bethylus Latreille, Anastatus

spp．, woodpeckers, etc.

Biological control agents have rich resources in the world. However, their effects are not as

quickly as the chemical pesticides, but with higher costs.

5）The non-pesticide chemical methods

Use matrine preparation to control Starscreams and Apocheima cinerarius;

Daub lime slurry in the trunk to prevent diseases invasion or pests spawning and

physiological diseases;

In the beginning of pests occurrence, take a combination of black light lamp, sweet and

sour mix liquids to attract and trap night moth pests;

Spray lime sulfonylurea copper sulfate bordeaux mixture to control diseases.

6) Chemical methods

Physical and biological methods are always the most favorable methods in pests/diseases

control. Only when other methods failed to function, and the monitoring results have

indicated that the damage caused by forest pests is over the economic threshold, can

chemical pesticides be applied. Attention should be paid to select pollution-free pesticides.

Pesticides of category Ⅰ should be prohibited; pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity

and residue (WHO category Ⅲ or U) should be given priority to application, so as to reduce

the pesticide resistance of the pests and to avoid pollution to the environment.

20

3.4 Safe Use of Pesticides

For the purpose of safe use of pesticides, the biological, vegetal, bionic or pollution-free

pesticides should be taken in priority. Pesticides application could easily bring negative

impacts on the ecological environment, as well as human and animal health. Therefore

efforts should be made to avoid or reduce the environment and health risks as a result of

pesticides application. In the process of project implementation, potential risks of pesticides

application and safe use measures are listed in Table 4.

Table 4 Potential risks of pesticide application and safe use of pesticides

Environmental risks Health risks Guideline of pesticides safety use

1. pesticide residues

lead to deterioration of

water quality, hence

reducing the number of

aquatic organisms;

2. spraying pesticides

adjacent to drinking

water resources may

lead to their

contamination ;

3. highly toxic

pesticides may have

impact on non-target

species (natural

enemies, etc.);

4. long-term excessive

use of pesticides will

results in higher

pesticide resistance;

5. pesticide residues

in the soil will cause

soil contamination.

1. prepare chemicals to

inhale pesticide

2. physical discomfort

in the absence of

protective equipment in

spraying pesticides.

3. skin burns when not

wearing protective

clothing in pesticide

spraying;

4. drinking water

sources contamination

caused by pesticides

spraying adjacent to the

resources, or overflow

and drain of chemicals

adjacent to drinking

water resources;

5. harm the health of

human being when

drinking the water

polluted by pesticides

and eating the

contaminated animals

and agro by products

1. strictly control procurement, transportation

and storage of pesticides agents;

2. proper use of pesticides and spraying

methods; extend and apply the spraying

techniques with low toxic to human body、

livestock and plants, and low pollution to

environment.

3. strengthen the training on pesticides

equipment use, and improve the protection

awareness of the concerned staff;

4. emphasize the importance of wearing

protective clothing like suitable work clothes,

protection helmets, masks, gloves and shoes while

spraying pesticide.

5. strengthen definition and management of

pesticide application area, to avoid pesticides

pollution on water resources and ecological

environment;

6. Strengthen technical cooperation to improve

use efficiency of the pesticides instruments and to

reduce the amount of the pesticides use;

7. Standardize pesticides and equipments

management. It is forbidden to clean the residual

chemicals, used chemical containers and used

application equipment in the natural water body,

instead, these chemicals or containers should be

proper treat in a safe place and safe way,, such as

deep burial. Residual pesticides should be stored

correctly or disposed safely

21

3.5 Prevention and control methods and recommended pesticides lists to the main

forest pests/disease in the project areas

The PMP of HFRDP designated a series of measures to reduce dependence on synthetic

chemical pesticides, and improve the self defense system of forest, including silvicultural

methods, physical method, biological method, chemical control method (see section 3.3).

The prevention measures and project recommended pesticide list to the main forest

pests/diseases are shown in table 5.

3.6 Selection of Other Pesticides

In case of new pests that could not be effectively controlled by the listed pesticides,

additional pesticides could be used. However, the newly-selected pesticides should be put

forward by experts in FPCQS at provincial level or above, approved of by provincial project

management office (PPMO) and reported to the World Bank for record. All pesticides used

must meet and comply with the requirement of the World Bank（the pesticides classification

guidance of WHO, 2009）as well as policies and regulations of PRC.

22

Table 5: Prevention and control methods and recommended pesticides lists to main forest pests/disease under HFRDP

Tree species Pests/diseases Prevention/control methods Biopesticides Recommended

chemical pesticides

Pesticide

standard

level

（WHO）

Masson pine

seedling blight 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear

away infested leaves;

Carbendazim chlorothalonil U

needle rust 2. Chemical control: using germicides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low

residue。

triadimefon, Ⅲ

Thiophanate methyl U

Pine caterpillar; 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions; Matrine Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

Pine tussock moth; 2. Mechanical and physical measures: pheromone trap, light trap; Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ

Pine mushroom tussock

moth;

3. Biological control: apply Trichogramma, BT, Beauveria bassiana; Bt Triflumuron Ⅲ

Pine looper 4.Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue; SNPV Fenoxycarb U

Chinese Fir

Anthracnose, 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear


Carbendazim Chlorothalonil U

Leaf cast. 2. Quarantine; Thiophanate methyl U

3. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Triadimefon Ⅲ

Polychrosis

cunninghamiacola

1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear

away infested shoots;

Azadirachtin Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Nicotinamide Triflumuron Ⅲ

3. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides Bt Fenoxycarb U

Sassafras

Seedling stem rot 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear



2. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. triadimefon, Ⅲ


app:ds:biopesticide

http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=%e6%9d%be%e9%92%88%e9%94%88%e7%97%85&tjType=sentence&style=&t=needle+rust

23

Aulacaspis sassafris

Chen



matrine Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

2. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides Azadirachtin diflubenzuron Ⅲ

Nicotinamide Triflumuron Ⅲ

Sweetgum

Sweetgum powdery

mildew




2. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. triadimefon, Ⅲ


Spine-horned beetle 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear



2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Azadirachtin diflubenzuron Ⅲ

3. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

Chinese timber

nanmu

Shoot and cone weevil 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear



2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Azadirachtin diflubenzuron Ⅲ


tulip tree

Ailanthus silkmot,

Liriodendron



Azadirachtin Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

3. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides Bt Sendebao U

SNPV

Schima superba

Brown spot 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear


Carbendazim chlorothalonil U

2. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. triadimefon Ⅲ


Earth tiger 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear


matrine Diflubenzuron Ⅲ

app:ds:diflubenzuron



app:ds:chlorothalonil

24

2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Azadirachtin Triflumuron Ⅲ


Bt

Beech

Clania variegata

Snellen, cupmoth,




longicorn 2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Azadirachtin Diflubenzuron Ⅲ


Bt

Camphor

Black rot 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear


Carbendazim Thiophanatetriadimefon U

2. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Chlorothalonil U

Ⅲ

Camphor long horn

beetle





3. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides Bt Fenoxycarb U

Black Locust

Locust Helicobasidium

mompa





Thiophanate U

cankerworm, seed

chalcid





3. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides Sendebao U

Japanese Larch Early needle cast 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear



25

2. Quarantine; triadimefon Ⅲ

3. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Thiophanate methyl U

Cypress

Leaf withering disease,

leaf blight


away infected shoots;

2. Biological control: release parasitoid;

3. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides



triadimefon Ⅲ

Semanotus bifasciatus

Motsch;



Matrine Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

Phloeosinus aubei

Perris;

2. Quarantine; Azadirachtin Triflumuron Ⅲ

Parocneria furra Leech 3. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

Bt diflubenzuron Ⅲ

SNPV

Slash pine

Pine Shoot Blight , 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear



Pine needle brown spot 2. Quarantine; Thiophanate methyl U


Masson caterpillar,

Dioryctriarubella

Hampson, Slash pine

mealybug




2. Biological control: release parasitoid ; Azadirachtin Triflumuron Ⅲ


Bt sendebao U

SNPV

Chinquapin

Chestnut carcass blight,

anthracnose, rust, shoot

wilt

1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions; Carbendazim Chlorothalonil U

2. Chemical control: using Poison Po soluble powder; metalaxyl, thiophanate methyl,

Enemy eriksson powders,


26

Meta granules etc. triadimefon Ⅲ

Dryocosmus kuriphilus 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions; Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

, scarab, tortricid 2. Mechanical and physical measures: eggmass removing Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

pheromone trap, light trap etc; Bt sendebao U

3. Biological control: release parasitoid ; SNPV

4. Chemical control: use pollution-free pesticides

jacaranda

Branches and leaves

disease spot;

anthracnose

1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions; Carbendazim Chlorothalonil U

2. Quarantine; Thiophanate methyl U


longicorn 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions, clear


Matrine chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

2. Quarantine; Azadirachtin Triflumuron Ⅲ

3. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

sendebao U

Walnut

brown patch;; 1. breeding disease-resistant varieties, strengthen management, organic fertilizer,

enhance growth potential, improve the capacity of resistance.


anthracnose 2. Silvicultural measures: cleaning up the diseased leaves, fruit and branches, Thiophanate methyl U

Twig blight; Deadwood twigs, fruit and curettage of the bark, then concentrate them in deep buried

or burned.

triadimefon Ⅲ

rot 3. quarantine;

4. chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue.

Walnut for glue moth

or jewel beetle; slug

1. Silvicultural measures: Improve the site conditions and clean up the branches and

leaves of victims fruit;

Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

2.mechanical physical pheromone trap, light trap etc. Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

3. quarantine; Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

4. chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Bt diflubenzuron Ⅲ

27

SNPV

Chinese

chestnut

damping off,

Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides

1. breeding disease-resistant varieties, strengthen management, organic fertilizer,



Root rot disease 2. Silvicultural measures: cleaning up the diseased leaves, fruit and branches,

Deadwood twigs, fruit and curettage of the bark, then concentrate them in deep buried

or burned.


3. quarantine; triadimefon Ⅲ


dung beetles 1. Silvicultural measures: Improve the site conditions and clean up the branches and

leaves of victims fruit;


Chestnut starscream 2.mechanical physical pheromone trap, light trap etc. Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

Big black aphids 3. quarantine; Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

4. chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Bt sendebao U

SNPV

moso bamboo

Dry slightly disease 1. Silvicultural measures: improve forest stand conditions and clean up the branches

and leaves of victims fruit;


2. quarantine. Thiophanate methyl U


Ceracris Kiangsu,

bamboo moth

1. Silvicultural measures: improve forest stand conditions and clean up the branches

and leaves of victims fruit;


28

pegomyia

phyllostachys fan;

Bamboo carving boat

moth

2.mechanical physical control: eggmass removing, light trap etc. Azadirachtin Imidacloprid Ⅲ

3. Biological control: using trichogramma. Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

4. chemical control: :use pollution-free pesticides sendebao U

acer monoes

powdery mildew 1. Silvicultural measures: improve forest stand conditions and clean up the the diseased

leaves, fruit and branches,Deadwood twigs, fruit and curettage of the bark and then

concentrate them in deep buried or burned.


;rhizoctonina 2. Quarantine. Thiophanate methyl U


Cupmoth;psychid; 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions; Matrine Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

longicorn 2. Mechanical and physical measures: eggmass removing Azadirachtin Triflumuron Ⅲ

pheromone trap, light trap etc; Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ

3. Biological control: using trichogramma. Fenoxycarb U

4.chemical control: :use pollution-free pesticides

Albizzia

julibrissin

Albizzia

julibrissinblight ,

1Silvicultural measures: improve forest stand conditions and clean up the the diseased

leaves, fruit and branches,Deadwood twigs, fruit and curettage of the bark and then

concentrate them in deep buried or burned.


Albizzia julibrissin

ulcer disease

2. Quarantine. Thiophanate U


jewel beetle; 1. Silvicultural measures: adopt mixed planting, improve forest stand conditions; Matrine Chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

Obtectus say GeHuan

worm

2. Mechanical and physical measures: eggmass removing Azadirachtin Triflumuron Ⅲ

pheromone trap, light trap etc; Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ

3. Biological control: using trichogramma. Fenoxycarb U

29

4.chemical control: :use pollution-free pesticides

Taxus chinensis

var mairei

Yew pythium disease,

Yew set is silk nuclear

disease

1.Silvicultural measures：Mixed forest, improving site conditions, remove dead

branches, nursery soil disinfection.


2. Quarantine；chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and

low residue.


Anomala corpulenta

Motschulsky

1.Silvicultural measures： Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

2.mechanical physical pheromone trap, light trap etc. Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ

3. quarantine; Bt Fenoxycarb U


Quercus

Oak real stiff dry

disease


branches,


2. Quarantine； Thiophanate methyl U

3. chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. triadimefon Ⅲ

Oak powder boat moth,

Quercus variabilis

wave feet moth, brown

prominent of oak

1.Silvicultural measures：Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

2.mechanical physical:Dig eggmass, sexual lures, insecticidal lamp, etc Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

3. Biological control: using trichogramma. Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ

4. chemical control: :use pollution-free pesticides Bt Fenoxycarb U

blueberry tree

Leaf blight, Pythium

aphanidermatum

1.Silvicultural measures： Carbendazim Chlorothalonil U

Mixed forest, improving site conditions, remove dead branches, nursery soil

disinfection.


2. Quarantine； triadimefon

chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Ⅲ

Anomala corpulenta

Motschulsky,



30

Ceroplastes Rubens

maskell, inchworm

3. Biological control: using parasitic fly Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ


Movangtam

Fusarium Patch, root

rot, anthracnose


branches, nursery soil disinfection.


2. Quarantine；chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and

low residue.


triadimefon Ⅲ

Agrotis ypsilon; 1.Silvicultural measures：Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

white grub 2.mechanical physical:Dig eggmass, sexual lures, insecticidal lamp, etc Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

3. Biological control: using parasitic fly Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ


Betula

luminifera

Furuncle bats moth 1.Silvicultural measures：Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ


3. Biological control: using Trichogramma. Bt; Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ

Bt Fenoxycarb U

4. chemical control: :use pollution-free pesticides

ailanthus

Eligma narcissus；

Lycorma delicatula



3. Biological control: using Trichogramma; Nicotinamide diflubenzuron Ⅲ


cedrela sinensis batocera horsfieldi；Wu

Chune

1. Silvicultural measures: Mixed forest,Improve the site conditions and clean up the

branches and leaves of victims fruit;


31

2.mechanical physical pheromone trap, light trap etc. Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ



SNPV

gingko

Ginkgo stem rot

disease；Gingko leaf

blight




Ginkgo sere disease 2. Silvicultural measures: cleaning up the diseased leaves, fruit and branches,


or burned.




Dictyoploca japonica

Moore； Ginkgo super

small foliaceous moth；

Dichocrocis

punctiferalis Guenee


2.mechanical physical:Dig eggmass, insecticidal lamp, etc Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ


4.chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Bt sendebao U

SNPV

banana shrub

Leaf blight；

anthracnose；

Cephaleuros virescens；

sootymould




2. Silvicultural measures: cleaning up the diseased leaves, fruit and branches,


or burned.




32

scale insect 1.Silvicultural measures： Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

2.mechanical physical:Dig eggmass, insecticidal lamp, etc Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U

3. quarantine; Bt sendebao U

4.chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. SNPV

goldenrain tree

LuanShu flow gum

disease






or burned.



4.chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue.

LuanShu aphids；Six

black panther star

quer-civorus moth


Pink neck longicorn 2.mechanical physical:Dig eggmass, sexual lures, insecticidal lamp, etc Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ

3. Biological control: using parasitic fly Bt; Nicotinamide Fenoxycarb U


SNPV

Magnolia

biloba

Leaf blight； root rot；

sootymould




33



or burned.



4.chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue.

Nadezhdiella cantori 1.Silvicultural measures：Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ

2.mechanical physical:Dig eggmass, insecticidal lamp, etc Azadirachtin chlorbenzuron Ⅲ


4.chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Bt sendebao U

SNPV

metasequoia

Fusarium Patch；Red

blight






or burned.



4.chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue

Choristoneura

fumiferana； Black

wings big termites。





SNPV

34

wax myrtle

Yang mei the cancer

disease；brown blotch；

Sere disease；root rot。






or burned.




Clania variegata

Snellen； small bag

moth；Chalioides

kondonis Matsumura；

Dry longicorn



3. Biological control: using parasitic fly; Nicotinamide Fenoxycarbsendebao U

4. chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Bt U

SNPV

oriental white

oak

Anthracnose；af spot；

Bituminous coal

disease






or burned.




sclerophylla

Schott

powdery mildew；Leaf

blight；leaf spot






or burned.


35



Sweet

microphylls

tree

brown rot 1. breeding disease-resistant varieties, strengthen management, organic fertilizer,



；Decayed disease；

withes broom



or burned.




Red thick No plant diseases and

insect pests

Choerospondias

axillaris

Rhizoctonia solani；leaf

spot；Angular leaf spot






or burned.




Orthoptera；cutworm 1.Silvicultural measures：Mixed forest, improving site conditions, Matrine Triflumuron Ⅲ



4. Chemical control: using pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue. Bt sendebao U

SNPV diflubenzuron Ⅲ

36

Prunus

campanulata

Holedisease； 1. breeding disease-resistant varieties, strengthen management, organic fertilizer,



cancer disease； 2. Silvicultural measures: cleaning up the diseased leaves, fruit and branches, Thiophanate methyl U

leaf spot Deadwood twigs, fruit and curettage of the bark, then concentrate them in deep buried

or burned.

triadimefon Ⅲ

3. quarantine;


Cinnamomum

micranthum

No plant diseases and

insect pests

37

4. Implementation Organization and Management

4.1 Implementation agencies and task allocation

The PMP will be serve as the guidance for project integrated pest management.

The provincial, prefectural and county levels PMOs will take charge of implementation of

the PMP, including giving guidance on executing the PMP to the project operational units,

training forestry technicians at all levels and project farmers, and monitoring on the

implementation of technical training and application of IPM methods.

PPMO will approve of the designated pesticide list after a consultation with World Bank,

and CPMO are responsible for the procurement of pesticide or partly organizing and guiding

farmers to purchase pesticides. Only pesticides on the procurement list can be purchased by

project counterpart fund, and PPMO should strictly supervise and check the procurement

list, collocation and use of pesticides, as well as the use of project fund. PMO at all levels

should keep a detailed record so as to monitor the procurement procedure.

The provincial and prefectural PMOs will be responsible for monitoring on the training

activities organized by CPMOs, and the application of IPM methods. The CPMO will be

responsible for training the forestry staff of project counties and townships as well as project

farmers, and guiding on the application of IPM methods.

The technical staff in county forestry bureau and township forestry station will make

diagnosis of pests/diseases,of project forests and provide suggestions on the application of

designated pesticides and pest management to the project farmers. The technicians of the

project counties will consult with relevant experts from prefectural or provincial institutions

in turn based on the needs. These institutions may include prefectural and provincial

FPCQSs, colleges of plant protection of agriculture or forestry universities.

4.2 Procurement, Transportation and Storage of Pesticide

4.2.1 Pesticide Procurement

The pesticide procurement should follow the Recommended Pesticide List with expending

the counterpart fund. Based on the pest prediction, each project entity should estimate the

name, quantity and dosage of needed pesticides and report them to CPMO. After CPMO

report the needs of pesticide procurement to the prefectural PMO, the provincial and

prefectural PMOs will arrange bulk procurement namelist according to the relevant

regulations. Large quantity of pesticides can be purchased directly by CPMOs, while small

38

amounts of pesticides can be bought directly by project entities from the township pesticide

stores, but the pesticides must be approved of by CPMO in prior.

4.2.2 Pesticide Transportation

The pesticides purchased by bulk should be sent by the technical staff to ensure the safe and

timely delivery to the destination. Once the container holding pesticide is damaged, the

remedial method must be adopted effectively to prevent environmental pollution. CPMO

should retain the original transport and delivery records.

4.2.3 Pesticide Storage

According to the related regulations, county forestry bureau in project area should reserve

pesticides in the specific storage facility. The institutes and retail stores that provide service

for the project entities should maintain the storage facilities regularly. Each project entity

should send the residual pesticides back to the designated pesticide warehouse. According to

relevant laws and regulations, empty pesticide containers should be returned to the

designated warehouse for reuse or secure landfill.

4.3 Pesticide supervision and management agencies

Responsibilities of each agency:

Provincial Department of Agriculture: in charge of the registration, utilization,

supervision and management of the pesticide in its province, in charge of formulate or

participate in the formulation of the national or industrial standards regarding

agriculture issues, including safe use of pesticide, product quality of pesticide and

pesticide residues.

Provincial Industrial and Commercial Bureau: in charge of the management of pesticide

market link.

Provincial Quality Supervision Bureau: in charge of the management of pesticide

production link.

Agricultural Law Enforcement Institution: in charge of the supervision and management

of agricultural chemicals’ market quality.

app:ds:industrial

app:ds:and

app:ds:commercial

39

Figure 3 Agencies of Pesticide Supervision and Management

4.4 Pesticide residue inspection institutes

Forestry Product Quality Monitoring Center (Station) at Prefecture, County and District

Levels: in charge of supervision and management of agricultural products’ quality safety in

local area.

Quality Inspection Station of the Agricultural Products from Wholesale Markets and

Supermarkets of Agricultural and Forestry Products: in charge of quality inspection of

agricultural products entering in market (supermarket).

Quality Inspection Spot of Agricultural Products from Agricultural Production Base: in

charge of the quality inspection of agricultural products from agricultural production base.

Provincial Department

of Agriculture

Provincial Industrial &

Commercial Bureau

Provincial Quality

Supervision Bureau

Prefectural and

County Industrial and

Commercial Bureau

Prefectural and

County Bureau of

Quality Supervision

Prefectural and

County Agriculture

Bureau

Agricultural Law

Enforcement Group

Township Agricultural

Technology Extension

Service Center

Prefectural and

County Agricultural

Law Enforcement

Detachment

app:ds:industrial

app:ds:commercial

40

Figure 4 Pesticide residue inspection institutes

Quality Safe of

Provincial Forestry

Agriculture Product

Forestry Product

Quality monitoring

site at City, County

and District Levels

Quality Inspection Station

and Supermarkets of

Agricultural and Forestry

Products

Quality Inspection

Spot of Agricultural

Products from

Agricultural

Production Base:

41

5 Training

5.1 Training Methods and Object

The PPMO will formulate the project technical training plan at all levels based on the IPM

methodology. The training will be conducted at provincial, county and township levels.

PPMO is responsible for conducting the Provincial training course to the technical and

management staff of project counties. CPMOs are responsible for conducting the county

level training course to the technical staff from project townships and county or township

level forest farms; CPMOs are also responsible for conducting the township level training

course to village cadres of project villages, farmer association and representative farmers.

The training institutions should prepare training materials seriously, and carry out the

training activities with a combination of the training course and on-site training.

5.2 Training Contents

Training content should include the following aspects:

-Relevant national and local related laws and regulations

-Pest Management Plan and its key points of implementation

-Techniques of common pest identification, prevention and integrated management in

project plantation

-Knowledge and operating skills of pesticide procurement, transportation, safe use and

storage.

Theoretical knowledge and practical technology should be emphasized in the integrated

training for management staffs and technical staffs in the project, while extension of

knowledge and operating skills should be emphasized in training for project entities and

farmers.

5.3 Training Plan and Budget

The detailed training plan and budget is made according to the training content and

requirement (see table 6). The total budget of the training is RMB 1.044 million. The

detailed plan and appropriation budget are listed in Table 5.

42

Table 6 Training plan and budget

Training content Trainer Trainees

Number

of

trainees

Training

person-days

Total number

of training

person-days

Time (year) Budget

(10,000

RMB)

Remark

provincial level

(1) Laws and regulations, Pest

Management Plan PPMO Cm, Ct 60 60 120

The 1st and

3rd year 4.8

RMB 400

person

day

（2）Forestry pests control technology PPMO Cm, Ct 60 60 120 The 1st and

3rd year 4.8

RMB 400

person day

（3）Pesticide procurement, management

and safe use. PPMO Cm, Ct 60 60 120

The 1st and

3rd year 4.8

RMB 400

person day

Total 180 180 360 14.4

2.County level

(1)pests identification, prevention and

comprehensive management CPMO Tt, Ft, 300 300 1500 Every year 30

RMB 200

person day

(2)The safety use of pesticides CPMO Tt, Ft, 300 300 1500 Every year 30 RMB 200

person day

total 600 600 3000 60

3.Township（forestry center） level 30

annual training course in each project area

(field demonstration on pest control and

safety use)

CPMO Fm 2000 2000

Every year 30

RMB 30

person day

total 2000 2000 10000 30

Funds of the total 104.4

Note: PPMO: Provincial Project Management Office; CPMO: County Project Management Office; Cm: county project management staff; Ct: County technical staff;

Tt: Township technician; Ft: County, township forestry technician; Fm: village cadre, farmer combine or main farmer delegate.

43

6. Monitoring and Evaluation

6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation on Pests Occurrence and Harm

Monitoring should take a combination of positioning monitoring and routine monitoring.

Under the guidance of provincial and prefectural FPCQS, each project county (city, district)

FPCQS is responsible for carrying out positioning monitoring in the pests high-risk periods

for 2-3 times per year. In addition, under the guidance of technicians of county and

township, the project entities or farmers should carry out the routine monitoring and report

to the CPMO timely once they find the occurrence of pests/diseases.

Figure5 Pest management monitoring diagram

6.1.1 Selection and distribution of positioning monitoring sites

At least one typical monitoring site among the project counties (city, district) should be

chosen in each project technical model, in which positioning monitoring on pests/diseases

occurrence and damage degrees will be carried out.

2 monitoring of M1 will be set up in Pingjiang county with 2 times of field survey each year.

2 monitoring of M2 will be set up in Zixin county with 3 times of field survey each year. 2

monitoring of M3 will be set up in Mayang county with 2 times of field survey each year.

2 monitoring of M4 will be set up in Changning county with 3 times of field survey each

Provincial FPCQS

Prefectural and county level FPCQSs

Pest monitoring sites

Ordinary

pests/diseases

Sudden

pests/diseases

Incidental

pests/diseases

Quarantine

pests/diseases

Data acquisition and

analysis

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Measures of pests/diseases

prevention and control

measures

Effects of pests/diseases

prevention and control

44

year. 2 monitoring of M5 will be set up in Guiyang county with 3 times of field survey

each year. 2 monitoring of M6 will be set up in Yuanling county with 2 times of field

survey each year. 2 monitoring of M7 will be set up in Ningxiang county with 2 times of

field survey each year. 2 monitoring of M8 will be set up in Leiyang county with 3 times

of field survey each year. (see table 7).

6.1.2 Monitoring methods

Positioning monitoring sites will be set up in the project plantation, in which 20-30 trees will

be selected by mechanical sampling and marked as the standard trees.. Fixed survey of

pests/diseases occurrence will be conducted on the standard trees in the fixed time every

year, which includes species, incidence and damage degree of pests/diseases, and the

measures and frequency of pest control will also be recorded.

6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation on the Quality of Pests Management

Under the guidance of the provincial and prefectural PMO, CPMO should take regular

inspection and random check to monitor and evaluate the quality of pest management. The

provincial and prefectural PMO is responsible for supervision and checking on the CPMO.

The main contents of monitoring and evaluation include following aspects：

(1) Monitoring on the species and damaged area of pests in project plantation, as well as the

adopted control measures and their effects, and evaluating whether they are in accordance

with the requirement of IPM.

(2) Monitoring on the names and quantity of pesticides purchased by both CPMO and

project entities or farmers, and evaluating whether these pesticides are on the recommended

pesticides list or belong to a category above II according to the classification by WHO;

(3) Monitoring on the content and person-day of training to technicians of prefecture, county

and township (forest farm), as well as the project entities and farmers; evaluating the

progress and effect of the implementation of training plan;

(4) Monitoring on pesticide use of project entities and farmers, which includes whether

suitable pesticides and their dispersal methods are correctly used, whether the proper

protective measures in the using process are taken, how the residual pesticides and

wrappings are handled, and whether pesticides are used in a safe way by project entities and

farmers. etc.

6.3 Budget

45

Based on the numbers of monitoring sites and monitoring frequencies, a detailed budget is

made. A total budget of RMB 80,000 will be needed for conducting 40 times of monitoring

at 16 monitoring sites with the unit price of RMB 2,000/time. Considering the monitoring

period is 5 years, the total budget for pest monitoring is RMB 400,000 (see table 7).

46

6.4 Pests/Diseases Monitoring Plan and Budget

Table 7 Statistic of Pests/Diseases Monitoring Plan and Budget

monitoring

site

Technical

model

Content

Number of

monitoring

site

Monitoring

Frequency

(times/year)

Unit price

（RMB10,000

per year）

Total

（RMB

10,000）

Executing

Agency

Supervision

Agency

pingjiang M1 Species, occurrence,

damage degree

2 2 0.8 4.0

Certified

institutions

and

County

FPCQS

PPMO

CPMO

zixing M2 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 3 1.2 6.0

mayang M3 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 2 0.8 4.0

changning M4 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 3 1.2 6.0

guiyang M5 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 3 1.2 6.0

yuanling M6 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 2 0.8 4.0

ningxiang M7 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 2 0.8 4.0

leiyang M8 Species, occurrence, damage degree 2 3 1.2 6.0

total 8.0 40.0

Note: The unit price of field survey for one monitoring site is RMB 2, 000 for each time. Monitoring period is 5 years.

M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; The M3: precious tree fostering; M4: general hardwood tree fostering; M5: conifers + general

hardwood mingled forestry; M6: conifers + precious mingled forestry; M7: bamboo + hardwood mingled forestry; M8: promoting natural regeneration artificially

Pest Management Plandocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 1 World Bank Loan Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project (HFRDP) Pest Management Plan Forestry Foreign Capital

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