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ND Sport Karen Vaughan Jones

Sport and Society (SES / DCF)

Issues in Sport (P / E)

Outcomes

To understand the cultural influences on sportTo review the barriers to sport

Assessment

DCF / SES – P4, M4 describe and explain three cultural influences

P / E – Poster explaining the cultural influences – P6

Barriers

Last week – Barriers What were they? Time, Fitness, resources, Ability, Lifestyle and

Medical ConditionSome were subjective – age, fitnessSome were controlled by external factors –

Monies, resources and weather

Cultural Influences

These will differ from one society to an other Main ones stem from 4 main areas Gender differencesEthnicityAgeSocio – Economic groups

Gender difference

Inequality – access and participation Women – roles as domesticated, less

opportunitiesThis only began changing in the 1980’sSpurred on by the equal pay act, feminist activists

and the formation of women only sports associations

What aspects of society prevent women from participating in sport?

PoorMedia

Coverage

PoorSponsorship

ParticipationOf

Peers

Considered“Unfeminine”

By Society

Role ofHousewife

Seen as“The Weaker

Sex”

Are there any other historical reasons which prevent females from participating in sports? … Yes!

Girls were always discouraged from being aggressive and/or competitive, whereas these characteristics were encouraged in boys.

Equally, it was thought that sport was physiologically harmful to women, and thus, it was strongly discouraged.

Some people even used to believe that sport would affect a woman’s fertility!

In the early 19th century, tennis became one of the most acceptable sports for women to play / Yn gynar yn y 19fed ganrif, daeth tenis fwy dderbyniol i ferchaid chwarae

In fact, in middle class schools, girls were encouraged to play tennis / Roedd merchaid yn cael eu annog i chwarae tenis

This change in stereotypical opinion was a massive turning point for women and female sport / Roedd hyn yn newid yn y barn stereotypical

This is because Victorian society was male dominated, and women were still seen as the inferior sex. The relaxation of gender roles meant that women were starting to be seen as able-bodied people – not just housewives and mothers! / Roedd hyn gan fod cymdeithas Fictorian yn cael ei dominyddu gan ddynion

The place of tennis in the development of female sport / Lle tenis yn datblygiad chwaraeon i

ferchaid

Why was tennis eventually deemed acceptable for women?

They coulddress

appropriatelyi.e. in

dresses

Non-vigorousactivity – so

decorum waspreserved

Tennis was playedoutdoors – meaning

it was seen as possessing

health benefits.

Seen as a social occasion-

part of thewhole family’s

recreation

Could play in the privacy of

their own gardens

How are these views demonstrated within modern sport? / Sut mae’r barn hyn yn cael ei weld o fewn

chwaraeon modern?

Women’s competition is given a lower status than men’s / Statws merchaid yn is na un dynion

• e.g. Cricket - both England’s men and women won the ashes series in 2005 - but who got all the TV coverage?

Women’s prize monies/rewards are less then men’s / arian gwobr yn llai

• e.g. Wimbledon prize money

Very few events where women compete on equal terms with men / ddim llawer o gampau lle mae merchiad yn cystadlu ar yr un lefel a merchaid

• e.g. not in Athletics but yes in some equestrianism

And….?More men are in leadership roles within sport.

Women barred from certainactivities (hammer throwingand steeplechase for example, until recently)

More male coaches than female

Some NGB’s slow to accept female sport as they attract less attention than male sport

More male-orientated sports than female

More male role modelsthan female

Ethnicity

Based on genealogy or ancestryUnited by language, culture or religion Influence choice of sport, progress and attitudes

What is racism? / Beth yw hiliaeth?

Racism is the suggestion that one particular ethnic group is more superior than another on the basis of skin colour or religion / Hiliaeth yw fod un grwp cenhedlig yn well na llall

A different form of racism is racial stereotyping. This is whereby individuals are categorised into what they are/are not good at according to religion or skin colour / stereoteip hiliol

• E.g. The notion that all black people are good at sprinting• A oes mwy?

Racial Discrimination - is it a Factor in modern Sport? / Gwahaniaethu hiliol –

yw yn ffactor?National teams in Athletics, Soccer have a high proportion of

black Afro-Caribbean participants /

Other sports like Rugby Union and League and Cricket have fewer but significant numbers.

But these same sports have far fewer persons of Asian backgrounds, particularly women.

Hockey, Swimming, Equestrianism, Rowing have relatively few black participants.

This pattern probably reflects the class discrimination - lack of opportunity because of the expense of the sport, or its traditional class base / gwahaniaethu dosbarth

Racial Discrimination - is it a Factor in modern Sport? / Gwahaniaethu hiliol –

yw yn ffactor?However, many parts of our modern society are afflicted

with institutional racism / Hiliaeth sefydliadolThis is not necessarily a conscious discrimination / (ddim yn

gwahaniaethu ymwybodol) against non-white people, but more a feeling by white people that certain situations and activities are based around white people.

It is therefore a tradition that white people undertake these activities and exclude non-whites / Traddodiadol

Certain people also treat black people very stereotypically - this is also institutional racism.

What has happened in sport as a result of racism and racial stereotyping? / Sut mae

chwaraeon wedi newid fel canlyniad o hiliaeth a

stereoteipio hiliol ‘Stacking’Whereby ethnic groupsare pushed into certainpositions or sports dueto opinions regarding physical strength/skills.E.g. Black men and sprinting.

There are very few ethnic minority coachesor managers.

Reduced participation – this is particularly the case withFemale ethnic minority groups.

Why have these issues arisen? / Pam fod y materion hyn wedi codi?

There are several reasons which answer this question / Llawer o rhesymau

Perhaps the most apparent reason is the lack of role models for ethnic minorities in specific sports / Dim digon o delfrydion ymddwyn i pobl cenhedlig

For example, is the abundance of black track athletes a result of the large number of role models in this sport? / Llawer o athletwy trac du fel canlyniad o llawer o delfrydion ymddwyn

Equally, there is a severe lack of Asian athletes within Premiership football.

Kick Racism out of FootballRecent events in football gameshave ensured this schemes success.The edition of the black & white wristbands has also highlighted thisparticular issue.

Sporting Equals‘Working Together forRacial Equality in Sport’This is an organisation whichaims to help integrate ethnicminorities into sport.

PESSCL StrategyLiving for Sport InitiativeNike Girls Into Sport ProjectWhilst these initiatives are notdirectly aimed at ethnic minorities,they are aimed at improving sportaccess for disaffected groups.

Due to the nature of the Islamic religion, Muslim women have encountered many barriers to their participation in sport / Am fod natur y pobl islamaidd fel y mae o, mae merchaid wedi dod ar draws llawer o rhwystrau i gyfranogiad i chwaraeon

Clothing restrictions, notions of sport leading to sexual promiscuity and the role of the female within Islamic society has meant that Muslim women are vastly under-represented within sport / Rhwystrau dillad yw beth sydd wedi arwain I beth rydem yn ei weld heddiw – fod merchaid mwslimaidd ddim yn cael eu cynrhychioli’n dda

What about Islamic cultures? / Beth amdan y diwylliant islamaidd?

Is anything being done to solve this problem? / A yw rhywbeth yn cael ei gwneud i ddatrys y

broblem?NGB’s such as the Youth Sport Trust (YST) have recognised

the lack of female Muslims in sports and are advising schools and clubs on how to promote physical activity for this minority group through initiatives such as Nike Girls (Nike/YST, 2000) / Mae’r CLLG wedi sylweddoli fod merchaid mwslimaidd ddim yn cael eu cynrhychioli’n dda ac yn cynghori ysgolion a clybiau sut i hybu gweithgareddau corfforol i’r grwp yma

This has led to many schools changing their policies on P.E. kit, times of extra-curricular clubs and the P.E. curriculum they deliver / Mae hyn wedi arwain I llawer o ysgolion yn newid polisiau cit, amser gweithgareddau allgrsiol ayyb

Age

2006, law passed that made it illegal to discriminate against anyone on the basis of age

Older people they can carry on working if they wish

As people age they want to exercise less so more needs to be done to encourage them

Different rates as Pe in schools is compulsory

Discrimination against the Elderly / Gwahaniaethu yn erbyn yr hen

By the time British people reach 60+ they have little or no participation in sport or physical activity / Erbyn i pobl Prydain gyraedd 60 nid oess llawer o gyfranogiad i chwaraeon neu weithgareddau ymarferol

However, it is just as important for this specific group to be physically active, as it is for young people to be physically active / Ond mae hi yn bwysig fod rhain yn cadw’n heini hefyd

What barriers prevent older people from participating in physical activity? / Beth sy’n

rhwystro rhag i pobl hen gymeryd rhan

Poor Health

Low Income

Lack of Transport

Poor Activity Choice

Self-esteemNotion that physical activity is only for the young and this the aged feel inferior.

Activities offered may not be suitable for older people.

Unable to drive.

Poor public transport.

Funds for leisure activities may be

limited due to insufficient income.

Health problems

Lead to caution in relation to activity.

Are there any solutions to this issue? / A oes ateb i’r mater

hyn? Better public transport – even specialised

transport / Trafnudiaeth cyhoeddus gwell

Free or subsidised activities / Gweithgareddau rhad neu am ddim

Increased media coverage of events for and by the elderly / Cynyddu ymdriniaeth y cyfryngau

Socio – Economic Groups

Groups were created in the 20th Century – classify society in different ways

Crude measure based on income, job type – can be useful when considering reasons for participation