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ACQUIRING MOVEMENT SKILLS

Motor Programmes

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the nature of and give examples of

programmes stored in the long-term memory Explain the links to open loop control and the

autonomous phase of learning

MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES MOTOR PROGRAMME (MP) or EXECUTIVE

PROGRAMME Motor Programme – A generalised series of pattern

of movements stored in the LTM. Is a plan of a whole skill or pattern of movement,

e.g. a plan of a forward roll in gym. Contains all the information required to make a

movement which muscles to use the order in which muscles are used the phasing and degree of contraction of muscles

Enables a skill to be performed Can be made up of a large number of subroutines Must be adaptable so that it can be altered when

the environment / surroundings change (schema)

MOTOR PROGRAMMES

These are hierarchical (have an order of importance)

The executive motor programme is the highest or most important.

They are also sequential… performed in an order

SUBROUTINES

SUBROUTINES Component parts of an executive programme Structured in layers

some subroutines can be in turn broken down into further subroutines which form smaller parts of a skill

Each subroutine is a short fixed sequence Which when fully learned can be performed

automatically, without conscious control SEE YOUR TEXT BOOK PG 171 – Copy diagram

STAGES OF LEARNING

As you know; novices learn a skill (cognitive stage), they then practice to go into the (associative stage)

If you overlearn and groove your skill you move into the (autonomous stage), this is stored in the LTM.

Use Pg 172 to write the definition of overlearnt and grooved skills.

Make sure you can describe the three stages of learning.

OPEN LOOP CONTROL (LEVEL ONE CONTROL)

‘A system of subconscious control that does not use or reference feedback’

A well learned skill can be done with little conscious control

The movement appears to be automatic One decision will bring about the desired

movement:

The plan or EMP stored in the LTM

The action of the workingmuscles

OPEN LOOP CONTROL Open loop explains how rapid movements are

performed. It is thought to be an instinctive action, but is

actually a learned motor programme in the LTM The plan of the action (EMP) is stored in the LTM,

when the situation demands the plan is sent quickly to the muscles. (movement effectors)

The transfer of info from brain to working muscles is done through the formation of a memory trace

A memory trace is formed when a skill is well learned

Open loop control skills are normally closed skills that are ballistic (quick)

OPEN LOOP CONTROL Does not produce feedback (no time) The movement cannot be changed during the

performance So the open loop is only effective when the env. Is

predictable Once a golf swing as been initiated it is difficult to

modify it is the env. changes

OPEN LOOP CONTROL

This is regarded as ‘level one’ control and is thought to initiate or start motor skills.

When they are adjusted and concluded other systems are involved:

Closed loop control (level two control)

REVISION

Flash Cards