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Edexcel ExaminationsAS Level Sport and Physical Education

AS Module Unit 1Participation in Sport and Recreation

Section 1.1Healthy and Active Lifestyles

Part 1:Development of active leisure and recreation

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Requirements for participation

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LEISURE AND RECREATION

• definitions• relationships • and current trends.

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Recreation – WHAT IS IT?

• The use of free time – positive aspect of leisure.

• Widely described as active leisure.

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Examples of recreational activities

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Leisure – WHAT IS IT?

• An activity, apart from the obligations of work, family and society, to which the individual turns to his/her free will

• Social Function.• Requires free time • It is more than an activity, it is the experience. • It is undertaken as free choice. • It can improve health and fitness. 04/12/2023

Examples of Leisure activities

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WHY DO WE NEED ACTIVE LEISURE?

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?

Psychological-Relieve stress/

boredom

Emotional – Satisfaction/enjoyment

Personal –DevelopmentOf self-control

& ability

Social –Friendship &

communication

Physiological-Health &Fitness

Current trends of leisure and recreation

• Changes in work / life balance• Changes in work - use of machinery to do

labour jobs (less active jobs)• Fewer people are walking/ cycling to and from

work• = more sedentary lifestyles and low fitness

levels in society

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Requirements for participation

• Fitness•Ability•Recourses• Time

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FART

Fitness

• Can be explained as the condition of the body and mind at any one time.

• Health, age, and free time must always be taken into account when assessing fitness levels.

• Compare the fitness of a 50 year old to 20 year old!??

• How could fitness affect you (or anyone else) from participating in sport???

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Definition

• Health related fitness

• A basic level of physical fitness components which facilitate a good level of health

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Ability

• Will vary according to health, age and fitness

• Skills an individual has to take part in the activity.

• How would ability affect your participation in sport??

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Resources

• Essential for most sports and activities • The activity and the level at which you are

taking part will effect how much you depend on resources.

• ‘SPORT FOR ALL’ • What is it???

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Time

• Most crucial feature of modern life!

• Concerns about obesity and related diseases because of lack of time to participate in sport.

How could sports clubs / centres help the modern person overcome the ‘lack of time’ problem??

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Exam questions

1. Briefly outline three basic requirements an individual needs in order to participate in sport and recreation (3 marks)

2. Define and link the concepts of leisure and recreation (3 marks)

3. In relation to sport and recreation, what do the terms opportunity and provision mean? Illustrate your answer with an example. (4 marks)

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Homework

• What is mass participation??• What does ‘sport for all’ mean??• Can you find any other initiatives in other

countries? France, Australia, New Zealand?

• Research in your text book and on the internet. • Must be in your own words!!!

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EXCELLENCE & (MASS) PARTICIPATION

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PARTICIPATION

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• government philosophy of mass participation has a two-fold aim:

• health and fitness of the Nation

• providing a broad base to the participation pyramid

• thereby ensuring that those with the talent can achieve excellence

SPORTS DEVELOPMENT PYRAMID

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Talent scouts, clubcoaching

Affiliation to NGB’s

Training

Financial Assistance

Development squads

National Trainingsquads

Training at NationalSports Centres

DistrictCompetitions

National Squad

ProgressionTo Area levels

Access to District/

County levels

Links to local clubs

Early ActivityIn Schools

Mass participation

• Government initiative – ‘Sport for all’• 1972• Promote healthy lifestyles• Base for elite pyramid (previous slide)• 3 strands – Children and Youth, Adult and

Elderly.

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Sport for All

Extra curricular opportunities

Structured outdoor experiences

Leisure centre accessCompetition and club access

Adults

Children and Youth Elderly

Off peak facilities

Life time sports

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PARTICIPATION IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY, PROVISION & ESTEEM

• Various groups of people may not want to participate in sport – and this could be for a variety of reasons.

• We tend to discuss these reasons in terms of – opportunity– provision– esteem

• More of this later in section 1.2

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CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS

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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR THE INDIVIDUAL?

• Builds healthy bones, joints & muscles.

• Improves psychological well-being.

• Allows for personal challenge.

• Encourages social mixing with others.

• Prevents obesity.

• Prevents diabetes.

• Prevents high blood pressure.

• Prevents coronary heart disease.

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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR SOCIETY?

• Improved health of the nation.

• Decreased burden on national resources such as the NHS.

• Decreased crime.

• Increased opportunities for excellence on a world stage.

• Increased socialisation between different cultures and groups.

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WHY ARE WE MORE SEDENTARY NOW, THAN EVER BEFORE?

• We have more office-based jobs than manual jobs.

• We use cars/buses/trains to get to places - rather than walk or cycle.

• The rise of the computer game!

• Improvements in technology mean we can socialize in different ways other than sport - e.g. the internet.

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HOW TO DEVELOP & SUSTAIN A BALANCED, ACTIVE & HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.

• How often (frequency)?• 3-4 times a week - more if you are trying

to lose weight or get fitter.

• How much (intensity)?• A comfortable (moderate pace).

• What kind of activity (type)?• Something enjoyable & which raises the

pulse - for example: walking, climbing, playing tennis etc (the list is endless)

• How long (time)?• At least 20-30 minutes.

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CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS

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CONTEMPORARYCONCERNS

CONTEMPORARYCONCERNS

highcholesterol

CHD

high bloodpressurediabetes

metabolicsyndrome

CONTEMPORARYCONCERNS sedentary

lifestyle

activitypatterns

ageingpopulation

CONTEMPORARYCONCERNS

access

stress

CONTEMPORARYCONCERNS

obesity

CONTEMPORARYCONCERNS

highcholesterol

CHD

high bloodpressure

sedentarylifestyle

activitypatterns

diabetes

metabolicsyndrome

ageingpopulation

access

stress

obesity

OBESITY• OVERWEIGHT is a body weight that exceeds the norm

or standard weight for a particular • height• frame size• gender’

• OBESITY – Definition • ‘a surplus of adipose tissue resulting from excessive

energy intake relative to energy expenditure’

• males - body fat greater than 25%• females - body fat greater than 35%

• CAUSE OF OBESITY• the main cause of obesity is a positive energy balance• ENERGY INTAKE > ENERGY OUTPUT• or more food than exercise

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OBESITY AND HEALTH DISORDERS

• THE FACTS• over 30,000 deaths a year are caused by obesity - in England• 22% of the British adult population are obese• 75% of the British adult population are overweight

• child obesity has increased 3-fold in the last 20 years

• obesity can lead to many health problems:– arthritis– heart disease– diabetes

• DIABETES• a condition which occurs when a person’s body cannot

regulate glucose levels• obesity and overweight conditions are major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes

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CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)CHD• is one of Britain’s greatest killers and encompasses diseases such as angina and heart

attacks or coronary thrombosis• angina begins as a chest pain which is due to ischemia or lack of blood and hence

oxygen to the heart muscle itself• the first symptoms of CHD are usually noticed during physical exertion or excitement

and the subsequent increase in heart rate• heavy, cramp-like pains are experienced across the chest• angina is normally treated and controlled with drugs and relaxation, but a person

suffering from this condition has a higher risk of suffering from a coronary thrombosis

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) • include diseases of the heart and blood vessels

OBESITY AND CHD• cardiac workload (hence risk of CHD) is less with lower body mass• capability to move around (walk / run / climb) therefore better with lower body mass

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CHD

CORONARY THROMBOSIS • heart attack is a sudden severe blockage in one of the

coronary arteries, completely cutting off the blood supply to part of the myocardial (heart) tissue

• this blockage is often caused by a blood clot formed within slowly moving blood in an already damaged, partially obstructed coronary artery

• heart attacks can be severe or mild, depending on the positioning of the blockage

• in a severe blockage the heart may stop beating - called a cardiac arrest, about half of all cardiac arrest cases die

• in 2008, Coronary heart disease accounted for 30% of all UK deaths in people aged less than 75 years

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DIABETES

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METABOLIC SYNDROME• this term links coronary artery disease, hypertension, abnormal blood

lipids (fats), type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin resistance

INSULIN• insulin is a hormone which enables the transfer of glucose from the

blood into cells where it is needed for metabolism

DIABETES• this happens because the Islets of Langerhans situated within the

pancreas stop functioning properly and therefore do not produce enough insulin

or the insulin does not facilitate blood glucose to be transferred into cells where metabolism occurs - the cells have insulin resistance

• hence cells (particularly muscle cells) will not have enough glucose to function properly - and the person feels exhausted

• other symptoms are: – lack of circulation to the hands and feet– extremes of thirst or hunger– unexplained weight loss

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OR HYPERTENSION• occurs when a person’s blood pressure is

continually high, equal to or greater than 140/90 mmHg

• high blood pressure is often associated with excess weight and hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis)

• hypertension is a major contributing factor in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease (CHD), and strokes

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HIGH CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROL• cholesterol is a substance produced from fatty foods• particularly from a diet high in saturated fat• if this is not removed by the digestive process, it can be deposited in arteries

causing them to be narrower• this is a form of atherosclerosis

EXERCISE AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL• exercise increases High Density Lipoproteins HDL and decreases Low Density

Lipoproteins LDL (LDL are responsible for depositing cholesterol and narrowing lumen of artery), hence blood pressure (BP) becomes stable

• thus preventing hypertension

RISK FACTORS FOR HIGH CHOLESTEROL• lack of exercise• heredity• age

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• diet• bodyweight• gender

METABOLIC SYNDROME

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METABOLIC SYNDROME• this term links coronary artery disease, hypertension, abnormal blood

lipids (fats), type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin resistance

• the risk factors for this syndrome are:• arterial plaque build-up• excessive fat deposits in the abdominal region• high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol• raised blood pressure• raised cellular resistance to insulin• the inability to absorb glucose

• roughly 20% of the population in the USA have this condition which makes type II diabetes worse and hence the risk of eyesight and circulation problems in older people

•What is a sedentary lifestyle?

• Lack of physical activity

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SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES

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• HYPOKINETIC DISORDERS• diseases that develop partly due to insufficient exercise

• OSTEOPOROSIS • this is an age-related condition in which reduction of bone mass

takes place• this is due to reabsorption of minerals that form part of bone

structure• making bones porous, brittle and liable to break• linked with hormonal changes in postmenopausal females• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many elderly people

• INACTIVITY • this leads to poor flexibility as muscles, tendons and ligaments

become shorter and tighter• often resulting in back pain and other joint pain particularly in the

knees and wrists

• OSTEOARTHRITIS • this is a condition where joints thicken with fluid-filled pockets,

restricting joint flexibility

ACTIVITY PATTERNS

LIFESTYLE TRENDS • issues affecting health are:

• diet and nutrition• lack of physical activity• smoking• alcohol• recreational drugs

EFFECT ON LIFESPAN • all these factors affect the quality of life and age of

death of an individual

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AGEING AND HEALTHARTERIOSCLEROSIS • hardening of the arteries usually occurring in older people, and which is a

process enhanced by lack of exercise• this happens mostly in the lower limbs, and involves a gradual calcification of the

tunica media (the muscular middle wall of an artery)• hence reducing the mobility of older people

OSTEOPOROSIS • as mentioned above, this condition is linked with hormonal changes in

postmenopausal females• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many elderly people

OSTEOARTHRITIS • this joint condition can be very restrictive for older people

LONGEVITY • people are living longer as improved nutrition, health care, and exercise regimes

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ACCESS IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY & PROVISION

OPPORTUNITY• various groups of people may not want to participate in sport for cultural

reasons:• gender• ethnicity / religion• age• disability• social / economic class

PROVISION• this is concerned with the facilities available to a potential performer• depends on the following factors:

• inner city or countryside?• poor or rich neighbourhood?• regional hub nearby - and can the performer use it?• travel distance?• expensive equipment / kit required?

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STRESS AND STRESSORS• STRESS• a response of the body to any demands made on it• symptoms of stress

– physiological– psychological– behavioural

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STR ESSOR S

social

psychological

chem ical

bacterial

biochem ical

physical

clim atic

•What makes you stressed?

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STRESSORS• STRESSORS• social• disapproval of parents / peers• rejection by peers / parents• isolation from normal social interactions• chemical / biochemical• harm by ingestion of substances• bacterial• illness caused by micro-organisms• physical• injury / pain / exhaustion• climatic• extremes of weather• hot weather for endurance activities• rain and cold on bare skin• psychological• mismatch between perception of demands of task• and ability to cope

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SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

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• PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS• increased heart rate• increased blood pressure• increased sweating• increased breathing rate• decreased flow of blood to the skin• increased oxygen uptake• dry mouth

• PSYCHLOGICAL SYMPTOMS• worry• feeling overwhelmed• inability to make decisions• inability to concentrate• inability to direct attention

appropriately• narrowing of attention• feeling out of control

• BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS

• rapid talking• nail biting• pacing• scowling• yawning• trembling• raised voice pitch• frequent urination