PERVIOUS CONCRETE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION ABSTRACT This paper summarises the research programme focused on the evaluate properties of performance in pervious concrete by using the coarse aggregate and recycled materials as a coarse aggregate replacement. The objective of this research is the use of pervious concrete for sustainable construction activities continues to rise due to its several environmental benefits. An ecologically friendly of pervious concrete can be taken a step further by recycling materials are pleasing in construction, in this report were considered in the experiments are recycled concrete, Biomass Aggregate (Palm Oil Clinker) and recycled rubber tyres into the mix design. The researcher uses recycled materials as an aggregate replaces is economical for construction and minimizes the need for disposal by reducing dumping at landfills, towards increase the green concrete product in civil engineering construction. An engineered pervious concrete used for controlling stormwater management. The physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete are briefly discussed. Page 1 of 31
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PERVIOUS CONCRETE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
ABSTRACT
This paper summarises the research programme focused on the evaluate properties of
performance in pervious concrete by using the coarse aggregate and recycled materials as a
coarse aggregate replacement. The objective of this research is the use of pervious concrete for
sustainable construction activities continues to rise due to its several environmental benefits. An
ecologically friendly of pervious concrete can be taken a step further by recycling materials are
pleasing in construction, in this report were considered in the experiments are recycled concrete,
Biomass Aggregate (Palm Oil Clinker) and recycled rubber tyres into the mix design. The
researcher uses recycled materials as an aggregate replaces is economical for construction and
minimizes the need for disposal by reducing dumping at landfills, towards increase the green
concrete product in civil engineering construction. An engineered pervious concrete used for
controlling stormwater management. The physical and mechanical properties of pervious
concrete are briefly discussed.
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete can be another name as porous concrete or no fine aggregate. Bradley J.
Putman et al (1) was reported that several numbers of alternative names for pervious concrete,
such as concrete mixture comprised of Portland cement, controlled amounts of water, uniformly
graded aggregate, little or no sand and sometimes other additives. Beeldens et al (2) studied the
compressive, tensile and flexural strength of pervious concrete mixtures tends to be lower than
conventional due to the high void ratio and lack of fine aggregate. Tennis et al (3) report that
pervious concrete has been used for a surprising number application, which is low-volume
pavements, parking lots, sidewalks and pathways, pavement edge drains, noise barriers and slope
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stabilization. Malhotra (4) reported many pavements are applied for pervious concrete in United
State. It also has been used as a structural material in Europe (i.e wall for two-story houses). One
of the benefit from pervious concrete is the initial cost of pervious installation in pavement may
be slightly higher, pervious concrete in the long run due to its superior durability and strength
was researched by Tennis et al (3)
Figure 1: Flow Rate Test on Pervious Concrete
2.0 HISTORY OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete had its earliest beginnings in Europe. Folwer (5) reported that the first known
use was in 1852 on the Isle of Wight for 300 to 350mm thick walls for homes. Accordance with
Wikipedia, pervious concrete became popular again in the 1920’s as one of the main construction
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material for double storey homes in Scotland and England. Folwer (5) reported that before and
after World War II there was widespread use in residential construction in the UK and other parts
of Europe. One British firm constructed over 250,000 homes using pervious concrete. In the mid-
1960s and experimental road was constructed in England in which an 200mm conventional
concrete pavement was overlaid with a 50mm bonded pervious concrete overlay. The first
reported use in the U.S. was in the early 1970s in Florida.
3.0 COARSE AGGREGATE
Bhutta M.A. et al (6) studied the uses different size of aggregate in pervious concrete and the
resulted different properties. They use a small size of aggregate (2.5-5mm) in pervious concrete,
low total void ratio, high compressive strength, high flexural strength and low coefficient of
permeability. Fowler (5) experimented pervious concrete uses a single size aggregate were low
strength and very good permeability. Schaefer et al (8) reported that the single-sized coarse
aggregate (No.4 sieve) and a water to cement ratio ranging from 0.27 to 0.43. The typical 28-day
compressive strength ranges from 5.6 to 21.0 MPa, with void ratios ranging from 14 to 31 %, and
permeability coefficient varies from 0.25 to 6.1 mm/s investigated by Schaefer et al (8).
Neville and Brooks (7) investigated typical pervious concrete in compressive strength between
1.4MPa and 14MPa, depending mainly on the density. They reported the shrinkage in pervious
concrete lower than normal concrete because the contraction is restrained by the large volume of
aggregate relative to the paste. The typical pervious concrete mix consists of 180–355 kg/m3 of
binder material, 1420–1600 kg/m3 of coarse aggregate and water to cement ratio ranged from
0.27 to 0.43. Yang and Jiang (9) suggested using appropriately selected aggregate, adding a fine
aggregate and organic intensifiers, and optimizing the mix proportion to improve the strength and
abrasion resistance of pervious concrete.
Page 3 of 23
Table 1: Pervious Concrete Properties from the Literature (Schaefer et al)
VoidRatio
Unit Weight
Permeability28-day
CompressiveStrength
Flexural Strength
Reference
(%) (kg/m3) (mm/s) (MPa) (MPa) -United States
15 to 251602 to
20022.03 to 5.33 5.52 to 20.68
1.03 to 3.79
Tennis et al, 2004
15 to 35 NA NA NA2.50 to
3.90Olek et al,
2003International
19 NA NA 26.00 4.40Beeldens et
al, 2003
20 to 301890 to
2082NA
17.60 to 32.06
3.87 to 5.69
Beeldens, 2001
NA NA NA 19.00 NATamai and Yoshida,
2003
11 to 15 NA 0.25 to 3.70 NA4.18 to
7.48Kajio et al,
1998
18 to 31 NA NA11.00 to
25.00NA
Park and Tia, 2004
NA = Nil
Figure 2: Effect of Different Curing Period on Compressive and Flexural Strengths due to
Conventional Pervious Concrete (CPC) and High Performance Pervious Concrete (HPPC) are
resulted by Bhutta et al
Page 4 of 23
3.1 Chemical Admixtures
The used of high water reducing admixtures such as superplasticizers are to create flowing
concrete with very high slumps in the range of 175mm to 225mm and to produce high-strength
concrete at water-cement ratios in the range 0.30 to 0.40 researched by Mindess and Young (10).
Bhutta et al (8) studied uses superplasticizers (density 1.06g/cm3) and thickening (cohesive) agent
(water-soluble cellulose based polymer powder, density 2.40g/cm3) as chemical admixtures in
pervious concrete, the result is good/excellent in workability performance.
Figure 2: Slump and Slump Flow of Conventional Pervious Concrete (CPC) and High
Performance Pervious Concrete (HPPC) by Bhutta et al
4.0 RECYCLED MATERIAL
4.1 Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
Suraya Hani et al (11) investigated the recycled aggregate used from crushed waste concrete
cubes. It is then compared with normal aggregate of crushed granite. The physical properties for
both of the aggregates are as illustrated in Table 1. This is because of loose paste existence in RA
researched by Tam V.W.Y (12). According to Chen H.J. et. al. (13) RCA has immense porosity
that will result to higher water absorption of the aggregate.
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Table 2: Physical Properties of Aggregate (Suraya Hani et al)