® Rawatan sementara waktu yang diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum tibanya bantuan perubatan. ® Variasi nama: First Aid Bantu Mula
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Rawatan sementara waktu yang Rawatan sementara waktu yang diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum tibanya bantuan perubatan.tibanya bantuan perubatan.
Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang mengancam nyawamengancam nyawa
Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera, kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebihkesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin menyebabkan kematianmenyebabkan kematian
Luka Tangan Luka Tangan Luka DadaLuka DadaLuka Bahu Luka Bahu Luka PehaLuka PehaLuka SikuLuka SikuLuka LenganLuka LenganLuka LututLuka LututLuka JariLuka Jari
Di Malaysia terdapat Di Malaysia terdapat 141 spesis ular, di 141 spesis ular, di mana 37 daripadanya mana 37 daripadanya adalah berbisa.adalah berbisa.
Terbahagi kepada 21 Terbahagi kepada 21 Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Darat.Darat.
Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan kedalaman patukkan.kedalaman patukkan.
Boleh membawa kepada maut.Boleh membawa kepada maut.
Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.
Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah sama keadaannya. sama keadaannya.
Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih serius daripada melecurserius daripada melecur..
5.5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECURTERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR
1.1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk dan selesa.dan selesa.
2.2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, jam tangan, dll.jam tangan, dll.
3.3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan makanan.makanan.
4.4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
Renjatan elektrik boleh Renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan maut, menyebabkan maut, mungkin mereka yang mungkin mereka yang cuba membantu turut cuba membantu turut menemui maumenemui maut.t.
Matikan suis atau suis utama dan Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
Menggunakan penebat untuk Menggunakan penebat untuk menyelamatkan mangsa:menyelamatkan mangsa:
1.1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan keringGunakan galah yang panjang dan kering2.2. Kerusi kayuKerusi kayu3.3. Tikar getahTikar getah4.4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)Kain sal (tuala yang kering)5.5. Plastik tebalPlastik tebal6.6. Tali atau tali nylon yang keringTali atau tali nylon yang kering
LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBILLANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL
Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retakKecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak..Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.
Lebam dan bengkakLebam dan bengkakAnggota tidak dapat digerakkan Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan Terluka atau berubah bentukTerluka atau berubah bentukTajam/berbonjol pada kulit Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit Sakit Sakit
Apa-apa bahan jika Apa-apa bahan jika dimasukkan ke dimasukkan ke dalam kuantiti yang dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi boleh mencukupi boleh mengakibatkan mengakibatkan kemudaratan.kemudaratan.
1.1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2.2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3.3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4.4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5.5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.
Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
CPR (on adults & large children) CPR (on adults & large children) (see handout)(see handout)
Giving chest compressions.Giving chest compressions. Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the
breast bone, right between the nipples.breast bone, right between the nipples. Position left hand on top of the right hand.Position left hand on top of the right hand. Position shoulders directly over the hands and push Position shoulders directly over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2 straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2 inches. inches.
15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths. 15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths. After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
RICE TreatmentRICE Treatment
RestRest For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe
injuries.injuries. IceIce
Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
CompressionCompression Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too
tight!tight! ElevationElevation
Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from the area.and drain blood and fluid from the area.
What is an automated external defibrillator What is an automated external defibrillator (AED)?(AED)?An AED is a device about the size of a laptop An AED is a device about the size of a laptop computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may help the heart to reestablish an effective help the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm of its own.rhythm of its own.
How does an AED work?How does an AED work?An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to stand clear of the victim and to press the shock stand clear of the victim and to press the shock button.button.
AED’s are required to be in most large public AED’s are required to be in most large public buildings.buildings.
Such as malls, schools, and stadiums. Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.
SplintsSplints
A material or device used to protect and A material or device used to protect and immobilize a body part.immobilize a body part.
A splint should be used only if it can be A splint should be used only if it can be applied without hurting the victim.applied without hurting the victim.
Two Types of SplintsTwo Types of SplintsSoft splints are made from blankets, towels, Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,
sheets, or bandages. sheets, or bandages. Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.or boards.
Appling Splints…Appling Splints…
Attempt to splint the injury in the position you Attempt to splint the injury in the position you find it.find it.
Make sure it is not too tight!Make sure it is not too tight!On Fractured BonesOn Fractured Bones
Must include the joint above and below the injured Must include the joint above and below the injured bone.bone.
On Injured JointsOn Injured JointsMust include the bone above and below the Must include the bone above and below the
injured joint.injured joint.
SlingsSlings
Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured arm for support.inured arm for support.
Treatments for Common Treatments for Common InjuriesInjuries
Types Bleeding WoundsTypes Bleeding Wounds
BruiseBruise Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under
the skin.the skin. IncisionIncision
Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a razor, scissors, broken glass.razor, scissors, broken glass.
LacerationLaceration Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of
the skin.the skin.
Types Bleeding WoundsTypes Bleeding Wounds
AbrasionAbrasion AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping
away the skin.away the skin.
AvulsionAvulsion Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated
or completely torn away from the body.or completely torn away from the body.
PuncturePuncture Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or
projectile pierces the skin. projectile pierces the skin. The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
Controlling BleedingControlling Bleeding
What is the procedure for controlling bleeding What is the procedure for controlling bleeding that we covered last class?that we covered last class?
ShockShock
Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues.body tissues.
Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.
What is the treatment for shock that we What is the treatment for shock that we covered last class?covered last class?
FracturesFractures
Is a break or crack in a bone.Is a break or crack in a bone.Two TypesTwo Types
Open FractureOpen FractureThere is also a break in the skin.There is also a break in the skin.
Closed FractureClosed FractureThere is no break in the skin.There is no break in the skin.
TreatmentTreatmentTreat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,
apply ice.apply ice.
DislocationsDislocations
Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.TreatmentTreatment
Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply a cold compress.a cold compress.
Never try and set a dislocation!Never try and set a dislocation!
Sprains and StrainsSprains and Strains
Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue around a joint caused by and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue stretching.undue stretching.
Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or tendons.tendons.
Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.
Weather Related InjuriesWeather Related Injuries
Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating.sweating. Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature.body’s inability to regulate its temperature. Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a
cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.
Weather Related InjuriesWeather Related Injuries
Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that the body cannot regulate its temperature.that the body cannot regulate its temperature.Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, and groin.and groin.
Weather Related InjuriesWeather Related Injuries
Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often the tissues of the extremities.the tissues of the extremities.Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body
temperature so that it is lower than normal.temperature so that it is lower than normal.Treatment – move the victim to a warm Treatment – move the victim to a warm
environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their head with blankets.head with blankets.