Perspective of Higher Education Development in Indonesiasiteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATIONLP/Resources/... · Perspective of Higher Education Development in Indonesia Djoko Santoso

Perspective of Higher Education Development in Indonesia

Djoko SantosoDi t G l f Hi h Ed tiDirector General of Higher Education

Ministry of National EducationMinistry of National Education

June 2011

contentscontents

• IntroductionIntroduction– Number of students

Number of institutions– Number of institutions

• Challenges 

• Policy on higher education

• Future expectation

A

Development of Higher Education

3

Gross Enrollment Rate of Higher Education

Components Year

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 *)Age 19 - 23 21.190.000 21.184.100 21.174.900 21.171.200 21.170.300 21.184.000 19.844.485

Students 3.868.358 4.285.645 4.375.505 4.501.543 4.657.547 5.226.450 5.226.450

Public 805.479 824.693 978.739 965.970 1.011.721 1.030.403 1.030.403

Private 2 243 760 2 567 879 2 392 417 2 410 276 2 451 451 2 886 641 2 886 641Private 2.243.760 2.567.879 2.392.417 2.410.276 2.451.451 2.886.641 2.886.641

Special 48.493 51.318 47.253 47.253 66.535 92.971 92.971Religiousbased 508.545 518.901 506.247 556.763 503.439 571.336 571.336basedOpenUniversity 262.081 322.854 450.849 521.281 624.401 645.099 645.099

GER(%) 18,26% 20,23% 20,66% 21,26% 22,00% 24,67% 26,34%

16 91% 17.75% 18.36%3,868,358 4,285,645 4,375,505 4,501,543 4,657,547 5,226,450

4,000,000

6,000,000

Development of Student Population

15.26% 16.91% 5%

*) Population Census, 2010

2,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Development of Staff Qualification(2007‐2009)

Year 2007 2008 2009Qualif Public Private Public Private Public PrivateQualif. Public Private Public Private Public Private< S1 17.280 58.419 16.102 58.226 14.907 54.863S2 35.900 30.984 37.365 31.159 38.281 38.174S3 8.133 2.646 9.396 2.764 10.167 3.268Total 61.313 92.049 62.863 92.149 63.355 96.305

58419 58226 54862

3590030984

3736531159

38281 38174

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

< S117280 16102 14907

81332646

93962764

101673268

0

10000

20000

30000

PTN PTS PTN PTS PTN PTS

 S1

S2

S3

2007 2008 2009

B

Opportunities & Challenges

6

Economic Development Potential(Source: Menko Perekonomian)

2045GDP USD 15~17 5 T illi

2025GDP: USD 4~4,5 Trillion

Expected per capita income

GDP: USD 15~17,5 Trillion

Expected per capita incomeUSD 44.500‐49.000

2010GDP: USD 700 Billion

Per capita incomeUSD 3.000

p p pUSD 14.250‐15.500

3 Main Resources for Economic Growth1. Natural Resources Geothermal (largest reserve) Coal (no.2 in the world) Tin, Nickel (no. 2 and 4 in the world)Tin, Nickel (no. 2 and 4 in the world) Palm oil, Rubber, Cacao (no.1, 2, 2 in the world) Marine resources (largest teritory, mega biodiversity) Others

2 Experiences2. Experiences

16.6 15 418Poverty level Unemployment

2 5903,000

3,000

3,500Per capita income USD

15.4 14.213,3

11,5-12,5

9.1 8.4 7.9 7.4 78101214168

1,947

2,590

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

02468

2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

500

1,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 *2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 

3.  Human Resource...

Human Resource(Source: Menko Perekonomian)

Demographic Bonus100  Year of Independence

Decreasing Dependency Ratio from 2010‐2040: can become demographic deviden for economic development provided that

9

demographic deviden for economic development, provided that good human resource development is in place.

Human Resource Situation: Level of Education(Source: BPS)

1.80%

2.20%

3.20%

2.70%

4.60%

Diploma I,II,III

Universitas

2010

2006

University

5.50%

1.60%

6.20%

2.20%

7.80%SMK

Diploma I,II,III 2006

2001

Vocational HS

10.30%12.70%

18.90%

14.60%SMASMA/MAHigh School

63 00%

17.70%

55.50%

20.20%

51.50%

18.90%

SD atau tidak tamat SD

SMP

Primary Education

SMP/MTsJunior Secondary

63.00%

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00%

Improving access to higher education!

Trends Trends of Education Attainmentof Education Attainment

Meningkatkan penduduk bekerja dengan kualifikasi minimal lulusan pendidikan menengahdari 24,7 % menjadi 35,8 % pada tahun 2014

6.20% 6.58% 7.10% 7.20% 8.14% 9.09% 10.04% 11.01%90%

100%

18.84%18 57%

18.55% 20.69% 21.76% 22.32% 23.01% 23.63% 24.22% 24.80%

70%

80%

28 27%

18.57% 18.49% 18.90% 18.75% 18.59% 18.42% 18.22%

40%

50%

60%

37.99% 35.48%28.27% 29.22% 28.42% 27.63% 26.85% 26.09%

20%

30%

0%

18.42% 18.42%24.37% 22.28% 21.67% 21.06% 20.47% 19.89%

0%

10%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Tamat PT Tamat SM Tamat SMP Tamat SD Tidak Tamat SDCatatan:1. Data tahun 2007‐2010 diolah berdasarkan buku “Perkembangan Beberapa Indikator Utama Sosial‐ Ekonomi Indonesia 2009 dan 2010”, 2. Data tahun 2011‐2014 diproyeksikan dengan asumsi sasaran APK tercapai

11

GER Across ProvincesGER Across ProvincesDisparity of AccessDisparity of Access

0.700 

0.800 

Disparity of AccessDisparity of Access

0.500 

0.600 

0.300 

0.400 

0.100 

0.200 

‐

12

C

Roles of HE & Policy on HE

13

D l t

The Roles of Higher EducationDevelopment based on 

knowledge & cultureculture

Research & Development

Interaction with

Higher Education

Development of Human 

Application of Science & 

Interaction withIndustry & Society

Education CapitalTechnologyTeaching &Learning

Publication

Dissemination of 

Publication

Knowledge & Culture

Framework of Supply‐Demand Harmonization

(Supply Side) (Demand Side)

MoNE/MoRA, other Industry & Business Ministries

Industry & Business Sectors as Users

Dimension of Harmonization: Quantity, Quality/Competence, Location, Time

General Framework of HE DevelopmentGeneral Framework of HE DevelopmentGeneral Framework of HE DevelopmentGeneral Framework of HE Development

Orientation

R&D & National innovationCompetitive human 

Internationally competitive research University for National Innovation p

resourceHuman Resourced i l

Orientation: long term

National DevelopmentOrientation: Current and future

and regional R&D needs

Local and regionalHuman resource development at local level

Local and regional developmentskills human resource

at local level

University mission is developed to match sustained sector  development,local resources, and capacity  of the institution

Grooming Research Universities and D l i C it C llDeveloping Community Colleges

• Grooming 10‐20 Research UniversitiesResearch 

UniversityResearch UniversityUniversityUniversity

• One Flagship University and Two Polytechnics at

Teaching University/Pol

Teaching University/Pol and Two Polytechnics at 

each ProvinceUniversity/Polytechnics

University/Polytechnics

C itC it • One Community College at each District/City

Community Colleges

Community Collegesgg

17

Improvement of Bureaucracy Efficiency & Effectiveness

Integration Integration of

ProcessEfficiency & Effectiveness

(Reduce unit input, increase productivity)

Bureaucracy

(Sharing) ICT(Sharing) Resources

ICTenabled

18

Target Target of Staff Qualification Improvementof Staff Qualification Improvement

Indicator BaselineTARGET

2010 2011 2012 2013 20142010 2011 2012 2013 2014

IKK4.7.1Percentage of Public HEI Staff with S2

73.8%78.5%(71.1%)

*82.5% 88.5% 94.5% 100.0%

*

IKK4.7.2Percentage of Private HEI Staff with S2

46.7%51.7%(52.6%)

*57.0% 65.0% 75.0% 90.0%

IKK4.7.3Percentage of Public HEI Staff with S3

16.1%17.5%(16.8%)

*20.0% 23.5% 26.5% 30.0%

Percentage of Private 6 3%IKK4.7.4

Percentage of Private HEI Staff with S3

5.0%6.3%

(6.9%)*8.0% 10.0% 12.5% 15.0%

IKK4.7.5Certified Public HEI Staff

26.8%39.3%(39.2%) 50.0% 65.0% 80.0% 100.0%

Staff*

IKK4.7.6Certified Private HEI Staff

7.4%10.5%(10.3%)

*26.0% 37.3% 48.7% 55.5%

Acceleration of Staff QualificationsAcceleration of Staff Qualifications

7.0% 7.8% 8.4% 9.5% 10.8% 12.5% 13.9% 15.5%90%

100%

43.6% 44.2%47.9%

52.8%56 3%

70%

80%

56.3%61.9%

68.8%

78.4%40%

50%

60%

49.4% 47.9% 43.7%37.7%

32.9%25.7%

10%

20%

30%%S3

% S2

%<S1

17.3%6.0%

0%

10%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

20

In‐country PhD Scholarships: 10,000Overseas PhD Scholarships: 3,000

DGHE Reform

Intervention(Hibah/insentif) for 

Institutional Development

Resource

ICT

l

Resource sharing

Planning & Management

• Integration: National HE D b SDatabase System

21

Develop Academic CultureDevelop Academic Culture

Competi

HIGHER EDUCATION RecognitiStandard

tivenessECONOMY & SOCIAL DEVELOP

Y MAN 

URE ITY

on

Benefit

DEVELOPMENT

TONOMY

FIED

 HUM

SOURC

E

ASTRU

CTU

QUALITY 

OGRA

M

UNTABILI

AUT

QUALIF

RE

IINFRA Q PR

ACCO

ACADEMIC ATMOSPHERE

D

Future Expectation & Law on Higher EducationEducation

23

Plan of Capacity ExpansionTahun

Jenis VariabelTahun

2010 2015 2025Jumlah Mahasiswa 5,226,450 7,018,928 10,715,953Penambahan Mahasiswa 1 792 478 3 697 025Penambahan Mahasiswa 1,792,478 3,697,025Penambahan Mahasiswa PTN (60%) 1,075,487 2,218,215

Penambahan Unit BaruTarget Daya Tampung CC (15%) 268 872 554 554

CC (Baru)Target Daya Tampung CC (15%) 268,872 554,554Jumlah CC (@1000 Mhs) 269 555

Poltek(Baru)

Target Daya Tampung Poltek (6%) 107,549 221,822Jumlah Poltek (@2000 Mhs) 54 111( ) Jumlah Poltek (@2000 Mhs) 54 111

Un/In(Baru)

Target Daya Tampung (4%) 71,699 147,881Jumlah Univ/Inst. (@5000 Mhs) 14 30

Perluasan PT EksistinggPoltek Target Daya Tampung (5%) 89,624 184,851Unv/Ins Target Daya Tampung (5%) 89,624 184,851

Penambahan PTK

Dosen (1:20) 53,774 110,911Tenaga Kependidikan (1:30) 35,850 73,941

Development PlanAcceleration of:

1. Gross enrollment rate  A2. Quality and Relevance M

Higher EducationHigher Education

No Action PlanCurrent Target

2010 2015 2025

A.1 Pembangunan Perguruan Tinggi Komunitas/Community College (Unit)

0 269 823

A.2 Pembangunan Politeknik (Unit) 72 220g ( )

A.3 Pembangunan Univ/Inst. (Unit) 7 22

A.4 Perluasan Poltek Eksisting (mhs) ‐ 90,000 274,475A 5 P l U i /I t Ek i ti ( h ) 90 000A.5 Perluasan Univ/Inst. Eksisting (mhs) ‐ 90,000 274,475A.6 Penambahan Jumlah Dosen (Orang) ‐ 53,000 110,911

M.1 Pembangunan Poltek Pasca Sarjana (Unit) 0 10 20

M.2 Pembangunan Universitas Riset (Unit) 0 10 20

M.3 Penambahan Jumlah Dosen  Bergelar S3 (%) ‐ 15% 50%

Projection of Three Priority Disciplines

3 000 000

3,500,000

4,000,000

20092010

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000 20252045

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

N Y E i i A i lt S i

0

Teknik Pertanian Sains

No  Year Engineering Agriculture Science

%tase  Mhs  %tase  Mhs  %tase  Mhs 

1 2010 11,56% 603.649 3,32% 173.366 3,67% 191.6433,32% 3,67%2 2015 16.0% 1,116,493 3.9% 258,389 5.8% 413,386 2 2025 25% 2.142.180 5% 428.436 10% 856.872

Draft of Higher Education Law

27

No Type Strata

Types and Strata of Higher Education

No Type Strata

1. Academic Bachelor

Master

Doctor

2. Profession Profession

Spescialist

3. Vocation Diploma I

Diploma II

Diploma IIIDiploma III

Bachelor of Applied Sc

Master of Applied Sc

28

Doctor of Applied Sc

Form, Types, & Strata of HE

No Form Type Strata

Form, Types, & Strata of HE

/

Academic Bachelor, Master, PhD

Profession Profession Specialist1. University/Institute

Profession Profession, Specialist

Vocation* Diploma to Doctor of Apl. Science

2. School of HE Academic Bachelor, Master, PhD

3. Polytechnics Vocation Diploma I, II, III, Bachelor of Apl. Sc., Master of Apl. Sc., Doctor of Apl. Sc. **

4. Academy Vocation Diploma I, Diploma II, Diploma III

5. Communit College

Vocation Diploma I, Diploma II, Pre bachelor (1‐2 year)

* Managed by separate Faculty/School

29

Managed by separate Faculty/School** In technology fields, on its own or in collaboration with University

Equivalence of Tracks – Qualification Framework

Level Academy Profession Vocation

9 Doctor Specialist Doctor of Apl. Sc

8 Master Profession Master of Apl. Sc8 Master of Apl. Sc

7 Profession

6 Bachelor Bach of Apl. Sc.

5 Diploma III

4 Diploma II

3 Di l I3 Diploma I

2 Senior Secondary (General/Vocation)

1 Primary & Junior Secondary

30

Types and Governance of HE

No Type Governance & Status

1 PTN a. PTN Berbadan Hukum (Legal Entity)b PTN Mandiri (Autonomy)b. PTN Mandiri (Autonomy)c. PTN Unit Pelaksana Teknis Kemdiknas 

(Government Task Unit)

2 PTN Khusus PTN Unit Pelaksana Teknis Kementerian2 PTN Khusus PTN Unit Pelaksana Teknis Kementerian Lain/LPNK/Pemda (Special Govt Task Unit)

3 PTS PTS Unit Pelaksana Teknis Badan  Hukum Nirlaba (Private HE under foundation/nonNirlaba (Private HE under foundation/non profit org)

31

Anatomy of HE

No Type/Status Delegation Accountability Asset FinanceNo Type/Status Delegation Accountability Asset Finance

PTN1 PTN/PTN Khusus No  Ministry State State

UPT 

3 PTN Mandiri  Ministry to BoT BoT State Delegation from MoF

4 PTN B b d B T t HE B T S t d PTN B d4 PTN Berbadan Hukum

BoT to HEleader

BoT Separated PTN Badan Hukum

PTS1 PTS Academic: 

MoNE to PTSFoundation/non profit org

Foundation/non profit org

Foundation/non profit org

Quality Assurance System

HE QA SystemHE QA System

External QA SystemExternal QA System((SPMESPME))

Internal QA SystemInternal QA System((SPMISPMI))

SNPT SNPT

National HE Data Base SystemNational HE Data Base System

SNPT

((PDPTPDPT))SNPT

33

Coordination of QA ElementsCoordination of QA ElementsMenteri Pendidikan Nasional

Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi 

SekretariatDitjen Dikti

Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi

PerguruanTinggi 

Negeri/Swasta

BadanAkreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi

M

PeraturanPerundang‐undangan

Standar Nasional Pendidikan

Sistem Penjaminan Mutu

Sistem Penjaminan Mutu  Ekternal MVisi

PendidikanTinggiIndonesia

Pendidikan Tinggi(SNPT)

Mutu  Internal(SPMI)

(SPME/ Akreditasi)

Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi

34

Kebutuhan Stakeholders

Process of QA in HE

BAN‐PTAccreditation

ReportMa Req forMoNE

DGHE Higher Education

SNPT

Report

pasyara

Req for accreditation

Hasil

Lembaga Akreditasi Mandiri 

Lembaga Akreditasi Mandiri 

Independent Accreditation Bodies

BSN PT

SNPT SPMI SPMESNPT

Develop Standard

Reportakat

HasilAkreditasi

SPMI                                SPMEVision & Mission

National HE Database System

SNPT SPMISNPT

36/41