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PASSION ANDCOMMITMENT
TOORGANISATION
GOALS
MODERATEENTHUSIASM
AWAKENEDDRIVES
PASSIVECOOPERATION
MINIMUMPERFORMANCERESULT
WIDE RANGESELF-ACTUALISATION
STATUS ANDRECOGNITION
SECURITYSUBSISTENCEEMPLOYEENEEDS MET
SELF-MOTIVATION
SELF-DISCIPLINE
PARTICIPATIONDEPENDENCEON
ORGANISATION
DEPENDENCEON BOSS
EMPLOYEEPSYCHOLOGICAL
RESULT
PSYCHOLOGIC
AL OWNERSHIP
RESPONSIBLE
BEHAVIOUR
JOB
PERFORMANCE
SECURITY AND
BENEFITS
OBEDIENCEEMPLOYEE
ORIENTATION
CARING/COMPASSION
TEAMWORKSUPPORTMONEYAUTHORITYMANAGERIALORIENTATION
TRUST/COMMUNITY/
MEANING
PARTNERSHIPLEADERSHIPECONOMICRESOURCES
POWERBASIS OF MODEL
SYSTEMCOLLEGIALSUPPORTIVECUSTODIALAUTOCRATIC
MODELS OF OB
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WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT FROM ONE ANOTHER?
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Some individuals has a unique patterns of
Enduring thoughtsFeelings
Behaviors
Actions
that persists over time and across situations
that characterize a person
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PERSONALITY
An individuals unique patterns of enduringthoughts, feelings, behaviors and actions
that persists over time and acrosssituations and that characterize a person
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What isPersonality?
The innerpsychological
characteristics thatdetermine and reflect
how a personresponds to his or her
environment.
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The Big Five Personality Dimensions
Adapted from "An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its Applications" byRobert R. McCrae and Oliver P. John. FromJournal of Personality, 60:2, pp. 175-216.
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PERSONALITY INCLUDES
EXTERNAL APPEARANCES AND BEHAVIOUR
INNER AWARENESS OF SELF AS A PERMANENT
ORGANISING FORCE
THE PARTICULAR ORGANISATION OF MEASURABLE
TRAITS, BOTH INNER AND OUTER
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DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
BIOLOGICAL
(HEREDITY, BRAIN, PHYSICAL FEATURES)
CULTURALFAMILY
(SOCIALISATION, IDENTIFICATION)
SITUATIONAL
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Sigmund Freud
The conscious, the preconscious, and the
unconsciousConscious
The thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories ofwhich a person is aware at any given moment
PreconsciousThe thoughts, feelings, and memories that a personis not consciously aware of at the moment but thatmay be brought to consciousness
UnconsciousFor Freud, the primary motivating force of behavior,containing repressed memories as well as instinctsand wishes that have never been conscious
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THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
Freuds Personality
Structure of the Mind
Conscious: Mental
events we are aware
of. Top 1/3 of theiceberg!
Unconscious:
Thoughts, feelings,
and memories
hidden from view.
Bottom 2/3 of the
iceberg!
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The Unconscious
Deep dark sea of secret urges, wishes,and drives.--Kassin
Motivated by two instincts:
1. Life Instincts: Food, water, sex.
2. Death Instinct: Self-destructive impulses.Return to a calmer state.
Directed aggression towardothers.
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Sigmund Freud
Freud proposed three systems of
personalityId
The unconscious system of the personality, whichcontains the life and death instincts and operates
on the pleasure principle
Ego
The rational, largely conscious system ofpersonality, which operates according to thereality principle
Superego
The moral system of the personality, which consists
of the conscience and the ego ideal
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The IdIt is the most primitive part of personality.
Unconscious reservoir of instincts, and libido
(instinctual force/unresponsive to demands ofreality)
Operates on the pleasure principle!
Like an infant --- immediate gratification!
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Id
Contains primitive drives orinstincts including life instinctseros and death instinctsthanatos
libido: energy generated by the
sexual drive, a life instinctpleasure principle: the id
seeks to maximize pleasureand minimize pain
primary process thought: idoperates on a very basicprimitive type of thought. Theid is mostly unconscious
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The SuperegoOur conscience, moral values.
The internalization of societal rules, regulations.
What we would like to be - goals and ambitions.
Superego forces the ego to consider idealbehaviors (how we ought to behave).
It judges our actions, gives us guilt or pride.
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Superego
Operates at all 3 levels ofconsciousness
Contains the internalizedvalues of family and society
It is highly moralistic, like astrict parentGUILT originates in the superego
EGO IDEAL - part of the superego,an idealized image of what wethink we should be
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The Ego
Conscious perceptions, thoughts, memories.The gatekeeper of personality.
Makes decisions about the pleasures pursued bythe id and the moral dictates of the superego.
Operates on the reality principle!
Develops during childhood experiences withsocial surroundings/responsibilities.
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Ego
Operates at all 3 levels of
consciousnessReality principle: ego strives to satisfy
id needs within the constraints of the
real world and the superegoSecondary process thought: ego uses
a more sophisticated, realistic way of
thinking and solving problems
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A Representation of the Interrelationships
among the Id, Ego, and Superego
ID
System 1
SUPEREGOSystem 2
EGO
System 3Gratification
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Sigmund Freud
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Freudian Theory and Product Personality
Consumer researchers using Freuds
personality theory see consumer purchases asa reflection and extension of the consumers
own personality
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AD PORTRAYING THE FORCES OF THE ID
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Sigmund Freud
Evaluating Freuds contribution
Unconscious forces may motivate behavior
Emphasizing the influence of early childhood
experiences on later development
Psychoanalysis is still viewed as a useful
therapeutic technique
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Carl Jung
Disagreed with Freud
the sexual instinct is not the main factor in
personality
the personality is not almost completelyformed in early childhood
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Carl Jungs Analytic Psychology
Argued that people are born with ageneral life force for:
Growth-oriented resolutions of conflictsThe productive blending of basic impulseswith real-world demands
People develop, over time, differingdegrees of introversion or extraversionAlso differing tendencies to rely on specificpsychological functions such as thinking
versus feeling
Carl Jung
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Carl Jung
Personality consists of three partsEgo
the rational, largely conscious system ofpersonality, which operates according to the realityprinciple
Personal unconsciousall of the thoughts and experiences that areaccessible to the conscious, as well as repressedmemories and impulses
Collective unconscious
Contains images and ideas (archetypes) that are
common to all humans. These have developedover our evolutionary history and are present atbirthArchetype, an inherited tendency to perceive andrespond in particular ways to universal humansituations (Joseph Campbell)
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SOME ARCHETYPES
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SOME ARCHETYPES
Mother: a protective presence, source of life
Hero: one who overcomesPersona: our public self (literally mask)
Anima: The expression of feminine traits in themale (love, nurturance, sensitivity)
Animus: The expression of masculine traits inthe female (assertiveness, competitiveness)
Shadow:similar to Freuds id, the darkside ofour personality
Self: Functions as a mid-point of personality.Exists at birth as an archetype that is aprototypal image of the latent purpose ofhuman nature.
i ( i )
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Jungs Personality (Psychological) Types
Functions are fundamental cognitive processes
Four function are identifiedSensing - tells us something existThinking - tells us what something is
Feeling - tells of if it is agreeable or notIntuiting - provides hunched when facts are absent
Thinking and feeling use judgment are are
Rational Functions
Sensing and intuiting use perception are areIrrational Functions
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Carl Jung
Personality functions
Extroversion vs Introversion (orientation)
Sensing vs Intuition (data collection)
Thinking vs Feeling (making judgments)
Judging vs Perceiving (preferred function)
Temperaments
SP (sanguine, artist)
SJ (melancholy, guardian)
NT (choleric, rational)
NF (phlegmatic, idealistic)
EXTROVERT VS INTROVERTS
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EXTROVERT VS. INTROVERTS
EXTROVERT INTROVERT
LIKES VARIETY OF ACTION LIKES QUIET/CONCENTRATION
TEND TO WORK FASTER. DISLIKESCOMPLICATED PROCEDURE.
METICULOUS. DISLIKES SWEEPINGSTATEMENTS.
GOOD AT GREETING PEOPLE HAVE TROUBLE IN REMEMBERINGNAMES AND FACES
IMPATIENT WITH SLOW JOBS DONOT MIND WORKING ON SINGLEPROJECT FOR LONGER TIME
INTERESTED IN RESULTS INTERESTED IN IDEAS
DONOT MIND INTERRUPTION OF
ANSWERING THE TELEPHONE
DISLIKES TELEPHONE INTRUISION
AND INTERRUPTIONSACT QUICKLY AND EVENSOMETIMES WITHOUT THINKING
THINK A LOT BEFORE THEY ACT,SOMETIMES WITHOUT ACTING
LIKE TO HAVE PEOPLE AROUND WORK CONTENDTEDLY A LONE
COMMUNICATE FREELY PROBLEMS IN COMMUNICATING
SENSING TYPES VS INTUITIVE TYPES
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SENSING TYPES VS.INTUITIVE TYPES
SENSING INTUITIVE
DISLIKES NEW PROBLEMS UNLESS
THERE ARE WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
LIKES SOLVING NEW PROBLEMS
LIKES ESTABLISHED WAY OF DOINGTHINGS
DISLIKES DOING THINGSREPEATEDLY
ENJOYS USING LEARNED SKILLS ENJOYS LEARNING NEW SKILLS
STEADY AND REALISTIC AT WORK VIGOROUS AT WORK WITH BREAKSREACH CONCLUSION STEP BY STEP REACH CONCLUSION QUICKLY
PATIENT WITH ROUTINE DETAILS IMPATIENT WITH ROUTINE DETAILS
IMPATIENT WITH COMPLICATEDDETAILS
ARE PATIENT WITH COMPLICATEDSITUATIONS
GENERALLY NOT INSPIRED FOLOW INSPIRATIONS GOOD ORBAD
SELDOM MAKES ERROR OF FACTS FREQUENTLY MAKES ERROR OFFACTS
TEND TO BE GOOD AT PRECISEWORK
DISLIKE TAKING TIME FOR WORK
THINKING TYPES VS. FEELING TYPES
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THINKING TYPES VS. FEELING TYPES
THINKING TYPE FEELING TYPE
DONOT SHOW EMOTION READILYAND ARE OFTEN UNCOMFORTABLEDEALING WITH PEOPLES FEELING
TEND TO BE VERY AWRE OF OTHERPEOPLE AND THEIR FEELING
MAY HURT PEOLES FEELINGS
WITHOUT KNOWING ITENJOY PLEASING PEOPLE EVEN INUNIMPORTANT THINGS
LIKES ANALYSIS AND PUTTING
THINGS INTO LOGICAL ORDER. CANGET ALONG WITHOUT HARMONY
LIKE HARMONY. EFFICIENTLY MAY BE
BADLY DISTRIBUTED BY OFFICEFEUDS
TEND TO DECIDE IMPERSONALLY,SOMETIMES PAYING INSUFFICIENTATTENTION TO PEOPLES WISHED
OFTEN LET DECISIONS BEINFLUENCED BY THEIR OWN OROTHER PEOPLES PERSONAL LIKESAND WISHES
NEED TO BE TREATED FAIRLY NEED OCCASSIONAL PRAISE
ABLE TO REPRIMAND PEOPLE DONOT TELL UNPLEASANT THINGS
ANALYTICAL. RESPOND EASILY TOPEOPLES THOUGHTS
MORE PEOPLE-ORIENTED, RESPONDEASILY TO PEOPLES VALUES
TEND TO BE FIRM MINDED TEND TO BE SYMPATHETIC
JUDGING TYPES VS PERCEPTIVE TYPES
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JUDGING TYPES VS PERCEPTIVE TYPES
JUDGING TYPE PERCEPTIVE TYPES
WORK BEST WHEN CAN PLAN WORKAND FOLLOW THE PLAN
ADAPT WELL TO CHANGE
LIKE TO GET THINGS SETTLED ANDFINISHED
DONOT MIND LEAVING THINGSOPEN FOR ALTERATION
MAY DECIDE THINGS TOO QUICKLY MAY HAVE TROUBLE MAKINGDECISIONS
DISLIKE TO INTERRUPT THE PROJECT START TOO MANY PROJECTS ANDHAVE DIFFICULTY TO FINISH THEM
MAY NOT NOTICE NEW THINGS THAT
NEED TO BE DONE
MAY POSTPONE UNPLEASANT
THINGSWANT ONLY ESSENTIALS NEEDED TOBEGIN THEIR WORK
WANT TO KNOW ALL ABOUT A NEWJOB
TEND TO BE SATISFIED ONCE THEYREACH A JUGGMENT
TEND TO BE CURIOUS ANDWELCOME NEW INFORMATION
Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8
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Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8Personality Types
Extravert-Thinking TypeObjective data used to order external worldAbstract ideas accepted if transmitted fromwithout
Scientist, mathematicians, engineers
Extravert-Feeling TypeConcerned with tradition, standards and values
Focus on interpersonal relationshipsResponds emotionally to objective reality
Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8
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Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8Personality Types
Extravert-Sensing TypeInterested in facts and concrete realityOriented toward the here-and-now
Pragmatic and hardheaded
Extravert-Intuiting TypeRelies on intuition and hunched
Little concern with the conventions and moralityof othersCan be imaginative and creativeGamblers, entrepreneurs, speculators
Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8
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Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8Personality Types
Introvert-Thinking TypeConcerned with abstraction, theory and questionsRelates to world in a highly subjective, creative way
Inventors and philosophers
Introvert-Feeling TypeOriented towards subjective factorsDifficulty conforming and accepting views of others
Often viewed as egotistical and defensive
Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8
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Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8Personality Types
Introvert-Sensing TypeHighly subjectiveThinking/feeling on a primitive levelDifficulty adapting to settings that reinforce
logic & reasonOften artistic
Introvert-Intuiting Type
Mystical, prophetic dreamersValued and respected in primitive culturesMay become withdrawn