Submitted 10 February 2015 Accepted 11 May 2015 Published 9 June 2015 Corresponding authors Ernesto Magall ´ on-Neri, [email protected]Rosa D´ ıaz, [email protected]Academic editor Catherine Myers Additional Information and Declarations can be found on page 14 DOI 10.7717/peerj.992 Copyright 2015 Magall ´ on-Neri et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 OPEN ACCESS Personality psychopathology, drug use and psychological symptoms in adolescents with substance use disorders and community controls Ernesto Magall ´ on-Neri 1,2,3 , Rosa D´ ıaz 1 , Maria Forns 2,3 , Javier Goti 1 and Josefina Castro-Fornieles 1,4,5 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences Hospital Clinic Universitari of Barcelona, Spain 2 Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain 3 Institute of Research in Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3c), Spain 4 IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain 5 Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Substance use is a risk behavior that tends to increase during adolescence, a time when part of the personality is still in development. Traditionally, personality psychopathology has been measured in terms of categories, although dimensional models have demonstrated better consistency. This study aimed to analyze differences in personality profiles between adolescents with substance use disorders (SUD n = 74) and matched community controls (MCC n = 74) using the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) dimensional model. Additionally, we compared age at first drug use, level of drug use and internalizing and externalizing symptoms between the groups. In this study, the PSY-5 model has proved to be useful for differentiating specific personality disturbances in adolescents with SUD and community adolescents. The Disconstraint scale was particularly useful for discriminating adolescents with substance use problems and the Delinquent Attitudes facet offered the best differentiation. Subjects Psychiatry and Psychology Keywords Personality psychopathology five (PSY-5), Dimensional, Substance use disorders, Internalizing–externalizing symptoms, Adolescents INTRODUCTION Substance use disorders (SUD) are complex entities with multiple biological and environmental risk factors and a wide range of clinical expressions (Hicks, Iacono & McGue, 2014). Their study requires detailed evaluation across several dimensions of substance use and related problems, in addition to an assessment of quantity and frequency of drug use (Kaminer, 2008). One of these dimensions is psychopathological personality traits. Many studies have identified behavioral disinhibition and emotional dysregulation as important factors in the etiology of SUD (Baker et al., 2004; Iacono, Malone & McGue, 2008; Tarter et al., 2003), and different personality traits predict distinct patterns of How to cite this article Magall ´ on-Neri et al. (2015), Personality psychopathology, drug use and psychological symptoms in adolescents with substance use disorders and community controls. PeerJ 3:e992; DOI 10.7717/peerj.992
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Submitted 10 February 2015Accepted 11 May 2015Published 9 June 2015
Additional Information andDeclarations can be found onpage 14
DOI 10.7717/peerj.992
Copyright2015 Magallon-Neri et al.
Distributed underCreative Commons CC-BY 4.0
OPEN ACCESS
Personality psychopathology, drug useand psychological symptoms inadolescents with substance use disordersand community controlsErnesto Magallon-Neri1,2,3, Rosa Dıaz1, Maria Forns2,3, Javier Goti1 andJosefina Castro-Fornieles1,4,5
1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of NeurosciencesHospital Clinic Universitari of Barcelona, Spain
2 Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology,University of Barcelona, Spain
3 Institute of Research in Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3c), Spain4 IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain5 Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
ABSTRACTSubstance use is a risk behavior that tends to increase during adolescence, a timewhen part of the personality is still in development. Traditionally, personalitypsychopathology has been measured in terms of categories, although dimensionalmodels have demonstrated better consistency. This study aimed to analyzedifferences in personality profiles between adolescents with substance use disorders(SUD n = 74) and matched community controls (MCC n = 74) using thePersonality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) dimensional model. Additionally, wecompared age at first drug use, level of drug use and internalizing and externalizingsymptoms between the groups. In this study, the PSY-5 model has proved to beuseful for differentiating specific personality disturbances in adolescents withSUD and community adolescents. The Disconstraint scale was particularly usefulfor discriminating adolescents with substance use problems and the DelinquentAttitudes facet offered the best differentiation.
Subjects Psychiatry and PsychologyKeywords Personality psychopathology five (PSY-5), Dimensional, Substance use disorders,Internalizing–externalizing symptoms, Adolescents
INTRODUCTIONSubstance use disorders (SUD) are complex entities with multiple biological and
environmental risk factors and a wide range of clinical expressions (Hicks, Iacono &
McGue, 2014). Their study requires detailed evaluation across several dimensions of
substance use and related problems, in addition to an assessment of quantity and frequency
of drug use (Kaminer, 2008). One of these dimensions is psychopathological personality
traits. Many studies have identified behavioral disinhibition and emotional dysregulation
as important factors in the etiology of SUD (Baker et al., 2004; Iacono, Malone & McGue,
2008; Tarter et al., 2003), and different personality traits predict distinct patterns of
How to cite this article Magallon-Neri et al. (2015), Personality psychopathology, drug use and psychological symptoms in adolescentswith substance use disorders and community controls. PeerJ 3:e992; DOI 10.7717/peerj.992
Table 1 Descriptive and differences between groups with respect to Personality Psychopathology Fivescales and facets, internalizing/externalizing symptoms, age at onset, and level of use for each drug.
Variables SUD MCC
Socio-demographic andclinical variables
(n = 74) (n = 74) SUD vs. MCCt(p)
Effectsize
Sex: n boys/n girls 39/35 39/35
Agea M (SD) 16.38 (0.85) 16.00 (0.91) −2.611 (.010)*
a Student’s t-test (df = 146).b Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test (df = 1).c ANCOVA after controlling for age and comorbidity (df = 3).1 Raw scores.2 T scores.
Data in bold face indicate a moderate-large effect size h2p > 0.14 and φ > 0.50.
PSY-5, Personality Psychopathology Five; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; SUD, Substance Use Disorders; MCC,Matched community control; SUP, substance use problems.
Figure 1 Dimensional raw scores of PSY-5 scales according to gender and type of group.
and other drug use. Low Drive/Expectations was associated with tobacco and alcohol
use and Low sociability was associated only with the level of alcohol use. In contrast, in
SUD group the level of drug use was positively correlated with, the Disconstraint scale for
alcohol, and Negative Emotionality scale for other drugs. The Delinquent Attitudes facet
was correlated with the level of cannabis. Other drugs level correlates positively with Low
Drive/Expectations and negatively with Low Sociability.
PSY-5 and behavioral or emotional symptomsInternalizing symptoms scale of the CBCL in both MCC and SUD groups was related to
the Introversion scale, specifically with Low Drive/Expectations facet (Table 2). However,
externalizing symptoms measured by the CBCL was not associated with any scale or facet
of the PSY-5. These results partially validate the phenomenology of the PSY-5 scales with
respect to Achenbach’s model of psychopathology symptoms.
Magallon-Neri et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.992 9/17
Table 2 Partial correlations in the matched community control group and Substance Use Disorder group for PSY-5 scales and facets with respectto age at onset, level of drug use, and symptoms (controlling personality scales or facets, respectively).
PSY-5 scales and facets Age at onset Drug use level Symptoms
SUD −.06 −.07 −.07 −.51*−.20 −.06 .12 −.29* .16 −.18
Notes.* p < .05.
** p < .010.*** p < .001.
Data in bold face indicate a significant difference.1 Bivariate partial correlations; partial coefficients represent relationship between (age, level and symptoms) and PSY-5 scales with remaiming PSY-5 scales as covariates.2 Bivariate partial correlations; partial coefficients represent relationship between (age, level and symptoms) and PSY-5 facets with remaiming PSY-5 facets as covariates
TOB, Tobacco; AH, Alcohol; CAN, Cannabis; OD, Other drugs; INT, Internalizing; EXT, Externalizing; MCC, Matched Community Control group; SUD, Substance UseDisorder group.Note: in data of Age onset there are different number of subjects (between MCC and SUD groups and inside the different type of substance), for this reason thecorrelations have different magnitude on their significance.
The predictive value of PSY-5 scales for identifying SUDIn the logistic regression models, we took the groups (SUD vs. MCC) as the dependent
variable, and the PSY-5 scales (controlling for age) as independent variables. The results
in Table 3 correspond to the only personality psychopathology scale that was related to
membership of the SUD group, namely Disconstraint (OR = 1.44;p < .001). Subsequent
analysis of its facets revealed that Delinquent Attitudes explained most of the group
Magallon-Neri et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.992 10/17
Table 3 Predictive values of the Disconstraint scale, the Delinquent Attitudes facet, and the patholog-ical Disconstraint condition in relation to membership of the SUD group.
Variable OR 95% CI Hit rate
Raw score Disconstraint scalea 1.44*** 1.28–1.61 79.1%
Raw score Delinquent Attitudes facetb 1.73*** 1.44–2.06 79.7%
• Rosa Dıaz conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed
reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.
• Maria Forns conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments,
analyzed the data, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.
• Javier Goti and Josefina Castro-Fornieles contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools,
reviewed drafts of the paper.
Human EthicsThe following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body
and any reference numbers):
The evaluation protocol was reviewed and approved by the hospital ethics committee
(CEIC) Hospital Clınic of Barcelona, Ethics committee reference number: 5098.
Supplemental InformationSupplemental information for this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/
10.7717/peerj.992#supplemental-information.
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