1 1 Exam 4 Results • Mean was 35.62 • SD = 6.4 • Median = 37 • Mode = 34 • Top Score = 50 • The student that scored the top grade on this exam also scored the top grade on the first exam. The highest total score to date is 186. 2 Personality Chapter 15 3 Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality. 4 Personality Theories • Core – What all people have in common • Basic source of motivation • Stages that we pass through • Periphery – How we become different from each other • Fixations • Reinforcement histories • Arousal levels • Measurement procedures – Projective tests – Scales 5 Psychodynamic Perspective In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures 6 Psychodynamic Perspective Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures
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Exam 4 Results
• Mean was 35.62• SD = 6.4• Median = 37• Mode = 34• Top Score = 50• The student that scored the top grade on this
exam also scored the top grade on the firstexam. The highest total score to date is 186.
2
Personality
Chapter 15
3
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern ofthinking, feeling, and acting.
Each dwarf has a distinct personality. 4
Personality Theories• Core
– What all people have in common• Basic source of motivation• Stages that we pass through
• Periphery– How we become different from each other
A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostlyunacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
memories. Freud asked patients to say whatevercame to their minds (free association) in order to
tap the unconscious.
http://www.english.upenn.edu
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Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconsciousmind is through interpreting manifest and
latent contents of dreams.
The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)
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Psychoanalysis
The process of freeassociation (chain of
thoughts) leads topainful, embarrassing
unconscious memories.Once these memories
are retrieved andreleased (treatment:psychoanalysis) thepatient feels better.
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Model of MindThe mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden,
and below the surface lies the unconsciousmind. The preconscious stores temporary
memories.
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Personality Structure
Personality develops as a result of our efforts toresolve conflicts between our biological impulses
(id) and social restraints (superego).
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Id, Ego and SuperegoThe Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic
sexual and aggressive drives, operating on thepleasure principle, demanding immediate
gratification.
The ego functions as the “executive” andmediates the demands of the id and superego.
The superego provides standards for judgment(the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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Personality Development
Freud believed that personality formed duringthe first few years of life divided into
psychosexual stages. During these stages theid’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure
sensitive body areas called erogenous zones.
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Psychosexual Stages
Freud divided the development of personalityinto five psychosexual stages.
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Oedipus Complex
A boy’s sexual desire for his mother andfeelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival
father. A girl’s desire for her father is called theElectra complex.
Males: Fear of castrationFemales: Penis envy
These fears/anxieties result in identification ofsame sex parent (but motivation is stronger for
males)16
Identification
Children cope withthreatening feelings by
repressing them andby identifying with therival parent. Through
this process ofidentification, their
superego gainsstrength that
incorporates theirparents’ values.
From the K
. Vandervelde private collection
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Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective methods of reducinganxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
1. Repression banishes anxiety-arousingthoughts, feelings, and memories fromconsciousness.
2. Regression leads an individual faced withanxiety to retreat to a more infantilepsychosexual stage.
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Defense Mechanisms
3. Reaction Formation causes the ego tounconsciously switch unacceptableimpulses into their opposites. People mayexpress feelings of purity when they may besuffering anxiety from unconscious feelingsabout sex.
4. Projection leads people to disguise theirown threatening impulses by attributingthem to others.
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Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization offers self-justifyingexplanations in place of the real, morethreatening, unconscious reasons for one’sactions.
6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressiveimpulses toward a more acceptable or lessthreatening object or person, redirectinganger toward a safer outlet.
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The Neo-Freudians
Jung believed in thecollective unconscious,
which contained acommon reservoir of
images derived from ourspecies’ past. This is why
many cultures sharecertain myths and imagessuch as the mother beinga symbol of nurturance. Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Archive of the H
istory of Am
erican Psychology/ University of A
kron
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The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Adlerbelieved in childhood
tensions. However, thesetensions were social in
nature and not sexual. Achild struggles with an
inferiority complexduring growth and
strives for superiorityand power. Emphasized
the importance ofbelonging.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
National Library of M
edicine
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The Neo-Freudians
Like Adler, Horneybelieved in the socialaspects of childhood
growth anddevelopment. Shecountered Freud’sassumption that
women have weaksuperegos and sufferfrom “penis envy.”
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
The Bettm
ann Archive/ Corbis
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Assessing Unconscious Processes
Evaluating personality from an unconsciousmind’s perspective would require a
psychological instrument (projective tests) thatwould reveal the hidden unconscious mind.
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Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is aprojective test in which people express their inner
feelings and interests through the stories they makeup about ambiguous scenes.
Lew M
errim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
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Rorschach Inkblot TestThe most widely used projective test uses a setof 10 inkblots and was designed by HermannRorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner
feelings by analyzing their interpretations of theblots.
Lew M
errim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
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Projective Tests: Criticisms
Critics argue that projective tests lack bothreliability (consistency of results) and validity
(predicting what it is supposed to).
When evaluating the same patient, eventrained raters come up with differentinterpretations (reliability).
2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normalindividual as pathological (validity).
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Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspective
Personality develops throughout life and isnot fixed in childhood.
Freud underemphasized peer influence onthe individual, which may be as powerfulas parental influence.
Gender identity may develop before 5-6years of age.
Modern Research
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Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspective
There may be other reasons for dreamsbesides wish fulfillment.
Verbal slips can be explained on the basis ofcognitive processing of verbal choices.
Suppressed sexuality leads to psychologicaldisorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased,but psychological disorders have not.
Modern Research
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Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspective
Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on therepression of painful experiences into the
unconscious mind.
The majority of children, death camp survivors,and battle-scarred veterans are unable to
repress painful experiences into theirunconscious mind.
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Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspective
Freud was right about the unconscious mind.Modern research shows the existence ofnonconscious information processing.
Schemas that automatically control perceptions andinterpretations
Parallel processing during vision and thinkingImplicit memoriesEmotions that activate instantly without
consciousness32
Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspective
The scientific merits of Freud’s theory havebeen criticized. Psychoanalysis is meagerly
testable. Most of its concepts arise out of clinicalpractice, which are the after-the-fact
explanation.
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Humanistic Perspective
By the 1960s, psychologists became discontentwith Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic
psychology of the behaviorists.
Abraham Maslow(1908-1970)
Carl Rogers(1902-1987)
http://ww
w.ship.edu
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Self-Actualizing PersonMaslow proposed that we as individuals aremotivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginningwith physiological needs, we try to reach the
state of self-actualization—fulfilling ourpotential.
http://ww
w.ship.edu
Ted Polumbaum
/ Time Pix/ G
etty Images
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Growth and Fulfillment
Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. He said that
Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude ofacceptance of others despite their failings.
All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in ananswer to the question, “Who am I?” refers to Self-Concept.
In an effort to assess personality, Rogers askedpeople to describe themselves as they would liketo be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If thetwo descriptions were close the individual had a
positive self-concept.
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Evaluating the HumanisticPerspective
Humanistic psychology has a pervasiveimpact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management.
Concepts in humanistic psychology arevague and subjective and lack scientificbasis.
Gender identity may develop before 5-6years of age.
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The Trait Perspective
An individual’s unique constellation of durabledispositions and consistent ways of behaving