Personal Identification “Law of Multiplicity of Evidence” The greater the number of similarities and dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for.

Personal Identification

“Law of Multiplicity of Evidence”

The greater the number of similarities and dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the

conclusion to be correct.

Early Method of identification

Tatooing

Maiming

Alphonse Bertillion

Father of Personal Identification 1882, became head of the identification service

in the office of the Prefect of Police Spread a new system of identification called

anthropometry Combined portrait parle with anthropometry

Anthropometry

Anthropometry is a very old science which relates to the measurement of body dimensions. These may be: lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone or femur), breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders, the

biacromial breadth), girths (e.g. waist circumference) common measurements ( e.g. stature or height

and mass or weight) measurement of skinfold thickness at various

sites on the body (e.g. at the back of the upper arm, tricep skinfold).

Portrait Parle

Literally means 'word picture' Method of describing people verbally Included in Bertillion's identification system Foundation of present-day description of

criminals and non-criminals

Will West and William West

1903 US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas Almost exact Bertillion measurements

History of Fingerprint Picture writing of a hand with ridge patterns was

discovered in Nova Scotia. In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used on

clay tablets for business transactions. In ancient China, thumb prints were found on

clay seals. They referred to it as Hua Chi (Ki and Io)

In 14th century Persia, various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions), and one government official, a doctor, observed that no two fingerprints were exactly alike.

Nehemiah Grew

1684 Philosophical Transaction presented in Royal

Society of London, England Described the ridges and pores of the hands

and feet

Govard Bidloo

Studied sweat pores and ridges

Marcelo Malpighi

Father of Dactyloscopy 1686 Professor at University of Bolognia, Italy Written “De Externo Tactus Organo” Discovery of Epidermis and Dermis layer Malphigi layer

JCA Mayer

1788 Anatomiche Kuphertafeln First to state that fingerprints are never

duplicated in two persons

Johannes Purkinje

1823 Professor at University of Breslau, Germany Established a classification system of

fingerprints Identified 9 type of patterns Did not associate fingerprints with identification

Herman Welcker

Took his own fingerprint twice with a lapse of 41 years and showed the ridge formation remains the same

William Herschel

1858 Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in

Jungipoor, India First to advocate the use of fingerprints as

substitute for signature among Indian natives to avoid impersonation

Based on superstition rather than personal identification

Rajyadhar Konai – local businessman, first person that Herschel took the palm print of

Henry Faulds 1870's British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in

Tokyo, Japan Credited with first fingerprint identification of a

greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle Took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticing

finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery Published an article in the Scientific Journal,

"Nature" Fingerprint as means of personal identification Use of printer's ink

Gilbert Thomson

1882 U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico Used his own thumb print on a document to

prevent forgery First known use of fingerprints in the United

States

Mark Twain

1883 Samuel L. Clemens Life of the Mississippi

a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification

Pudd'n Head Wilson there was a dramatic court trial on fingerprint

identification

Francis Galton

1888 First classification system Developed the Arch, Loop and Whorl patterns

as general classification Identified 9 types of patterns First to establish a Civil Bureau of Personal

Identification Minutia or Galton details Stated that the possibility of having two

fingerprints alike is 1:64,000,000,000

Juan Vucetich 1891 Argentine Police Official, began the first

fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types System was accepted in most Spanish

Speaking countries At first, included fingerprint with the Bertillon

System files 1892 First criminal fingerprint identification Francis Rojas-murdered her two sons and cut

her own throat (left a bloody mark at the post)

Haque and Bose June 12, 1897 Council of the Governor General of India approved

a committee report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records

Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau

Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose

Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification

Edward Richard Henry

Father of fingerprint Developed the Henry System of Classification

at Scotland Yard Accepted by almost all English-speaking

countries Published book "The Classification and Use of

Fingerprints"

Edmond Locard

12 point system Wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were

the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification