Perkuliahan Ke - 11

8/17/2019 Perkuliahan Ke - 11

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PALEONTOLOGI

DOSEN :

VIJAYA ISNANIAWARDHANI, IR., MT

LILI FAUZIELLY, IR., MT


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PERKULIAHAN KE - 11

POKOK BAHASAN :

ICHNOFOSSILICHNOFOSSIL


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Tujuan Intruksional Khusus

(TIK) :Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini,

mahasiswa dapatmenguraikan cirri dan jenis- jenis Ichnofosil


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De!"#$# S#%&!'( :

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• 0#"# **

• /e%#-/e%#

• !e(e")'$'('%

ICHNOFOSIL


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B'0''% W'/# :

Boggs, Sam JR., 1995, Principles ofSedimentology and Stratigraphy, r!nti"!

#all $ngl!%oo& 'lis, !% J!rs!*, + 1-15/, 50-25.

3o, ., 1905, Elsevier’s InvertebrateFossils Charct, $ls!4i!rs S"i!n"! uish!r,B. 6., 7mst!r&am


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B'0''% A%/*"'% :

8!os"i!n"!s /0, 2///, Paleontology

Laboratory Manual , ni4!rsit* o 7riona, -1

+.


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CHARACTERISTIC

Ichnofossils or Trace fossil represent theeffect of organismal activity upon or in the

substrate. Tracks, trail and the like are themost commonly encountered traces. Adistinction can therefore be made betweenbody fossils, which are actual remains of

organism, ant trace fossils which representan indication of an organism’s behavioralactivity.


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Trace fossils, though not preserving the body or necessarilythe morphology of the orginal organism, do have certainadvantages over body fossils. In general

a.Trace fossils are often preserved in environments that arehostile to the preservation of body fossils !e.g shallow,high energy environments, shallow marine sandstone anddeep marine shales"

b.Trace fossils are generally not affected by diagenesis, andmay actually be enhanced !visually" by diagenetic processes

c.Trace fossils are not transported, and are thus goodindicator of the original sedimentary environment


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Trace fossil may be preserved in a number of reliefs.They may preserved in actual #$dimensional relief,within sediment or sometimes the trace become filledin by a more resistant mineral and are subse%uentlyeroded out of the surrounding sediment in full relief.

&ore often, there is partial preservation caused by themovement of the tracemaker in and out of the

depositional interface. This semi relief may occur onthe upper surface of a bed !concave epirelief, or theircasts, conve' hyporelief", or on the underside of a bed!concave hyporelief".

(Exception : Feeding daage on body !ossils (li"e daage on bones,coprolites and leaves# are also sub$ect to the sae taphonoic processes that a!!ect the body !ossil% &oeties these traces actually !acilitate the degradation o! the body !ossil%#


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THE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TRACE

FOSSIL ETHOLOGICAL CLASSES

a% 'epichnia% These are crawing or walking traces( this group includesany trace that was made during locomotion. Included in this category aree'ample of amphibian, reptilian, and mammalian footprints. )ru*iana isan e'ample of crawing trace made by a trilobite( note the scratch marksmade by the trilobite appendages.

b% Fodichnia% These are feeding structure, usually infaunal burrows madeby deposit feeders that systematically mine sediment for food. A typical feature faun associated with these types of traces is called spreiten. +ther fodichnial traces consist of comple' burrows that form branchingnetworks where the organism has tunneled systematically below substrate!e.g. )hondrites"


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c% oichnia% omichnia trace are burrows used principally for dwellingas opposed to feeding. These types of burrows may be oriented vertically !e.gSkolithos", or are commonly -$shaped.

d% Cubichnia% This group of behavioral traces includes resting or nestingtraces( places where organism rested temporarily on the substrate. 'amplesare common impression left by sea stars and trilobites !/usophycus"

!% )ard substrate traces% All the above categories are associated wiyh soft

substrate. Trace can also be made on hard substrates !i.e. on shells orlthified surface" and are usually called borings. 'amples are the smallboring left behind by clionid sponges boring clam shells, the large hole leftby endolithic bivalves and the predatory drill hole of gastropods andoctopods.


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!% Pascichnia% These types of traces are made by

gra*ing herbivores, usually at the sediment0water

interface. 1ereites ia a systematic sinuous trail

made by deep water gastropods.

g%&troalithes% 2ow stromalites are formed is shown by different morphologies !SS, S2, 32, 3"

and indicate each environmental significance.


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S!e' I0%232#+ '('* F2#+ Je/'!


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Perkuliahan Ke - 11

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