Periodic Table of Elements Pages 124-167 Ch.4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1 MEET THE ELEMENTS.

Periodic Table of Elements

Pages 124-167Ch.4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1

MEET THE ELEMENTS

Dmitri Mendeleev

• He recognized patterns in the element’s approximate atomic masses and their ability to bond with other elements.

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Periodic Table

• Based on atomic masses and their ability to bond with other elements, Mendeleev constructed the first periodic Table.

The Atom

• Nucleus: The core of the atom that contains two different subatomic particles.

The Atom cont…

• Protons: Have a positive charge.

• The number of protons equals the number of electrons.

The Atom cont…

• Neutrons: Have no Charge.

The Atom cont…

• Electrons Negative charge.

• .

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Atomic Numbers, Symbols and Mass• Atomic

number is the smaller number and the number of protons in the nucleus.

47

AgSilver

107.868

Element Symbol

Element Name

Atomic mass is all the protons and neutrons added together.

How to calculate # of neutrons

• Atomic mass - Atomic number = # of neutrons

This element is Nitrogen. Its mass is 14. So atomic # of 7, minus atomic mass of 14, equals 7 neutrons.

Count the number of protons. What element is it?

How to Calculate Number of Electrons

• The number of electrons equal the number of protons.

7 electrons

7 protons

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Please select a Team.

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1. Team 1

2. Team 2

3. Team 3

4. Team 4

5. Team 5

6. Team 6

7. Team 7

8. Team 8

How many neutrons does Mn (Manganese) have?

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1. 25

2. 55

3. 7

4. 30

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How many Neutrons does K (Potassium) have?

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1. 19

2. 20

3. 39

4. 11

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10

How many Protons does Hg Have?

1 2 3

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1. 80

2. 200

3. 120

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How many Electrons does Hg Have?

1 2 3

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1. 80

2. 200

3. 120

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Team Scores

2 Team 4

2 Team 7

1.75 Team 2

1.5 Team 6

1.5 Team 8

1.4 Team 1

1.25 Team 3

0.5 Team 5

Isotopes

• When atoms of the same element have a different number of neutrons

Valence Electrons

• The electrons on the outermost ring or energy level that can be shared or transferred with other atoms to make compounds.

Valence Electrons and Bonding (ch. 5.1 pgs. 176-182)The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element determines many properties of that element, including the ways in which the atom can bond with other atoms.

When an atom has a different # of neutrons it’s called a…

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1. Ion

2. Isotope

3. Proton

4. Element

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What subatomic particle influences an elements ability to bond?

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1. Protons

2. Neutrons

3. Valence Electrons

4. Nucleus

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Take out a piece of paper, stand up

and stretch

WARM-UP• What electrons influence an element’s

ability to bond with other elements to make compounds?

• What information does the periodic table tell us?

• What is an Isotope? • Calculate the number of neutrons in the

following elements: Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), Potassium (K) and Cobalt (Co).

Groups –Familieselements in a group have verysimilar characteristicsi.e. bonding, reactivity, valence electrons

Periods- elements in a period are not alike, but gradually change as you move from left to right.

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METALS

•Almost 75% of all elements are classified as metals.

Properties of Metals• Conductors: Metals are good at conducting electricity.

• Malleable: Ability to bend or pound into shapes.

Properties of Metals

•Ductile: Pull or stretch into wire.

•Many are shiny, hard and magnetic.

Please select a Team.

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1. Team 1

2. Team 2

3. Team 3

4. Team 4

5. Team 5

6. Team 6

7. Team 7

8. Team 8

What are the horizontal rows called on the periodic table?

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1. Periods

2. Groups/families

What is a characteristic of metals?

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1. Gas

2. Stable

3. Good conductor

4. Brittle

Metals are malleable, which means…

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1. Pound or mold into shape

2. Brittle

3. Stretch into wire

What do all elements in a group/family have in common?

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1. Same # of Valence electrons

2. Same # of protons

3. Same # of rings/shells/energy levels

What do all elements in a PERIOD have in common?

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1 2 3

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1. Same # of Valence electrons

2. Same # of protons

3. Same # of rings/shells/energy levels

Participant Scores

5 Participant 11 5 Participant 1

5 Participant 8 5 Participant 2

5 Participant 13 5 Participant 25

5 Participant 10 5 Participant 17

5 Participant 18 5 Participant 26

5 Participant 21 4 Participant 14

5 Participant 5 4 Participant 4

5 Participant 23 4 Participant 19

5 Participant 28 4 Participant 27

5 Participant 16 4 Participant 24

Team Scores

5 Team 7

4.75 Team 6

4.5 Team 3

4.5 Team 5

4.25 Team 1

4 Team 4

3.25 Team 2

2.6 Team 8

Alloys

•Metals can easily combine into different mixtures of elements.

Examples of alloys• Steel: Fe+C+Cr+V• Bronze: Sn+Cu• Brass: Cu+Zn• White Gold: Ag+Au+Zn+Cu

• Yellow gold: Au+Cu+Ni+Zn

ALKALI METALS-Group 1

•So reactive that they are never found isolated in nature, only combined with other elements.

ALKALI METALS-Group 1

Characteristics Properties:

• Soft

• Shiny

• One valance: electron makes them very reactive.

Write down the following:

Reactivity of Hydrogen demo• Purpose: To isolate and observe the

reactivity of an alkali element: H (hydrogen).

• Materials: 250mL flask, mossy zinc, hydrochloric acid, balloon, string, funnel, meter stick, and matches.

• Place enough zinc into the flask to cover the bottom.

• Place the funnel on the mouth of the flask.• Pour enough HCL into the flask to cover the

zinc (about 2cm high)• Quickly, but carefully remove the funnel and

place the balloon over the mouth of the flask.• Let the gas fill the balloon.• Tie the string around the balloon and remove

the balloon from the flask.• Tie the balloon to a safe place.• Attach a match to the end of a meter stick and

light the balloon with the lit match.

The Hydrogen reacted so violently because it has…

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1. 3 protons

2. 1 neutron

3. 2 valence electrons

4. 1 valence electron

What family is Hydrogen in?

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1. Alkali

2. Alkaline Earth

3. Transition

4. Halogens

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The reaction was:Zn + HCl ZnCl + H2

What is the correctly balanced equation?

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1. Zn + H2Cl ZnCl + H2

2. 2Zn + 2HCl 2ZnCl + H2

3. Zn + HCl ZnCl + H2

4. 2Zn + 3HCl 2ZnCl + H2

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The reaction was:H2 + O2 H2O

What is the correctly balanced equation?

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1. H2 + O2 H2O

2. H2 + O2 H2O2

3. 2H2 + O2 2H2O

Alkaline Earth Metals

• Group 2 metals.

• Very reactive, not as reactive as alkali metals due to having one more valence electron.

• Ca: important for bones.

TRANSITION METALS

• All are good conductors of electricity.

• Fairly stable.

• Fe : Iron is important for carrying oxygen in your blood.

Lanthinides and Actinides

• AKA Rare Earth Elements.

• Placed at the bottom of the table for convenience.

• They are in Periods 6 and 7.

Metalloids

Have some properties of both metals and nonmetals.

They are located on the zigzag line between the metals and the nonmetals.

Physical Properties:

•Can be good at conducting electricity, therefore some are used as computer chips such as Si and Ge.

Non-metals•Non metals lack properties of metals.

•They are on the right side of the periodic table.

•Non metals usually react with metals to make compounds.

•In general, metals give up electrons to non-metals.

Fe

O

Fe2O3 = Iron Oxide = Rust

Properties of Metals cont…

• Reactivity: Ability to react and combine with other elements. Some are more reactive than others. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are some of the most reactive metals.

Please select a Team.

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12% 12% 12% 12%12%12%12%12%1. Team 1

2. Team 2

3. Team 3

4. Team 4

5. Team 5

6. Team 6

7. Team 7

8. Team 8

What group of elements do the metals commonly bond with?

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1. Non-metals

2. Rare earth

3. Alkali

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What are the group 17 elements called?

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1. Alkaline Earth

2. Rare Earth

3. Halogen

4. Transition Metals

Which elements are placed at the bottom of the table for

convenience?

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1. Alkaline Earth

2. Rare Earth

3. Halogens

4. Transition

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What is the Group/Family name of the elements in BLUE?

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1. Alkali

2. Alkaline Earth

3. Transition

4. Metalloids

5. Halogen

6. Noble Gas

7. Rare Earth0

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What is the Group/Family name of the elements in RED?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14% 14% 14% 14%14%14%14%

1. Alkali

2. Alkaline Earth

3. Transition

4. Metalloids

5. Halogen

6. Noble Gas

7. Rare Earth

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What is the Group/Family name of the elements in GREEN?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14% 14% 14% 14%14%14%14%

1. Alkali

2. Alkaline Earth

3. Transition

4. Metalloids

5. Halogen

6. Noble Gas

7. Rare Earth

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Participant Scores

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Team Scores

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Write thisPredicting Reactions

• Elements become more stable as they gain more valence electrons.

• As a result, atoms will gain, lose or share electrons to form compounds so that they have 8 valence electrons or a full shell.

• This is called the Octet Rule. However there are many exceptions, but this is an easy way to predict common reactions.

Atoms are “happy” when they have either only 2 valence electrons (He and H) or 8 electrons.

Families of Non-metals

• Carbon Family is group 14 and is the only non-metal in that group and is found in all living things.

Carbon needs 4e

Oxygen needs 2e 2 O on 1

C makes…

CO2

Families of Non-metals

Nitrogen Family is group 15 and Nitrogen makes up 78% of the earth’s atmosphere.

Nitrogen needs 3e

Hydrogen can give

1e 3 H on 1 N

makes…

NH3

Families of Non-metals

Oxygen family is group 16 and oxygen makes up approximately 20% of the earth’s atmosphere.

Oxygen needs 2e

Magnesium can give 2e 1 Mg on

1 O makes…

MgO

• The Halogen family is group 17. Each element has 7 valence electrons, therefore it commonly takes one electron away from group one metals to make compounds.

Write this Families of Non-metals

Chlorine needs 1e

Potassium can give

1e 1 K on 1 Cl

makes…

KCl

• The Noble Gases are group 18. They have 8 valence electrons, therefore they are very stable and non-reactive.

Write this Families of Non-metals

Hydrogen

• Not a part of group 1.

• Generally found as H2

•It doesn’t fit into any other family because it is so different from all other elements.

Group 17 has 7 valence electrons and are called the

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1. Alkali metals

2. Alkaline Earth Metals

3. Halogens

4. Noble Gases

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Group 18 has 8 valence electrons and are called

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1. Alkali metals

2. Alkaline Earth Metals

3. Halogens

4. Noble Gases

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What element would Na (Sodium) bond with?

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1. Br

2. K

3. W

4. Al

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What element would Mg (Magnesium) bond with?

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1. Au

2. Na

3. Se

4. Kr

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How many Hydrogen atoms would bond to one N (Nitrogen)?

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1. 6

2. 2

3. 8

4. 3

The Sun and Nuclear Fusion• How does the sun produce energy?

• During nuclear fusion, two atomic nuclei collide and fuse.

Chemical compositions of Stars:

Each element absorbs different wavelengths of light and shows up as lines on a spectrum.

Temperature: Stars at different temperatures produce different line spectra.

Star Spectrums• Astronomers can use line spectrums to identify

the chemical elements in a star. Each element produces a characteristic pattern of spectral lines.

The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

• Astronomers use H-R diagrams to classify stars and to understand how stars change over time.

The Earth’s Seasons• Equinox: Two days of the year half

way between the solstice, the earth’s axis is neither pointed away or toward the sun. The daylight hours are equal to the nighttime hours.

• Vernal Equinox: or Spring equinox is on March 21st

• Autumnal Equinox: is September 23rd.