Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on Substrate Integrated ......Anirban Sarkar1, Soumava Mukherjee2, Animesh Biswas3 1[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Periodic

Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on

Substrate Integrated Waveguide for Gain

Enhancement by

Anirban Sarkar1, Soumava Mukherjee2, Animesh Biswas3

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Kanpur-208016, India [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper, 2-elements and 4-elements substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)

based leaky-wave array antennas are presented and their performances are compared. The

enhanced gain and scan angles for 2-elements are 15.4 dBi and 45º respectively and for 4-

elements the same is 18.4 dBi and 30º respectively. In the final design of 4-elements array

antenna, sinusoidal variation of slot length is used to reduce the side lobe level (SLL). A 1x4

cascaded SIW power divider with effective matching port is used to feed the antenna.

Simulations of the antennas are carried out using HFSS software and presented here.

Keywords: Frequency scanning; gain enhancement; leaky-wave array antenna; substrate

integrated waveguide; power divider.

References:

[1] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis and K. Wu, “Review of substrate-integrated waveguide

circuits and antennas,” IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 5, pp. 909–920, 2011.

[2] Z. Kordiboroujeni and J. Bornemann, “Designing the width of substrate integrated

waveguide structures,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 23, no. 10, pp.

518-520, Oct. 2013.

[3] J. Liu and D.R. Jackson, “Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna

with transverse slots,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 20-29, Jan 2012.

[4] Y. Mohtashami and J.R. Mohassel, “A butterfly substrate integrated waveguide leaky

wave antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 3384-3388, Jun. 2014.

[5] S. Dutta, S. Mukherjee, and A. Biswas, “Design of broadband power divider based on

substrate integrated waveguide technology,” IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference

(AEMC), Bhubaneswar, Dec. 2013.

[6] F. Xu, K. Wu, and X. Zhang, “Periodic leaky-wave antenna for millimeter wave

applications based on substrate integrated waveguide,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.

58, no. 2, pp. 340-347, Feb. 2010.

Anirban Sarkar is a Ph. D. student in Dept. of Electrical Engineering

with specialization of RF and Microwave at Indian Institute of

Technology Kanpur under the supervision of Prof. Animesh Biswas.

Mr. Sarkar received the Master of Engineering (M.E) degree in the

specialization of Microwave Communication under Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering Dept. at Indian Institute of

Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India in 2013 and

Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) degree from Dept. of Electronics and

Communication Engineering at Hooghly Engineering and Technology

College in 2011. His research is supported by MHRD, Govt. of India and his current research

primarily involves various Leaky-Wave Antennas (LWAs), Substrate Integrated Waveguide

(SIW) and Partial Reflective Surface. Also he holds a graduate membership in IEEE. During

his postgraduate study period he published one journal paper in International Journal of

Microwave and Optical Technology (2014, published) and two conference papers in IEEE

2015 Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (Presented) and IEEE Applied

Electromagnetics Conference 2015 (accepted). He can be contacted at: [email protected] or

[email protected].

*This use of this work is restricted solely for academic purposes. The author of this work owns the copyright

and no reproduction in any form is permitted without written permission by the author.*

Anirban Sarkar1*, Soumava Mukherjee2, Animesh Biswas3

1*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on SubstrateIntegrated Waveguide for Gain Enhancement

1*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

India

OutlineOutline

Leaky Wave Antennas (LWAs) and Classifications

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)

LWA Array by SIW Based Power Divider

2

Gain Enhancement

Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction

Conclusion

References

Presented By: Anirban Sarkar

DefinitionDefinition

“An antenna that couples power in small increments per unit length either continuously or discretely from a travelling wave structure to free space” [1-2].

Leaky Wave Antennas (LWAs) (IEEE Standard 145-1993)

3

Leaky-wave antenna belongs to the traveling-wave antenna family. Propagation wavenumber is a complex number. The phase constant β of the wave controls the beam angle. The attenuation constant α controls the beamwidth.


LWA classificationsLWA classifications

Based on beam scan:

• Forward beam scanning

• Forward/Backward beam scanning

• 1D-2D beam scanning

Based on beam shape:

• Fan beam

• Pencil beam

• Conical beam

4


• WWidide e beambeam

Based on geometry:

• Uni-dimentional (uinform/periodic)

• Bi-dimentional(1D array/2D array)

• Tapered/Nontapered

• Straight/Curved geometry.

Based on waveguiding structures:

• Metallic, Hybrid, Dielectric, Printed, Planar waveguides

• Basically-closed/Basically-open structures

• Microwave/Millimeter-wave guides

Advantages and applications5

Advantages

Simple feed-network and easy matching at input and output. Beams of different shapes i.e. conical, fan, pencil beams etc. Can provide very narrow beams. Beam scanning (from backward to forward quadrant). Can be flush mounted (e,g with missile body). Directivity and scanning performances can be comparable Directivity and scanning performances can be comparable

to those of array antenna.

Applications

LWAs can find application in various wireless links (control andmonitor systems, WLAN, Radar etc.) particularly in the microwaveand mm-wave ranges, Automotive collision avoidance applications.


Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)

Substrate Integrated Waveguide is an attractive technology which incorporateswaveguide circuits in planar form by incorporating rows of metallic vias toimplement the side wall of the waveguide.

b

s

p

saa ds

95.0

2

where,

5

as

b

p

Dielectric substrate

Dominant Mode : 10TE

Characteristic Impedance of SIW : w

s

PI Za

bZ

8

2

dp

s

aa

p

g

r

d

2

5

95.0


1x2 Y1x2 Y--Type SIW Power Type SIW Power DDividerivider6

port1

port3

port2


port1

port5

port4

port3

port2

1x4 Cascaded SIW Power 1x4 Cascaded SIW Power DDividerivider7


9

Design 1Design 1


2 elements SIW based LWAs array. 1x2 Y-type SIW power divider.

Proposed geometry specification

frequency range : X- bandsubstrate type : polyethylenesusubsbstrattrate e heighheight t ((hh) ) : : 1mm1mmdielectric constant (Ɛr) : 2.25tanδ : 0.001length of the radiator ~ 10λ0

Periodicity of the slots is chosen as about 1/13 of the guided wavelength to avoid multi-beam operation.

a = 10.5 mm, l_slot = 4.55mm, d = 2.5mm, w_slot = 0.45mm, s=1.6mm, r=0.4mm, g=5.71mm

10

Floquet’sFloquet’s Theorem for Theorem for Periodic StructuresPeriodic Structures

Floquet’s theorem says, in a periodic system, for a given mode of propagation at a given steadystate frequency, the fields at one cross section differ from those one period (or an integer multiple of periods) away by only a complex constant .

where, here ‘n’ no. of spatial floquet harmonics

0, 1, 2,n

2zn z

n

d


11

contd..

00 n k 0 0nk

0n

1

0

sin mk

2

1

2 21

2 d

Phase constant for TE10 mode

The direction of maximum beam

θm is the angle of maximum beam direction measured from broadside to end-fire


contd..12

Design 2Design 2

4-elements SIW based LWAs array. 1x4 cascaded SIW power dividers. The sinusoidal variation of slots amplitude with

aperture field distribution Better side-lobe level (SLL) than before.

sinusoidal variation


13

Simulated ResponseSimulated Response


contd.. Radiation PatternsRadiation Patterns

antenna 1 antenna 2

14

Maximum Gain : 15.4 dBi

Frequency scanning range : 45º

the fast wave region falls under

10.5-11.9 GHz

Maximum Gain : 18.4 dBi

Frequency scanning range : 30º

the fast wave region falls under

10.9-11.9 GHz


33--D Polar Plot of Radiation PatternsD Polar Plot of Radiation Patterns

antenna 1antenna 2

15Presented By: Anirban Sarkar

16

ConclusionConclusion

In this proposed design a 1x4 cascaded SIW power divider fed leaky-wave antenna is introduced.

By transforming the design from 1x2 to 1x4, gain is enhanced by 3 dB withacceptable SLL.


Due to the mutual coupling between the two adjacent elements with periodicslots, design limits the frequency scan range of 45º to 30º.

The proposed design is low profile, low cost and can be easily integratedinto microwave and mm-wave circuits.

References

1. A. A. Oliner and D. R. Jackson, Ch. 11: “Leaky-Wave Antennas,” Antenna Engineering Handbook, J. L. Volakis, Ed., New York: McGrawHill, 2007.

2. A.A. Oliner, Ch. 10 :“Leaky-Wave Antennas,” Antenna Engineering Handbook,R.C. Johnson, 3rd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill,1993.

3. A. Hessel, Antenna Theory, Part II, R. E. Collin and R. F. Zucker, Eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, ch. 19.

4. T. Tamir, Antenna Theory, Part II, R. E. Collin and R. F. Zucker, Eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, ch. 20.

5. L. O. Goldstone and A. A. Oliner, “Leaky-Wave Antennas—Part I: Rectangular Waveguides,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-7,October 1959, pp. 307–319.

6. D. R. Jackson and A. A. Oliner, Ch. 7: “Leaky-Wave Antennas,” Modern Antenna Handbook,C. A. Balanis, Ed., New York: Wiley, 2008.

7. C. Caloz, D.R. Jackson,and T. Itoh, Ch. 9 : “Leaky-Wave Antennas,” Frontiers in Antennas, F. Gross, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

8. K. Zhang, D. Li, “Electromagnetic theory for microwaves and optoelectronics,” Springer, 2nd edition, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008.

9. A. A. Oliner,Radiating periodic structures: Analysis in terms of k versus β diagrams. Jun. 4, 1963, short course on microwave field and

17

9. A. A. Oliner,Radiating periodic structures: Analysis in terms of k versus β diagrams. Jun. 4, 1963, short course on microwave field and

network techniques.10. P. Baccarelli, S. Paulotto, and D. R. Jackson, “Broadside radiation properties of 1-D microstrip leaky-wave antennas,”ICEAA’05, pp.

755–758, Turin, Italy, 12-16 Sept. 2005.

11. C. Caloz and T. Itoh,Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications: The EngineeringApproach, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

12. S. Paulotto, P. Baccarelli, F. Frezza, and D.R. Jackson,“A novel technique for open-stopband suppression in 1-D periodic printedleaky-wave antennas,” IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagat., vol. 57, pp. 1894-1906, Jul. 2009.

13. Y. D. Dong, and T. Itoh, “Composite right/left-handed substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antennas,” in European MicrowaveConf., Munich, Oct. 2009, pp. 276–279.

14. S. Lim, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “Metamaterial-based electronically controlled transmission line structure as a novel leaky-wave antennawith tunable angle and beamwidth,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 161–173, Jan. 2005.

15. T. Zhao, D. R. Jackson, J. T. Williams, H.-Y. D. Yang, and A. A. Oliner, “2-D periodic leaky-wave antennas—part I: Metal patchdesign,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 3505–3514, Nov. 2005.

16. C. Caloz, T. Itoh, and A. Rennings, “CRLH metamaterial leaky-wave and resonant antennas,” IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol.50, no. 5, pp. 25–39, Oct. 2008.


contd..18

17. M. Guglielmi and D. R. Jackson, “Broadside radiation from periodic leaky-wave antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 41,no. 1, pp. 31-37, Jan 1993.

18. L. Liu, C. Caloz and T. Itoh, “Dominant mode leaky-wave antenna with backfire to endfire scanning capability,” Electronics Letters,vol. 38, no. 23, pp. 1414-1416, 7th Nov. 2002.

19. F. P. Casares-Miranda, C. C. Penalosa and C. Caloz, “High-gain active composite right/left-handed leaky-wave antenna,” IEEETrans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2292-2300, Aug. 2006.

20. A. Rahman, Y. Hao and C. G. Parini “Cross-polar component suppression of interdigital-capacitor and stub-inductor-based leaky-wave antenna,” Electronics Letters., vol. 45, no. 1, 1st Jan. 2009.

21. J. Liu, D. R. Jackson and Y. Long, “Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna with transverse slots,” IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 20-29, Jan 2012.

22. M. Majumdar, A. Alphones, J. Cheng and Nasimuddin, “Compact leaky-wave antenna with periodical slots on substrate integratedwaveguide” EuCAP’2014: The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2014.waveguide” EuCAP’2014: The 8 European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2014.

23. S. Matsuzawa, K. Sato, Y. Inoe and T. Nomura, “Steerable composite right/left-handed leaky wave antenna for automotive radarapplications” Proceedings of the 36th European Microwave Conference, Sep. 2006, Manchester, UK.


Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on Substrate Integrated ......Anirban Sarkar1*, Soumava Mukherjee2, Animesh Biswas3 1*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Periodic

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Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on Substrate Integrated ......Anirban Sarkar1, Soumava Mukherjee2, Animesh Biswas3 1[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Periodic