Period IV Review 1450-1750. Major European Developments Changes in: Way people view themselves Governments and their authority Religion, politics,

Period IV Review

1450-1750

Major European Developments Changes in:

Way people view themselves Governments and their authority Religion, politics, and individuality

Framed European interaction with the world Success based on competition and rivalry,

came at the expense of land-based empires

Revolution in European Thought and Expression Middle Age

Ends=Unification under centralized rule

Crusades renew contact b/t Euro and rest of the world Islamic and Byzantine

preservation of Greece and Rome

Rediscovered past+Productive present=4 classical movements Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part II Pop. Rise=demand

increase Massive urbanization Middle class emerges

in response to trade (bankers, merchants, etc.)

Extra money was spent on recapturing past

Humanism: A Bit More Focus on the Here and Now Shift from focus on

the afterlife (church) to here-and-now (secular)

Celebrating human achievement and focus on the individual

Reduces the authority of institutions

Don’t Call it a Comeback! (Actually, Go Ahead) Renaissance=rebirth

of classical Greece and Rome

Artistic techniques developed around realism Linear perspective Chiaroscurro

Architecture and sculpture returned to the classical ages

Heading North and West More religious Portraiture and

everyday life Italians vs. the rest

Famous northern painters existed, but Italian artists far outnumbered them

North primarily known from literature developments

Western Writers Finally Get Readers Johannes Gutenberg and

the Printing Press More affordable Printed in vernacular More literacy/education

The Prince Machiavelli’s guide for

ruling Christian humanism

Erasmus’s In Praise of Folly More’s Utopia

William Shakespeare Showed obsession with

classical politics/mythology

The Protestant Reformation Pope had immense

power Church as unifier and

endorser (Heaven through the Church)

Indulgences Sold to pay for

Renaissance projects Reduced time in

purgatory Nobility resented

wealth and power of the Church

Martin Luther: Monk on a Mission 95 Theses

Challenged the church on indulgences, wealth, etc.

Church services in vernacular

Cut out the middle man for salvation

Ideas spread north (printing press)

Excommunicated

Christianity Splits Again Protestantism

Wave of anti-Catholicism creates new sects of Christianity

New ideas on salvation Justification by faith Predestination

(Calvinism) Challenging Rome’s

Authority Henry VIII and the

Anglican Church

The Counter-Reformation: The Pope Reasserts His Authority Changes

Indulgence sales banned

Frequent meetings with bishops and parishes

Train priests to live the life they preach

Reaffirmations Obligatory weekly mass Supreme authority of

the pope was re-established

Council of Trent (1545-63) Defined interpretation

and clarified positions Latin re-established Persecution of “heretics”

Ignatius of Loyola Founded Jesuit order Self-control and

moderation Prayer AND good works

lead to salvation Many appointed by kings

to high palace positions

The Scientific Revolution: Prove It or Lose It Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentric Theory Galileo Galilei

Challenged Ptolemaic model (Church model) of geocentric universe

The Scientific Method Proving theories

through experimentation and analysis (not just reason)

Johannes Kepler Elliptical Orbits

Sir Isaac Newton Invented calculus to

prove other’s theories Developed the law of

gravity Questioning of the

church and new findings led to a rise in Atheism and Deism.

The Enlightenment: Out of Darkness, Into the Light Focused on the

relationship b/t man and government

Divine right was constant despite Reformation divisions

Social Contract challenges the absolute rule of monarchs

Enlightened Monarchs Absolute rulers who

increased tolerance and opportunity for their people through enlightenment ideas

Hobbes Gov’t preserves peace and

stability at all costs Locke

Natural rights, gov’t secured and protected natural rights

Rousseau General will of the people

sets laws to be followed Montesquieu

Seperation of Powers Voltaire

Freedom of speech, press, etc.

European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind Pre-1400

Exploration limited to land (sea-routes connected through land-routes)

European desires Eliminate Muslim

middlemen Establish trade routes

to Asia Spurred on by

Hanseatic League success

Portugal leads the way with Prince Henry the Navigator 1488- Dias rounds Africa 1497- de Gama explores E.

Africa coast and lands in Calicut, India

Spain goes west under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492- Columbus goes west

to find China and India, runs into Cuba and the West Indies instead

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Early Explorers Vespucci

Identified the Americas as a new continent

Ponce de Leon Florida for Spain (1513)

Vasco de Balboa (1513) Central America for Spain,

saw Pacific Ocean Magellan (1519)

Southern tip of S.A., crew circumnavigated

Henry Hudson (1609) Looked for Northwest

Passage, claimed Hudson River valley for the Dutch

And Now A Word From Our Sponsors Technology exchange

made it possible Cartography advances Sternpost Rudder Lateen Sails Astrolabe Magnetic Compass Three-Masted Caravels

Competitiveness of Europe meant rapid adoption of old tech

The New World: Accidental Empire I LIKE GOLD!!!! Wealth of the New World

attracted conquest Cortes and the Aztecs

(The enemy of my enemy, blah, blah, blah)

I No Feel So Good Disease (smallpox) and

weaponry rapidly made up for the lack of manpower and the mighty Incas (Pizarro) and Aztecs were quickly conquered

Feudalism: American Style

Creoles Mestizos

and Mulatt

os African Slaves and

Native Americans

Encomienda System New hierarchies

established as Spanish moved in

Viceroys used to govern regions (5)

In return for protection and conversion of natives, penisulares were given land

African slaves brought in to supplement the workforce

Peninsulares

The African Slave Trade: The Love of Money at the Root of Evil Slavery was not new, but

demand had grown African rulers were

divided, but Europeans were not concerned

Middle Passage (Africa to Americas)

Major Demographic Shifts Africans had forced

migration Native Americans wiped

out European urban pop.

increased

The Columbian Exchange: Continental Shift Transfer of foods,

animals, resources, and diseases across the Atlantic

Europe and Africa Squash, beans, corn,

potatoes, and cacao Americas

Horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugar cane

Effects in Afroeurasia Pop. Increases Urbanization Enclosure movement

Effects in America Increase need for

slave labor around silver and sugar

Environmental degradation

The Commercial Revolution: The New Economy Joint-Stock Company

Reduces the risks of colonization ventures

Royal Charters Used by countries to

facilitate and monopolize trade (EIC)

Mercantilism Export more than you

import (favorable balance of trade)

Obtain gold and silver bullion

Manipulate trade through tariffs and colonization

Oh Yeah…Remember Asia? Europeans establish

sea-trade with Asia Difficult travel Protectionist policies Portuguese first, then

Dutch in Indonesia England and France

set up trading posts in India

European Rivals: Spain and Portugal Spain dominated the New

World Portugal dominated coastal

Africa, Indian Ocean, and Spice Islands Lost it’s position as the Dutch

and English became more powerful

Charles V (Hapsburg) Holy Roman Emperor Controlled from Germany to

Spain and colonies in the New World

Got tired of ruling and gave Germany/Austria to Ferdinand I

The rest went to Philip II

Philip II Devout Catholic Led the Spanish Inquisition Missionary work in New

World Controlling the Empire

Dutch Protestants revolted and broke into the Netherlands

Catholic Dutch became Belgium

Spanish Armada was defeated

Mid-17th c., Spain declines and England and France are rising

England Elizabethan Age

(1558-1603) Growth of exploration

and colonization Golden Age of

England Catholic and

Protestant fighting Petition of Right

Limited Charles I ability to tax and imprison

English Civil War (1641) Roundheads vs. Cavaliers Cromwell establishes

English Commonwealth Stuart Restoration

Charles II takes the throne

Habeas Corpus Act Glorious Revolution

Replaces James II with William and Mary

Sign English Bill of Rights Constitutional Monarchy

France Bourbon Dynasty

Huguenots vs. Catholics leads to Edict of Nantes

Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin Advisors to the throne Establish bureaucracy

Louis XIV (1643-1715) “Sun King” Built Palace of Versailles Overturned Edict of

Nantes

Jean Baptiste Colbert Managed royal funds Wanted revenue to

increase French empire War of Spanish

Succession (1701-1714) Louis XIV’s grandson

obtains Spanish throne Europe worries about a

super-combo (Fr and Sp) England, HRE, and German

princes unite Philip V gets Spanish

throne and Fr/Sp unification is forbidden

German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort of) HRE

Centralized in Germany and Austria

Pretty weak Feudalism and city-states Hapsburg intermarriages Catholic south vs. Lutheran

north

Remember 3 things HRE lost parts of Hungary

to Ottomans 30 Years War was

devastating By 1700’s Northern German

States (Prussia) gaining power

1555 Peace of Augsburg 30 Years War (1618)

Bohemian Protestants challenge HRE authority

France, Denmark and Sweden get involved

Left Germany depopulated and devastated (HRE lost 7 million people)

Peace of Westphalia (1648) German states get

independence (Prussia #1)

HRE declines rapidly

Russia Out of Isolation Good Ivan, Bad Ivan

Ivan III stops Russian tribute to Mongols

Ivan III and IV push Cossacks (peasant soldiers) eastward to Siberia and Caspian Sea

Time of Troubles (1604-1613) Competition over throne Romanovs take over and

rule harshly Expand to Ukraine and

north of Manchuria

Peter the Great (1682-1725) Westernized Russian

society and military Moved capital to St.

Petersburg Catherine the Great

(1762-1796) Enlightened monarch Enforced serfdom and

limited merchants Expanded to Poland and

Black Sea, access to the Mediterranean

Islamic Gupowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Ottoman Empire

Conquest of Constantinople (1453)

Religiously tolerant initially

Controlled from Greece to Persia, E. Mediterranean across N. Africa

Janissaries to expand empire

Golden Age under Suleiman I Expanded west to Vienna,

but never further

Safavids Shia Islam Modern day Iran, sandwiched

b/t Ottomans and Mughals Mughal Empire (Babur)

India, replaced Delhi Sultanate

United India under Akbar through religious toleration Eliminated jizya and sati, used

Hindus in gov’t Led to a golden age

Post Akbar Jizya reinstated and Hindus

persecuted, long-standing conflict

Europeans begin to dominate trade in the region

Africa Trade creates strong

centralized states in S and W Africa

Songhai Islamic state, traded salt/gold Centralized around Timbuktu

Kongo Traded closely w/ Portuguese Converts to Roman

Catholicism Portuguese slave trade leads

to war and decline Angola

Tried to resist Portugal by allying w/ Dutch but failed

Isolated Asia: China Ming Dynasty (1368-

1644) Ousted Mongols,

centralized, Confucianism Zheng He traveled Asia,

IO, and E. Africa w/ treasure fleets

Change from paper money to single whip system (silver based), led to exchange w/ Spanish Leads to massive inflation

Internal problems (famine, peasant revolts) led to Qing takeover (Manchus)

Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) Ethnically elite Social mobility increased

through exam system Kangxi (1662-1722) and

Qianlong (1735-1795) Confucian scholars Expand empire to N., C.,

and SE Asia Controlled trade w/

Europe to protect culture Merchant class rises

Japan Mid-1500’s

Shoguns rule but feudal lords are weak

Portugal establishes trade (guns) and Christianity takes hold

Tokugawa Shogunate (1600) Tokugawa Ieyasu

consolidates power Rigid class system

(warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant)

Moves capital to Edo

Western Resistance Christians persecuted National Seclusion

Policy (1635) creates seclusion

Allows for Japanese Renaissance

Buddhism and Shinto Kabuki theatre Haiku Artistry increases

Technology and Innovations 1450-1750 Europe’s Rise

Gunpowder, printing press, navigational advances

Asian Stagnation Japan and China revert to

tradition Muslims don’t take

advantage of European advances

Major Changes Animals, plants, disease, and

population migrations Wars in Europe and abroad

(religion and conquest) Transformed society across

the globe

Changes and Continuities in Women A Few Rise

Elizabeth I, Isabella, Nur Jahan The Song Remains the Same

Property of husbands, inherited less, few legal or political rights

Changes Global connections led to new

races and social structures Trade changes took female jobs

and put them in the hands of men

Forced African migration increased polygamy

Confucian values controlled women as domestic stabilizers

Enlightenment, Reformation, Renaissance changed little for women

Why Europe Endless Exploration

Explored politics, gov’t, culture, religion, territory, technology, science, trade, etc.

Asia focused on itself Islam didn’t take

advantage of changes Perfect storm of

factors for European dominance

Why Did Other Cultures Approach the West Differently?

China and Japan were content to keep Europe at bay

African societies were fragmented and unable to resist

Americas were underdeveloped

Middle East was bypassed by Europeans (middlemen)

How did the Global Economy Change? Sailing

Connected the world and diminished land trade

Mercantilism Established

imperialism, connecting politics w/ economics

Private Investment Put economy in the

hands of individuals, lessening government control