PERIOD 6, CONTEMPORARY ERA · that Hitler ran on) gained support in the 1930s through German Immigration. ... independence after WWII Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese colonies began

PERIOD 6, CONTEMPORARY ERA Ms. Dineen

DO NOW

Using the documents at your desks, hold mini-election based on the 1932 platforms of major political parties in Germany.

1. Read “Moment of Decision”

2. Each person takes a different party platform

3. Agree on one together as a group

FASCISM

WHY HITLER? WHAT GAVE RISE TO FASCISM IN

GERMANY?

FASCISM IN ITALY – MUSSOLINI

­ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYyZqlyDEL4

­ Power of the State: Italy felt slighted by the Treaty of Versailles à state fought back

­ Political: Nationalism called to restore the glory of Rome

­ Economic: Social: Supported mainly by middle class and landowners

­ Cultural: “Blackshirts” attacked local government institutions

FASCISM IN JAPAN

­ Totalitarian: Right-wing Statism rose following the close of WWI

­ Political: Nationalism fueled the desire to get revenge on allied powers

­ Economic: State capitalism to promote industry/ development of the navy

­ Social: the Ministry of Home Affairs began arresting left-wing political dissidents

­ Cultural: State religion

FASCISM IN CHILE

­ Totalitarian: long history of military dictatorship in Chile

­ Political: Coup attempted by Chileans with German heritage in 1938

­ Economic: scapegoated “others” for economic hardship

­ Social: Proletarian (working class) support

­ Cultural: National Socialism Party (the same platform that Hitler ran on) gained support in the 1930s through German Immigration

ANTI-COLONIALISM

­Gandhi led the Indian Independence movement against British rule through

publicized acts of civil disobedience, including the Salt March and several

fasts

­ Egypt was peacefully declared a limitedly independent African nation in

1922 by the British

­Korea resisted Japanese control from 1919 until they gained their

independence after WWII

­ Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese colonies began to resist foreign rule, but did

not gain independence until the 1950s and 1960s

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 3/28/2017

TERMS TO KNOW

­Duma: the elected legislative body that, along with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature from 1906 until its dissolution at the time of the March 1917 Revolution.

­Bolshevik: member of a wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia in 1917 and became the dominant political power.

­Soviet: an elected governmental council in a Communist country

­Commune: government-owned land worked by peasants in a socialist society

FIVE YEAR PLAN

­ Aimed to make the USSR an industrial nation ­ This would increase odds of success at war with

Europe

­ Marxist ideology is best realized in industrial society

FIVE YEAR PLAN

­ Collectivized farm land to increase agricultural production and make workers available for industry­ Peasants who refused to hand over farm land to the

government went to gulags, or prison labor camps­ The Holodomor, a term for the mass man-made famine

in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, is thought to have been an attempt by the government to punish Ukrainian peasants for resisting collectivization.

WWII 3/29/2018

DO NOW

Life Under Stalin:

Use circulating documents to learn about life under Stalin in the USSR on p. 12

APPEASEMENT

a policy of appeasing an enemy or potential aggressor by making concessions

1939

1944

ANSCHLUSS - 1938

SPANISH CIVIL WAR - 1936• War broke out in 1936 between

loyalists and nationalists• Nationalists, led by Francisco Franco,

received aid from Hitler and Mussolini

• By 1939, Franco was the fascist ruler of Spain. He led until 1975, but remained neutral during the war

YALTA

­February 1945

­Germany was not yet defeated

­although there were tensions about Poland, the big three - Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill - managed to agree to­ split Germany into four zones of occupation

­allow free elections in Eastern European countries.

­ invite Russia to join the forming United Nations

­Russia promised to join the war against Japan when Germany was defeated.

POTSDAM

­July 1945

­Germany had been defeated

­Roosevelt had died and Churchill had lost the 1945 election, so only Stalin remained from Yalta

­Open disagreements between Truman and Stalin:

­Truman came away angry about the size of reparations and the fact that a communist government was being set up in Poland.

­Truman did not tell Stalin that he had the atomic bomb.

Yalta Potsdam

Germany to be split into four zones.Arguments about the details of the

boundaries between the zones.

Germany will pay reparations.

Disagreements about the amount of reparations

Russia wanted to take. It was agreed that Russia

could take whatever it wanted from the Soviet

zone, and 10 per cent of the industrial equipment

of the western zones, but Britain and the US

thought this was too much.

A government of 'national unity' to be set up

in Poland, comprising both communists and non-

communists.

Truman was angry because Stalin had

arrested the non-communist leaders of Poland.

Free elections in the countries of eastern Europe.

This part of the agreement was called

the Declaration of Liberated Europe.

America and Britain were alarmed

because communists were coming to power in

the countries of Eastern Europe.

Russia would help against Japan when

Germany was defeated.

Truman dropped the atomic bomb so that Japan

would surrender before Russian troops could go

into Japan. America had the bomb in July 1945,

but Truman did not tell Stalin about it. When he

LATIN AMERICA, 1900-PRESENT

TAKE OUT A PLANNER OR YOUR ASSIGNMENT

SHEET

­Quizzes on the Horizon

­Don’t Procrastinate

­After school review TBA

CONTEXT

­With Spain under Napoleon’s control, Bolivar and San Martin led nationalist revolutions for independence in Latin America

­Regionalism drove apart Bolivar’s crumbling Empire

­Venezuela, Ecuador and New Granada came to exist as independent states, and the latter eventually became Colombia and Panama.

COMMUNISM IN CUBA

­Corruption under Batista was met with opposition from students, workers, and professionals who called for communist reform

­Castro led a successful communist revolution, establishing a new government supported by the USSR

COMMUNISM IN NICARAGUA

­ The Sandinistas sought to unite the Nicaraguan workers and peasants to destroy the “present system of capitalist exploitation and oppression” run by the Somoza dynasty and supported by the United States.

­ The Sandinistas overthrew President Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, ending 46 years of dictatorship by the Somoza family.

­ In 1990, however, the Nicaraguan populace, weary of war and economic depression, voted for the opposition party

­ Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega was reelected as president in 2006, 2011, and 2016.

COMMUNISM IN VENEZUELA

“Russia has gleaming steel towers and a stock exchange. China is like the biggest thing since sliced bread apparently, with Davos going so far as to herald it as the poster child of globalization at this year's World Economic Forum. Even Cuba is inching its way out of Castro-style communism by opening up to the United States. Meanwhile, across the sea in Venezuela, the Socialists United Party (PSUV) of the late Hugo Chavez is sticking to their narrative of savior Simon Bolivar and how the powers of a repressive, foreign capitalist system is bad, very bad, for the lumpen proletariat of South America.”

Forbes Editorial

REMINDERS

­Extra Credit Abrahamic Religions talk on 4/19

­Quarter ends Friday (all quizzes are for Unit 4)

­Essay feedback

­Using the Princeton Review Book

­Hotspots Project – p. 18

MIDDLE EAST, 1900-PRESENT 4/12/18

DO NOW- ON CARD

BRAIN DUMP: conflict in the Middle East

DO NOW

Complete the double bubble organizer and compose a thesis on p. 29

NAMES TO KNOW

­Ataturk:­Liberated Turkey from western control by westernizing in a way the Ottoman Empire would/could not

­Nasser: ­First president of the Egyptian Republic, 1956

­Known for his role in the Suez Crisis

PALESTINE AND ISRAEL

­ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wo2TLlMhiw&t=256s (at 1:40)

­ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZAneAxW7j0

BEEF IN IRAN AND IRAQ

https://www.history.com/topics/iran-iraq-war/videos/iran-iraq-war

INDIA, 1900-PRESENT 4/18/2017

INDEPENDENCE

On June 15, 1947, the British House of Commons passed the Indian Independence Act, or

Mountbatten Plan, which divided India into two dominions, India and Pakistan. It called for each

dominion to be granted its independence by Aug. 15 of that year.

INDEPENDENCE?

­Two nationalism organizations then needed to compete for power

­ Indian National Congress (1885)—Nationalist ideals to establish democracy would reduce the Muslim voice as a minority group

­The Muslim League (1906)

­Mohandas Gandhi supported both groups to get peace between the two groups, appointing a Muslim to lead a united India

­After Gandhi was killed by a Hindu extremist, Mohammad Ali Jinnah (leader) of Muslim League and became the leader of Pakistan (Governor General)

BRITAIN AND PARTITION

­Britain sent Lord Louis Mountbatten to India as the viceroy to negotiate independence

­Mountbatten acknowledged that a civil war was inevitable so he imposed a partition

­He created a Hindu State, India and a Muslim State, Pakistan

MOUNTBATTEN S PLAN

RESULTS AND INDEPENDENCE

­Mountbatten s Plan was a weak solution

­Britain continued to interfere in India even after independence was achieved

­Partition created massive migration, homelessness, integration into a new society

1947-1949 WAR

­The division between Western and Eastern Pakistan and India were highlighted by differing economic and religious issues

­Three states still controlled by the British were given the opportunity to chose independence or confirm their allegiance to India or Pakistan

­Kashmir, Mysore, and Hyderbad

WAR

­Both India and Pakistan s armies were receiving guidance from the British military

­Indian military (army) used aircraft and armored cars to transport troops to the capital of Kashmir

­A stalemate was reached by 1948 and a ceasefire agreement was reached, with Kashmir Becoming a part of India

INDIA AND PAKISTAN TODAY

IMMEDIATE RESULTS

PROBLEMS IN INDIA

Immediate:­Sikhs pressed for their own state

­14 state languages­Socialist 5-year plans under Nehru­Kashmir

Today:­Liberalizing economy­Population­Sanitation

­Opposition to Westernization

PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN

Immediate:­Small share of assets/infrastructure form the British­Many Hindu/Sikh leaders fled during the Partition­Border dispute with Afghanistan­Bengali war for independence from Pakistan

Today:­Military rule/nepotism­National literacy rate is 50%; 36% for women­Allied with the US to combat terrorism­Nukes?

AFRICA, 1900-PRESENT 4/23/2018

UPCOMING

­Cold War Hotspots Project

­Unit 6 Review Packet

­Autopsies!

CONTEXT

­Post-WWII, many European nations sought to decolonize in light of neo-colonialism

­Pan-Africanism, which originated in the United States encouraged black leadership in Africa

GENOCIDE IN RWANDA

­What is the goal?­ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-Of51T89EA&nohtml5=False

­What’s the difference between Hutus and Tustsis? ­ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcC8NCk82WA&nohtml5=False

On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying Habyarimana and Burundi’s president CyprienNtaryamira was shot down over Kigali, leaving no survivors. (It has never been conclusively determined who the culprits were. Some have blamed Hutu extremists,

while others blamed leaders of the RPF.) Within an hour of the plane crash, the Presidential Guard together with members of the Rwandan armed forces set up roadblocks and barricades and began slaughtering Tutsis and moderate Hutus with impunity.

RWANDA

The UN did not get involved in the conflict, and even withdrew the UN Peacekeeping operation in Rwanda.

Trials would last for over a decade, with the last Rwandan military officials involved in organizing the genocide convicted in 2008.

CHINA, 1900-PRESENT 4/26/2018

DO NOW

Dynasties Song! Write it at the top of p. 51 (under context)

Communists led by Mao Zedong

Nationalists (KMT Party) led by

Sun Yixian and then Jiang Jieshi

WHAT HAPPENED IN WWII?

­The Communists and Nationalists united against the Japanese in WWII, but conflicts between the groups remained

­Jiang Jieshi requested help from the US to settle relations between the USSR and China and settling the “communist problem.” US ambassadors to China negotiated with Mao Zedong to prevent continued civil war, but to no avail.

THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR REVIVES

­After defeating the Japanese, the KMT revolted once more against Mao and the communists, over control of Japanese-occupied territories in East Asia.

­The Communists defeat the KMT and declare the People’s Republic of China

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE KMT?

­From 1949 until his death, Chiang led the KMT government in exile in Taiwan, which many countries continued to recognize as China’s legitimate government.­Jiang Jieshi also represented China on the UN Security Council, despite being restricted to Taiwan­He is, in fact, noted as the leader of the Chinese Nationalist government from the entire period of 1928-1975.­ In 1979, 4 years after Jieshi’s death, the US established full relations with the People’s Republic of China, cutting off ties with Taiwan

.

REBUILDING THE ECONOMY

­Following the consolidation of power, Mao launched the First Five-Year Plan (1953-1958). The plan aimed to end Chinese dependence upon agriculture in order to become a world power. With the Soviet Union's assistance

­New industrial plants were built and agricultural production eventually came to where industry was beginning to produce enough capital that China no longer needed the USSR's support.

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD

­The success of the First Five Year Plan was to encourage Mao to instigate the Second Five Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward, in 1958.

­Land was taken from landlords and more wealthy peasants and given to poorer peasants.

­Large scale industrialization projects were also undertaken.

­Millions died after the leap failed

COMMUNES

­Mao believed that industry could only prosper if the work force was well fed, while the agricultural workers needed industry to produce the modern tools needed for modernization.

­To allow for this, China was reformed into a series of communes.

­People in a commune gave up their ownership of tools, animals etc. so that everything was owned by the commune.

EQUALITY FOR WOMEN

­“Women hold up half the sky.”

­Women became an integral part of the factory system, and to this day, women make up 49% of the population and 46% of the labor force

THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION BEGINS

In 1966, China’s Communist leader Mao Zedong launched

what became known as the Cultural Revolution in order to

reassert his authority over the Chinese government.

Believing that current Communist leaders were taking the

party, and China itself, in the wrong direction, Mao called

on the nation’s youth to purge the “impure” elements of

Chinese society and revive the revolutionary spirit that had

led to victory in the civil war 20 decades earlier and the

formation of the People’s Republic of China.

RED GUARDS

­Mao closed the nations schools in 1966 to encourage China’s youth to challenge China’s current party leaders that had embraced the bourgeoisie and moved away from the Communist Revolutionary spirit that Mao tried to achieve with his “Great Leap Forward”

­These students soon formed the Red Guard, small military groups that attacked and targeted China’s elderly, intellectual, and religious population.

RED GUARD AT WORK

­Current president Liu Shaoqi was removed from power. Beaten and imprisoned, Liu died in prison in 1969

­1.5 million Chinese were killed during the Revolution, with millions more imprisoned, tortured, humiliated, or robbed of property

­Through all of the violence between factions of the Red Guard and China’s own leaders, the Revolution caused many Chinese to lose faith in their government

DENUNCIATION MEETINGS

­Mao created organized denunciation meetings in order to keep the common people from acting independently and threatening the movement

­At denunciation meetings, only the highest ranking members of parties would meet to denounce president Liu Shaoqui in the early stages of the Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping toward the end for their lack of adherence to communist or “Maoist” principles.

TEA HOUSES

­Many Tea houses were closed down during the Cultural Revolution because they were seen as gathering places for the bourgeoisie to discuss counter-revolutionary ideas

­The old and rich were seen as not understanding the appeal of communism, and thereby as a threat to the revolution.

­Many believe that traditional Chinese tea houses have still not recovered from the Cultural Revolution

DENG XIOPENG

1

2

3

4

END OF THE COLD WAR 4/30/2018

SOVIET BLOC

The Bloc refers to the communist

nations closely allied with the USSR in

WWII, including Bulgaria, Cuba,

Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Hungary, Poland, and Romania,

whose foreign policies depended on

those of the former USSR. It did not

include communist nations with

independent foreign policies, such as

China, Yugoslavia, and Albania. The

USSR used its military force several

times in the Soviet Bloc to ensure that

the countries' governments followed

Soviet preferences.

HUNGARIAN REVOLT OF 1956

­Hungary was part of the Soviet

bloc in Eastern Europe.

­After Stalin’s death in 1953,

despite Khrushchev’s efforts to

“destalinize,” resentment for the

Soviets grew in S.B.• Angry mobs stormed through Budapest, demanding an end to

communist rule

• Imre Nagy created a new, democratic government, but was

executed after Soviet troops had put down the revolt

CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1968

­Khrushchev was undermined by the

Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the USSR

removed Soviet missiles from Cuba in

exchange for the US promising not to

invade Cuba and removing US missiles

in Turkey.

• Khrushchev was ousted by the communist party and replaced by Leonid

Brezhnev, who cracked down more on satellites

• In the “Prague Spring” Czech leaders loosened controls on censorship to

create a more human form of socialism

• These efforts were almost immediately crushed by Soviet forces

HOLD UP – DÉTENTE

Why would the US hold back now?!

GORBACHEV

When Brezhnev died, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985

By this point, Eastern Europe was in ruins and calling for an end to communism

His efforts to democratize his country’s political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Gorbachev won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 for his efforts.

POLAND AND SOLIDARITY, 1980S

­ Solidarity was a Polish trade union that formed in 1980, in response to raising food prices

­ The Polish government was under pressure from the USSR to suppress the movement, and had throughout the 1980s until Solidarity was legalized in 1989

­ In the first election held after the legalization, 99% of chairs in the newly formed Senate and Sejm had been endorsed by Solidarity.

“Solidarity” in Poland became the first

opposition movement to achieve free elections in

the Soviet Bloc since the 1940’s (before the bloc

was formed)

FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL, 1989

The tearing down of the wall is the symbolic and historical end to the War

KHRUSHCHEV

Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) led the Soviet Union during the

height of the Cold War, serving as premier from 1958 to 1961

• pursued a policy of peaceful

coexistence with the West

• instigated the Cuban Missile

Crisis by placing nuclear

weapons 90 miles from

Florida.

• Removed missiles from Cuba

when the US agreed not to

attack – seen as a weak move

by many leaders in the USSR

• At home, he initiated a

process of “de-

Stalinization” that made

Soviet society less

repressive.

• Crushed a revolt in

Hungary

• Approved the

construction of the Berlin

Wall.

Foreign Domestic

BREZHNEV

• The Brezhnev Doctrine asserted the right of Soviet

intervention in cases where “the essential common interests

of other socialist countries are threatened by one of their

number.”

• This Doctrine was used to justify the invasion of

Czechoslovakia in 1968

• Normalized relations between West Germany and the

Warsaw Pact and eased tensions with the United States

through the policy known as détente

• SALT- Bilateral strategic arms limitation treaty between

Carter of the US and the USSR

• The USSR invaded Afghanistan to support the communist

government in the Afghan War, and the US Senate

responded by refusing to ratify SALT

Fore

ign

Dom

est

ic

GORBACHEV- FOREIGN

­Withdrew from Afghanistan

­Ceased the arms race with the United States

GORBACHEV - DOMESTIC

Democratization: renovating Soviet socialism through peaceful and democratic means.

Gorbachev denounced Brezhnev Doctrine, empowering satellite states to challenge the Soviet empire

Without the terror and threats, Soviet central planning collapsed and the economy descended into massive shortages, collapsed production, and by 1991 an extreme financial crisis

Perestroika, his restructuring concept, started with an overhaul of the top members of the Communist Party. It also focused on economic issues, replacing the centralized government planning that had been a hallmark of the Soviet system with a greater reliance on market forces. The accompanying concept of glasnost sought to ease the strict social controls imposed by the government

GLOBALIZATION 5/1/2018

SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Rapid advances in science altered the understanding of the universe

and the natural world and led to the development of new technologies.

These changes enabled unprecedented population growth, which

altered how humans interacted with the environment and threatened

delicate ecological balances at local, regional, and global levels.

Theory of Relativity – Albert Einstein, 1915, Germany

­http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html

The Big Bang Theory – Georges Lemaitre, 1927, Belgium

­ Lemaitre was a Catholic Priest who theorized that we were living in an expanding Universe, created by the Big Bang

Operant Conditioning – B.F. Skinner, USA

­Human’s behavior can be modified through positive or negative reinforcements given after desired or undesired responses.

New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world.

Antibiotics – WWI and WWII

­Out of necessity, antibiotics were improved during the world war period

Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive.

• The most notable, Penicillin was

developed in the 1940s by

Alexander Fleming in the US

• Artificial Heart

• First heart transplant was in

Cape Town, South Africa in 1967

• First artificial heart was

developed in 1969 in Texas,

United States

As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment.

http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2012/mar/29/carbon-map-infographic-world

Diseases associated with poverty persisted, while other

diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human

survival. In addition, changing lifestyles and increased

longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases.

It is widely believed that HIV originated in the Democratic Republic of

Congo around 1920 when HIV crossed species from chimpanzees to

humans.

EBOLA

In newly independent states after World War

II, governments often took on a strong role in

guiding economic life to promote development

• Nasser’s promotion of economic development in

Egypt

• The encouragement of export-oriented economies

in East Asia

• Deng Xiaoping's Four Modernizations

• Indian tea and cotton remained chief exports

throughout the 20th century

At the end of the twentieth century, many governments

encouraged free market economic policies and promoted

economic liberalization.

INCREASED HUMANITARIAN EFFORTS DUE TO GREATER ATTENTION GIVEN TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

• UNICEF – New York City, 1946

• The Red Cross – Washington, DC, 1881

• Amnesty International – London, UK, 1961

• It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness

• Doctors Without Borders – Paris, France (now in Geneva,

Switzerland), 1971

• World Health Organization (WHO) – UN Organization

Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, 1948

• International Atomic Energy Agency – Vienna, Austria, 1957

• Women’s Rights Movements in the US and Europe

DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD

TRADE IN THE WORLD TODAY

Keeping things peaceful:• The European Union

• NAFTA- North American Free Trade Association

• ASEAN- Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• Mercosur- Mercado Comun del Sur (South America)

Keeping things fair• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) – UN Organization,

Washington, DC

• World Trade Organization (WTO) - Geneva, Switzerland

(originally GATT)

• World Bank – Washington, DC

• loans money to developing nations

AS OF 2012

IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IDA: International Development Association, designed to support anti-poverty programs in the

world’s poorest nations

CHINA AND INDIA

­ India is the world’s largest democracy since declaring its independence from Britain, but remained in economic turmoil, accepting loans from the IMF well into the 1990s

­ Indian entrepreneurs took American ideas back to their own industries, resulting in unprecedented growth

­China, after the death of Chairman Mao was led to economic success by Deng Xiaoping's Four Modernizations, becoming the world’s warehouse.

­While the 2008 Olympic Games tremendously boosted China’s GDP, The CCP keeps a close watch on western influence and social media

­ Both suffer from belligerent neighbors experimenting with nuclear weaponry, Pakistan and North Korea

COMPARATIVE GDP GROWTH RATES

PRESS FREEDOM RANKINGS

GLOBAL CONFLICTS HAD A PROFOUND

INFLUENCE ON POPULAR CULTURE.

• In England in 1953, James Bond became an international

phenomenon – glorifying war and modernized weaponry

• Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, in Japan and the United

States, video games bring war and modernized weaponry,

even the space race to people’s living rooms all over the

world

• Film enables important conflicts to be preserved forever on

the silver screen

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS BEGAN TO

CHALLENGE STATE AUTHORITY AND AUTONOMY.• Royal Dutch Shell is an Anglo-Dutch oil

and gas company headquartered in the

Netherlands. At various times throughout

its 109-year history, Royal Dutch Shell

(RDS-A) has been the largest corporation

in the world. Today a mere $127 billion

mammoth, the oil company generates

more revenue than just about any other

business entity in existence - $421billion

last year.

• Most of their oil comes from the Dutch

East Indies

Coca-Cola is a global success story in large part because of its advertising. Coca-Cola actually created the image of Santa Claus as an advertising strategy in circa 1920.

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS BEGAN TO CHALLENGE STATE AUTHORITY AND AUTONOMY.

It has partnered with international organizations such as FIFA to

expand its reach, and is today worth $180 billion dollars

COCA COLA GLOBAL

SPORTS WERE MORE WIDELY PRACTICED AND

REFLECTED NATIONAL AND SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS.

The FIFA World Cup – Founded 1904 in Paris, France

­ Soccer has become the most popular sport in the world, and one of the only sports regularly organized into global, international competition

­ The sport is particularly popular in Europe and South America

The Olympic Games

­ The 1980 Olympic games in Moscow illustrate the political importance of hosting the games, and the nationalism that results from rallying around athletes’ performance. The USSR was funding Olympic training to ensure that its athletes would be the strongest in the world, sending a political message to its rivals in the US

Cricket – Originated in the 16th Century in England, but became popularized in the nations of the British Empires, particularly India

­ Cricket is the World’s second most popular sport, played by 120 million worldwide

CHANGES IN COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY ENABLED THE WIDESPREAD DIFFUSION OF

MUSIC AND FILM

­ Bollywood refers to films produced by the Mumbai film industry, primarily in the Hindi language, containing song and dance item numbers as an integral part of the plot. Bollywood contributes about 20% of the total film output of India, which is the largest in the world.

­ The Hindu culture is heavily reflected in Bollywood films

­ Though India is the largest producer of films, American media far outsells Indian media in global markets

­ Reggae is a style of popular music that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. By the 1970s it had become an international style that was particularly popular in Britain, the United States, and Africa. It was widely perceived as a voice of the oppressed.