Perida, Shelou

Bridges in the Municipality of Naval- Naval, Biliran

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A Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Engineering Naval State University

Naval, Biliran

____________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course

Bachelor of Science Civil Engineering (Res. 513) CE Research/ Thesis

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PERIDA, SHELOU T.

October 2014

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to thank wholeheartedly the persons who unselfishly

shared their time and efforts for the success and realization of this undertaking.

To recognize their contributions, the researcher wishes to express his

gratitude particularly to;

Dr. Rossini B. Romero, Dean of the College of Engineering, for the

acceptance and approval of this research work;

Engr. Jean Paul Logronio, Chairman of Engineering Department, for his

invaluable suggestions and painstaking intellectual services extended to the

researcher in enriching the study;

Engr. Pacencia Polinar, Part- Time Instructor, for her helpful suggestions for

the betterment of the study;

Engr. Alfredo Bollido, Chief of Maintainance Section, and Engr. Rosario

Rosete, Chief of Planning and Design Section of the Department Public Works and

Highways, for their positive response and giving me the information that I need for

this research to be fulfilled and successful;

Mr. and Mrs. Jose Perida, my parents, for their support financially,

emotionally and spiritually that made this endeavor a success; and

Foremost of all, the Almighty Father, the ultimate giver of everything,

especially the light and wisdom that constantly guided the author in the quest for the

accomplishment of this academic work.

Shelou T. Perida

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE...... i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii

LIST OF FIGURES..... vi

LIST OF APPENDIXES vii

ABSTRACT viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1

Background of the Study....... 1

Objectives of the Study. 3

Framework of the Study 4

Theoretical framework 4

Conceptual framework .. 5

Importance of the Study.... 7

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 7

Definition of Terms. 8

Review of Related Literature .. 9

CHAPTER II -METHODOLOGY

Research Design................................................ 15

Research Locale 15

Research Subjects 15

Research Instrument 15

iv

Page

Data Gathering Procedure 16

Statistical Data Treatment 16

CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION... 18

Profile of the Bridge 18

Interpretation of the Condition of Bridge 19

Structural Abutment 20

Bearing 21

Structural Deck .. 21

Pipe Drainage ... 22

Beam / Primary Members. 22

Joints 23

Parapets .. 23

Piers 24

Wing wall 24

Wearing Surface 25

Maintenance used by the Department of Public Works and Highways-

Biliran Engineering District .. . 25

Problem Met by Department of Public Works and Highways-

Biliran Engineering District Maintenance Section .. 26

CHAPTER IV - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION... 27

Summary of Findings 27

Conclusions. 28

Recommendations ..... 29

v

Page

LITERATURE CITED. 30

APPENDIXES 31

CURRICULUM VITAE .. 50

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Conceptual framework of the study 6

vii

LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix Page

A Letter of Request to the Department of Public Works and Highways Maintenance Section ................................. 32

B Letter of Request to the Department of Public Works and Highways Planning and Design Section 33 C Evaluation Sheet for the Bridges in the Municipality of Naval 34

D Photograph of Bridges 38

E Photographs of Condition of the Components of the Bridge 42

viii

ABSTRACT

PERIDA, SHELOU T. ,Naval State University, Naval, Biliran Philippines.

OCTOBER 2014. BRIDGES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF NAVAL- NAVAL,

BILIRAN. A Research Study.

Adviser: DR. ROSSINI B. ROMERO

This study is an assessment of bridges in Naval, Biliran thus it was found

that these bridges had deteriorations in its components since the visual inspection

conducted by the researcher of the abutment, bearing, deck, pipe drainage, beam

or the primary members, joints, parapets, pier, wing walls, and its wearing surface

had minor to extensive deteriorations.

Many of the components of the bridge have defects, prior to loss of

masonry, map cracking of concretes, growth of harmful vegetation, weathering and

leaching of fabric on walls both on face and internally and corrosion of metals and

steel were found. Photographs of deteriorated components of the bridges are

attached to review and gave acceptable ratings that are suited for it.

All bridges are scrutinized and maintain by the Department of Public Works

and Highways- Maintenance Section twice a year.

It is recommended to review and update the maintenance of each bridge

prior to the defects of the components of the bridge. All components must be in

good condition to avoid major repairs and rehabilitation; that the DPWH-

Maintenance Section should develop additional procedural operation in their work

applying Statistical Methods to Bridge Inspection Quality Assurance including

reference bridges; develop basis for determining bridge inspection frequencies

combining different levels of inspection intensity with clear standards for inspector

education, training and qualification based on factors such as safety, condition, age

ix

of the structure and engineering judgment; and have visual inspection to check the

overall serviceability of the bridge structure. General photos should be supplied and

a report should be generated.

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of

water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There

are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different

situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the

nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material

used to make it, and the funds available to build it.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge, 2014)

The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs

or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support

and crossbeam arrangement. Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to

cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. A common form of

lashing sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the use of long

reeds or other harvested fibres woven together to form a connective rope capable of

binding and holding together the materials used in early bridges.


The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The

Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would

damage or destroy earlier designs. (De Lony,1996)

There were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans

Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first book on bridge engineering

was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology

2

came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Coalbrookdale, England in 1779. It used

cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.


With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought

iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to

support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength,

much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.


Welding pioneer Stefan Brya designed the first welded road bridge in the

world, the Maurzyce Bridge which was later built across the river Sudwia at

Maurzyce near owicz, Poland. The American Welding Societypresented the

Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland. (Sapp, M.,2008).

Deterioration of concrete bridge decks under the combination of freezing and

thawing and deicing salts has become a major maintenance item. The problem

begins when salts penetrates to and corrodes the reinforcing resulting in spalling of

the overlying concrete. (AASHTO, 2000)

Bridge maintenance is specialized nature. On structures having exposed

steelwork cleaning by sand blasting, flame or other means followed by repainting

usually represents the biggest maintenance item. (Fiscal, 2005)

There are thirty (30) notable viaducts or land bridges built over land mass, on

coastal areas, riverbanks and on diversion roads all over the Philippines. These

bridges make a huge impact to the countrys transportation of today. It enables to

travel faster than before.

3

In Naval, Biliran, the residents only used to have bridges made of timber to

move from one place to another. These timber-made bridges were not strong

enough to withstand the loads for a very long time. It caused danger to the people

who were utilizing this. Today, innovations have been made, primarily the bridges

that are connected to the national roads but then it cannot be denied that damages

and problems are now present to these bridges especially to its components.

These problems that the bridges were facing gave the researcher a will to

conduct a study to assess and identify the common problems and damages in it and

to know the improved status that can best addressed the problems it was facing .

Objectives of the study

This study aimed to assess the status of bridges that are in the municipality

Naval, Biliran.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following objectives:

1 Ascertain the profile of the bridges in Naval, Biliran in terms of:

1.1 location;

1.2 type;

1.3 materials used;

1.4 span and width; and

1.5 year built;

2. Determine the condition of the components of the bridge in terms of:

2.1abutments;

2.2 bearing;

2.3 deck;

2.4 drainage;

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2.5 beam or the primary members;

2.6 joints;

2.7 parapets;

2.8 piers;

2.9 wing walls and dry stone walls; and

2.10 wearing surface.

3. Determine the maintenance system used by the Department of Public

Works and Highways-Biliran Engineering District for the bridges in Naval,Biliran.

4. Determine the problem met by the Department of Public Works and

Highways-Biliran Engineering District Maintenance Section regarding the

repairs/rehabilitation and other concerns regarding the bridges in Naval, Biliran.

Framework of the study

This study took hold of the following theoretical and conceptual framework as

its main foundation in the due course of its proceedings.

Theoretical framework. This study was primarily anchored on theory of

Interrelationship of Success and Failure in Mechanical and Structural Engineering

Design, by Petroski's (1985), the theory states that engineering is a human

endeavor and as such is subject to the same fallibilitys. His theory sets out why

structural problems occur, when designing a structure that has not existed before.

He further stated that engineers strive to design so that there is no failure.

To do this, engineers follow sound conventions and standards. When designs of

structures move past what has worked well in the past, there will be a small residual

probability of failure that only time can uncover. Failures need not be catastrophic

because designs can ensure that early signs of failure are caught. The theory notes

5

that there is an ebb and flow in design innovativeness. After a failure, standards and

conventions are re-examined to incorporate the lessons so that the event will not

happen again and that designs become more conservative. Over time, as more

structures are designed using a new feature or technique, a greater confidence

arises again.

Furthermore, Petroski recommends that instead of having a list of what could

fail, engineers should focus on what needs to be done to prevent structural failures

i.e. communications and organization, inspection, good quality design, structural

drawings, selection of good designers, timely dissemination of technical data.

Conceptual framework. The conceptual model of this study will enable the

readers to see the flow it undertakes.

The main concern of this study was to assess the bridges in the municipality

of Naval, Biliran.

The study ascertain the profile of every bridge that are present in the

municipality in terms of its location, type ,materials used, its span and width, and

the year it built , the condition of each bridge, the maintenance used by the

DPWH-BED after. Also the problems met by the maintenance section of the DPWH-

BED. To determined the improved status of the bridges of Naval.

The conceptual framework is presented in figure 1.

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Fig.1Conceptual framework of the study

Ascertain the profile of the bridges in Naval, Biliran in terms of:

location;

type;

materials used;

span and width; and

year built;

Determine the condition of the components of the bridge in terms of:

abutments;

bearing;

deck;

drainage;

beam or the primary members;

joints;

parapets;

piers;

wing walls and dry stone walls;

wearing surface;

Bridges in the Municipality of Naval-Naval, Biliran

Problems met by the Maintenance Section of DPWH-BED

Improved Status of Bridges in Naval, Biliran

Maintenance system used by DPWH-BED

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Importance of the study

This study provides important benefits to the following entities:

Students. This study will give and serve as information that will relate on their

subjects specifically on highway engineering.

Navaleos. This study will allow the people to know the quality and safeness

and of the particular bridge they are using day by day.

Department of Public Works and Highways. This study will give them

information with regards to the status of bridges and help them to improve and

develop the existing bridges.

Future researchers. This will at least be used as reference for future

researches and study in highway engineering which may produce competent

engineers for the province, the region, the country, and the world, for such cases

and subjects in this study are not only remote to Naval State University but to other

universities as well.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study limits its coverage in the Municipality of Naval only. This study

also focused in the bridges of the municipality that are present herein. The scope of

the study also was limited to the profile of every bridge present in the municipality in

terms of its location, type of bridge, materials used, its span and width, and year;

the current condition of every component present in a bridge; the maintenance

system used for the bridge by the DPWH-BED; and to determine the problems met

by the highway department.

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Definition of Terms

These are the terms use by the researcher in the study, and are define to

how these words were been used to the study.

Abutments. Refer to the substructure at the end of a bridge span whereon

the bridge's super structure rests. It acts as retaining walls to resist lateral

movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach.

Beam or Primary Members. Support the loads transmitted through the deck.

Bearings. Support elements transferring load from the primary members to

the substructure, while permitting limited rotational and longitudinal movement.

Bridge. Is a structure that connects two land mass. It can be made by

reinforced concrete or steel.

Cyclical Maintenance. These are the activities that will preserve bridge

components in their present (or intended) condition, forestalling development of a

structural deficiency.

Deck. This is the roof of the bridge it is used to provide a roadway for moving

vehicles and to distribute their loads and also provides a cover for primary

members, bearings, and substructures, protecting them by diverting debris, salt,

and moisture.

Joint. Are designed to allow for continuous traffic between structures

accommodating movement, shrinkage, temperature variations on reinforced and

prestressed concrete, composite and steel structures.

Maintenance System. The action performed to keep the structure in service.

Parapet. Is a barrier on bridges and other highway structure to prevent users

from falling off.

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Pier. Is designed to resist vertical settlement resulting from dead and live

loads, and lateral movement and rotation.

Wearing Surface. The riding surface for traffic comprised of a layer of

portland-cement concrete or asphalt concrete, which may be connected with the

structural deck or separate from it.

Wing walls and dry stone walls. Are adjacent to the abutments and act

as retaining walls.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the related literature and studies in related to the study

conducted.

A research project, "Dynamic Bridge Substructure Evaluation and

Monitoring" was proposed and funded in 1995 to investigate the possibility that by

measuring and modelling the dynamic response characteristics of a bridge

substructure, one could determine the condition and safety of the substructure and

identify its foundation type (shallow or deep). Determination of bridge foundation

conditions may be applied to quantify losses in foundation stiffness caused by

earthquake, scour, and impact events. Identification of bridge foundation type may

be employed to estimate bridge stability and vulnerability under dead and live load

ratings, particularly for unknown bridge foundations. The dynamic evaluation and

monitoring results eventually may be integrated into current and proposed bridge

management system (BMS) databases to provide baseline data for comparison of

bridge substructures after catastrophic events. (Sennah et.al,2002)

Accurate information on a bridge substructure is an essential part of

implementing a cost effective and safety-conscious bridge management program.

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For bridge piers and abutments, scour can quickly reduce the load capacities of

foundations, and ground motions induced by earthquakes can produce ground-

coupled resonance, liquefaction of soils, and loss of soil support. Therefore, it is

very important that bridge foundation vulnerability to seismic and scour events be

assessed or monitored, or both, cost-effectively so that catastrophic failures can be

prevented and corrective repairs can be carried out in a timely fashion.

Furthermore, more than 100,000 bridges over water in the United States have what

is known as "unknown foundations,"which means their vulnerability to scour cannot

be calculated by normal hydraulic and geotechnical analysis procedures. (Kennedy

et. al, 2002)

The highway transportation system is the largest and perhaps most important

subsystem in the transportation infrastructure of the United States. It helps sustain

commerce in almost every sector of our national economy and is used daily for both

pleasure and necessity by almost every citizen. Maintaining this system at a high

performance level is vital for public safety, societal well-being, and economic

productivity and growth. Bridges comprise significant and critical discrete links in the

highway transportation subsystem. An estimate made in 1995 was that about 45

percent of the bridge inventory was deficient due to either structural or traffic

inadequacy, or both. In 2004, when measured by deck area adjusted for average

daily traffic, 29.8 percent of national highway system bridges and 31.5 percent of

non-national highway system bridges were deficient. (Chase, 1995)

The most common cause of bridge failure is from floods when scour causes

failure of bridge piers and abutments. Scour occurs progressively as supporting

material under a footing is removed during flood events and is replaced with

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material that has little or no bearing capacity. During the spring floods of 1987, 17

bridges in New York and New England were damaged and destroyed by flood scour

action. In 1985, floods destroyed 73 bridges in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West

Virginia. A national study of 383 bridge failures caused by catastrophic floods

showed that 25 percent involved pier damage and 72 percent involved abutment

damage. More than 85,000 bridges in the United States are vulnerable to scour;

bridge foundation conditions for another 104,000 cannot be determined. Devices

have been developed for monitoring scour events. (Richardson et.al., 1995)

Substructure damage during earthquakes generally consists of foundation

elements broken in shear, or loss of soil support, or both, caused by liquefaction.

Rapid, non-destructive identification of such hidden substructure damage after an

earthquake would increase public safety. (Samtani, 1996)

Loss of capacity in bridge piers and abutments can occur either over a period

of time resulting from alkali-silica reaction, freeze-thaw damage, corrosion of

reinforcement, and unconstrained thermal movements, or because of sudden

floods, earthquake, or vessel impact. The long-term damage conditions can be

evaluated using a variety of local tests including impact-echo, ground penetrating

radar, and corrosion-potential measurements. However, damage caused by floods,

earthquake, and vessel impact is more difficult to evaluate locally for buried portions

of bridge substructures, and thus global bridge evaluation and monitoring methods

are more suitable. (Li, 2001)

Researchers Newmark and Rosenblueth, Bertero and Bresler, Banon and

Veneziano, Park and Ang, Stephens and Yao,Yao and Munse, and Chung et

al. (2001) developed damage indices based on ductility ratios, cumulative damage,

12

and component damage. Because of the redundancy of engineered structures, the

damage estimate obtained for a simple structural element does not necessarily

correspond to the damage sustained by the structural system.

Monte Carlo (2002) analysis to determine the probability of a

structures failure. Non-destructive bridge condition assessment is performed

either by visual inspection or with controlled or operating excitation, and it requires

elastic structural responses. In a bridge management system, engineers commonly

conduct visual inspections to assign a damage index to a bridge. Similarly,

structural identification results must be interpreted on a comparable scale in a

bridge management system.

Aktan et al. (2002) related bridge damages to the incremental increase of

structural flexibility.Farrar and Cone determined that damage to a bridge

superstructure must be significant before the global dynamic properties are

affected.Mayes applied the structural translation and rotation error-checking

algorithm to locate the damage on a complex bridge that crosses the Rio Grande

River in New Mexico. Stubbs et al. located the damage in the same Rio Grande

bridge by successfully using the first few dynamic modes, a baseline structure, and

pattern recognition.

The current managerial focus for a Bridge Management System (BMS)

requires the ability to plan and forecast maintenance needs or rehabilitation

procedures. The two most widely known BMSs, Pontis and BRIDGIT.

(Czepiel and Egri et al., 1995)

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991

required States to develop and use BMSs. The requirements were detailed in an

13

interim final rule effective January 3, 1993.The rule was issued as interim "because

of concerns about the data burden that states, metropolitan planning organizations

(MPO), and local agencies may have." Based on comments and reports from many

agencies of burdensome experiences, ISTEA, as of November 1995, did not

mandated BMSs; however, FHWA encourages agencies to implement the systems

and required States to report on progress by October 1996. The spirit of ISTEA is

evident as numerous States continue to pursue BMS development. (FHWA, 2004)

The inventory of corrosion-damaged bridge decks in the United States and

other countries is such that damage intervention normally transpires only after major

repair or rehabilitation (or both) is needed. Rehabilitation includes (1) installation of

physical barrier systems such as coatings, sealers, membranes, and overlays to

forestall subsequent Cl- ingress, and (2) applying electrochemical methods such as

electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) that revert the concrete to a lesser Cl-

contaminated state with enhanced alkalinity in proximity of the reinforcement and

cathodic protection for corrosion protection. However, the physical barrier-type

repair and rehabilitation methods have no lasting effect if Cl-contaminated or

carbonated concrete remains in place. Cathodic protection, in contrast, is the only

methodology for which long-term service data are available that has been judged

effective for controlling ongoing steel corrosion in Cl-contaminated, atmospheric, or

splash zone exposed structures. (Miller, 1994)

Improved and more continuous condition assessment of bridges has been

demanded by our society to better face challenges presented by aging civil

infrastructure. In addition to life-safety issues, the bridges have a vital economic

role as part of a multi-modal transportation infrastructure. Bridge condition

14

assessment techniques have been developed independently based on two

complementary approaches: Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Bridge

Management System (BMS) modeling. Recent developments suggest that, in an

effort to create a more robust bridge management capability, the concepts of SHM

and BMS fields should be merged. (Figueiredo, 2012)

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Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that this study adapts.

The methods and procedures include the research design, the research locale, the

research subject, and the research instrument. This chapter also includes the data

gathering procedures.

Research Design

The present study followed the descriptive-survey method. This design is

suitable because it will describe the condition of the assessed bridges that will give

better understanding to the topic studied.

Research Locale

The Municipality of Naval-Naval Biliran served as the locale for this study.

Research Subject

The research was focused on all the national road bridges in the Municipality

of Naval.

The heads of the Maintenance Section and Planning and Design Section of

the Department of Public Works and Highways were the respondents of this study.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in gathering of data was a researcher-made evaluation

sheet to serve as the basis in evaluating the bridges of the municipality that best

specify the data asked. The evaluation sheet had five parts. The Part I consist of

bridge name and location, type of bridge, materials used, span and width, and year

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built. Part II was all about the condition of the components of the bridge. Bridge

deficiency of the each bridge components are evaluated on the third part of the

evaluation sheet. Rehabilitation used and risk evaluation is on the fourth and fifth

part respectively of the evaluation sheet.

The evaluation used in the study was designed and made according to the

objectives of the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the data evaluation is done, the researcher prepared the letter

request, asking permission from the Dean College of Engineering to conduct the

survey. After the permission is secured, the researcher sent formal communication

to the Department of Public Works and Highways- Biliran Engineering District Head

Officer to provide the researcher the data needed for the research.

The researcher also gone to locations where the bridges were being built to

secure data needed for the research.

The survey instruments were evaluated by the researcher personally. After

evaluation is made, data were subjected to analysis and interpretation.

Statistical Data Treatment

The data gathered were processed and interpreted using appropriate

condition rating scale.

The rating scale used is base on the condition of the components of the

bridges. They were rated by the following scale:

8-10 Extreme deterioration

5-7 Serious deterioration

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3-4 Minor deterioration

1-2 New condition or no deterioration

0-Not applicable

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Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results that were gathered during the study. These

are organized according to the objectives made.

Profile of the Bridge

Dispo Bridge is located at Brgy. Calumpang Naval Biliran, connecting the

Barangay to its sitios. This bridge is 1028+241 km along Naval- Caibiran cross

country road, a Standard Concrete I- Beam bridge type of bridge. Its main materials

used are concrete for the deck and I-Beam steel for its girder with a span of 19.17

meters and width of the carriage way is 6.70 meters built during the year 1994. (See

Appendix D, page 38)

Alawihaw Bridge and Cabadiangan Bridge are located at Brgy. Lucsoon ,

Naval Biliran station at 1033+700 km and 1034+000 km respectively along Naval-

Caibiran cross country road. A Standard Bridge Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder

(RCDG) as classified type of bridge by the Design and Planning Section and

Maintenance Section of the DPWH. Both bridges have the same materials used

which are concrete with steel deck and I-Beam Steel girder having a span of 25.45

meters and 27.45 meters and width of carriage way of 7.58 meters and 7.32 meters

respectively, both built during the year 2006. (See Appendix D, page 38,39)

Gueron Bridge and Macopa Bridge are located at Brgy. Villa Consuelo,

Naval, Biliran, station 1037+100 km and 1037+200 km along Naval-Caibiran cross

country road respectively. Both bridges are classified as Standard Bridge (UK

Bridge) Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder (RCDG). Gueron Bridge deck and girders

are made of concrete while Macopa Bridge is made of concrete with steel deck and

19

I-Beam Steel girder. These bridges have a span of 20.85 meters and 15.38 meters

with a carriage way of 7.35 meters 7.30 meters built during the year 1996 and 2006

respectively. (See Appendix D, page39,40)

Anas Bridge is located at Brgy. Atipolo, Naval, Biliran station at 1027+800 km

along Naval-Almeria road. It is classify as Concrete I-Beam (CIB) Standard Bridge.

Its major materials used are concrete deck and I-Beam Steel girder having three

spans with a total of 62.00 meters and the width of carriage way of 6.70 meters,

built during the year 1993. (See Appendix D, page 40)

Caray-caray Bridge is located at Brgy. Caray-Caray, Naval, Biliran station at

1023+750 km, Catmon Bridge is located at Brgy. Catmon, Naval, Biliran station at

1019+70 km both are along Naval-Biliran road. These are Standard Bridge

Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder (RCDG) as classified type of bridge by the Design

and Planning Section and Maintenance Section of the DPWH. Its materials used on

deck and girders are made of concrete. Its spans are 52.74 meters and 32.06

meters, width of carriage way of 6.70 meters and 7.32 meters, built during the year

1972 and 1992 respectively. (See Appendix D, page 41)

Condition of Components of the bridge

This section provides photographs and descriptions of deteriorated bridge

components, and indicates appropriate condition ratings for these components.

Each photo is also accompanied by a reference to cyclical preventive-maintenance

activities that could have helped prevent the exhibited deterioration, and to

corrective-maintenance activities that can repair the deterioration.

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SUBSTRUCTURE ABUTMENTS

Condition rating of Dispo Bridge was three (3). It has minor deterioration like

cracks, growth of vegetation and erosion beneath water level. Corrective

maintenance for the substructure abutment is to repair substructure abutment.

(Please refer to Appendix E, page 42)

Condition rating of Gueron Bridge was one (1). There was no deterioration

on the surface of the abutment but growth of vegetation was present in the surface.

Cyclical maintenance is to clean the substructure. (Please refer to Appendix E,

page 42)

Condition rating of Caray-Caray Bridge was six (6). It had serious

deterioration on its abutments, cracking, splitting and spalling of structure were

seen. Loss of the masonry in grouted riprap were present, internal scour and

leaching of fills, growth of vegetation and erosion can be found. Corrective

maintenance is to repair the substructure abutment. (Please refer to Appendix E,

page 42)

Condition rating of Catmon Bridge was eight (8). Extensive deterioration it

had cracks and spalling of rocks around abutments. Losing of masonry and

weathering on the substructure. Cyclical maintenance for the substructure abutment

is to repair substructure abutment. Corrective maintenance is to repair/ replace

substructure abutment. . (Please refer to Appendix E, page 43)

Anas Bridge was rated ten (10) because it had extensive deterioration on the

foundation of the abutment, 80% were been eroded. Cracks and spalling of rocks

around abutments, growth of vegetation can also be found. Cyclical maintenance

for the abutment should clean and repair/ replace substructure abutment. Corrective

21

maintenance is to repair/ replace substructure abutment. (Please refer to Appendix

E, page 43)

BEARING

Condition rating for the bearing of Dispo Bridge was nine (9). Extensive

deterioration and deformation of bearings were found. Cyclical maintenance and

Corrective maintenance is to repair/ replace bearings. (Please refer to Appendix E,

page 43)

Condition rating for Alawihaw, Cabadiangan, and Macopa Bridge were rated

two (2). All were galvanized steel plated bearing which had no possible sign of

corrosion on bearing but algae are found on the plate of the bearings. Cyclical

maintenance is to clean bearing. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 44)

Condition rating for Anas Bridge is rated five (5) consider having serious

deterioration of the bearings. Plates are gradually deforming. Cyclical maintenance

is to clean the bearings. Corrective maintenance is to repair/ replace bearings.


STRUCTURAL DECK

Condition rating for structural deck of Alawihaw, Cabadiangan, and Macopa

Bridge were rated one (1) there were no possible sign of deterioration on its

galvanized steel deck. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 44)

Condition rating for Gueron Bridge was rated two (2), decks are retrofitted

with carbon fiber. Apparently in new conditions. (Please refer to Appendix E, page

44)

Condition rating for Anas Bridge was rated also two (2), decks are retrofitted

with carbon fiber. Apparently in new conditions. (Please refer to Appendix E, page

44)

22

PIPE DRAINAGE

Condition rating of Dispo Bridge was rated five (5) because of its serious

deterioration. Pipe is starting to deform cause by corrosion. Cyclical maintenance

for pipe drainage is to clean and repaint it. Corrective maintenance is to repair/

replace pipe drainage. . (Please refer to Appendix E, page 44)

Condition rating of Cabadiangan Bridge pipe drainage was rated three (3) it

had minor deterioration at the end of pipes. It should be clean and be repainted for

its cyclical maintenance and for its corrective maintenance is to repair the pipe. .


Condition rating for Gueron Bridge pipe drainage is one (1). No sign of

deterioration. Cyclical maintenance for pipes are to repaint pipe drainage. .


Condition rating for Caray-Caray Bridge was rated nine (9) because of its

extensive deterioration of pipe drainage, 75 % of the pipes are in extremely

corroded. Corrective maintenance is repair/ replace pipes. . (Please refer to

Appendix E, page 45)

BEAM OR PRIMARY MEMBERS

Condition rating of Cabadiangan Bridge was rated three (3). It has minor

deterioration on the splice of the girder. Rusts were found. Cyclical maintenance is

to clean the girder by sand blasting and paint the steel members. (Please refer to


Condition rating of Gueron Bridge was rated two (2) girders were retrofitted

and now are in good condition. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 45)

23

Condition rating of Macopa Bridge was rated one (1). No sign of deterioration

but girders have soil particle attach in it. Cyclical maintenance is to clean primary

members. (Please refer to Appendix E, page45)

Condition rating of Catmon Bridge was rated four (4). It has minor

deterioration, girders are not fully retrofit. Minor cracks are found on the part of

girder without carbon fiber. Cyclical maintenance is clean and patch the cracks in

the surface of concretes without carbon fibers. Corrective maintenance is to repair

girder. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 45)

JOINTS

Condition rating of Anas Bridge joints was rated one (1). Has no deterioration

found. Joints were in good condition. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 46)

PARAPETS OR STEEL GUARD

Condition rating for Cabadiangan Bridge steel guards were rated one(1). No

deterioration found on steel guards. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 46)

Condition rating of Gueron Bridge was four (4) it had minor deterioration on

concrete guards. Covering (paint) of the parapets were slowly deteriorating. It

should be clean and be repainted for its cyclical maintenance. (Please refer to


Condition rating of Macopa Bridge was three (3). Minor deterioration of steel

guards, rusts were found in it. Cyclical maintenance clean and paint steel guard.

Corrective maintenance is repair steel guard. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 46)

Condition rating for Anas Bridge was also three (3). It had also minor

deteriorations. Small cracks were found, coating are gradually lost. Cyclical

24

maintenance clean and repair parapet and corrective maintenance should repair

parapets. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 46)

BRIDGE PIER

Condition rating Caray-Caray Bridge was three (3). For concrete pier, minor

deterioration were evident. Small amount cracks were found. Cyclical maintenance

is clean and seal substructure concrete. Corrective maintenance repair substructure

concrete. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 47)

Condition rating of Catmon Bridge was six (6). it Large sizes of map cracking

were found on concrete surfaces. Cyclical maintenance is clean the substructure

concrete. Seal substructure concrete cracks. Corrective maintenance repair

substructure concrete. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 47)

Condition rating of Anas Bridge was four (4). Minor deterioration can be

found on piers, degrading of concrete within the cracks. Cyclical maintenance

clean the substructures and seal substructure concrete. Corrective maintenance

repair substructure concrete piers. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 47)

WING WALLS

Condition rating of Dispo Bridge wing walls was rated nine (9). Extreme

deterioration of the left wing walls was found. It has harmful vegetation which

causes lost of large amount of rocks in its riprap. Distortion of widespread cracking

of the masonry were also found. Corrective maintenance is to repair wing walls.


Condition rating of Gueron Bridge was eight (8). Extensive deterioration of its

left wing walls were evident. Lost of the masonry, weathering and leaching of fills of

the fabric of the wall both on the face and internally were found. Harmful vegetation

25

was present. Cyclical maintenance clean the substructure and free it from harmful

vegetations and rrepair substructure wing walls. Corrective maintenance repair/

replace substructure wing walls. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 48)

WEARING SURFACE

Condition rating of Dispo Bridge was four (4). Web cracking can be found on

asphalt wearing surface. Cyclical maintenance replace the asphalt wearing surface.

Corrective maintenance repairs the concrete wearing surface and repairs the

asphalt wearing surface. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 48)

Condition rating of Gueron Bridge was four (4). Indicate beginning of spalling

problem. There may be only scattered tight cracks and moderate surface wear with

good riding quality. Cyclical maintenance clean the bridge and seal cracks in the

wearing surface. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 48)

Condition rating of Anas Bridge was also four (4). Indicate beginning of a

spalling problem. There may be only scattered tight cracks and moderate surface

wear with good riding quality. Cyclical maintenance clean the bridge and seal

cracks in the wearing surface. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 48)

Condition rating of Cabadiangan Bridge was four (4). Web cracking can be

found on concrete wearing surface. Cyclical maintenance repair the concrete

wearing surface. (Please refer to Appendix E, page 48)

Maintenance used by the Department of Public Works and Highways-

Biliran Engineering District

There are four major maintenance used by our DPWH-BED, these are (1)

Parapet repair (2) Deck Sealing (3) Repainting (4)Repair of Slope Protection as

26

given by the chief of the maintenance section. Retrofitting of bridges was new

maintenance they are using today.

Problem Met by Department of Public Works and Highways- Biliran

Engineering District Maintenance Section

The Maintenance Section met many problems in maintaining these bridges for

the continuity of what it was intended for. Frequent problems they encounter were

(1) Uneven Bridge Approach (2) Delamination (3)Unpainted Steel Guard (4)

Damage Riprap (5) Unpainted Bridge and no Signages (6) Lush Vegetation (7)

Damage Railing and (8)Obstruction on Bridge Waterway. These common problems

they met are only address twice a year as what the chief of maintenance section

said. It was done on the month of February and August.

27

Chapter IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusion, and

recommendations.

Summary of Findings

Total number of bridge. There are eight national bridges on the Municipality

of Naval- Naval, Biliran.

Location. Five of these bridges are located along Naval- Caibiran cross

country road. Two are along Naval- Biliran Road. And only one is along Naval-

Almeria road.

Type. Seventy-five (75%) percent of the bridges in the Municipality of Naval

are Standard Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder the rest are Standard Concrete I-

Beam.

Materials Used. A hundred percent of the deck and twenty-five percent of

girders used concrete as its main materials. Seventy -five percent uses I-Beam

steel girder.

Span and width. Anas Bridge has the longest span which is 62.0 meters and

width of 6.70 meters while Macopa Bridge has the shortest span of 15.38 meters

with width of 7.30 meters.

Year Built. Caray- Caray Bridge is the oldest bridge in the municipality built

year 1972. Alawihaw, Cabadiangan, and Macopa Bridge are the youngest bridge

built in 2006 in the municipality.

28

Abutment. Fifty percent of the bridge present has serious to extreme

deterioration.

Bearing. Fifty percent of the bridge having steel bearing present in Naval has

serious to extreme deterioration.

Deck. All are in good condition.

Drainage. Only few have serious corrosion.

Beam. Gueron Bridge and Catmon Bridge are made of concrete which are

been retrofitted with carbon fiber.

Joints. Found with no deterioration.

Parapets. Major problem is the loss of protective coating (paint).

Piers. Only three bridges have piers and have minor deterioration in it.

Wing walls. Two out of eight or twenty-five percent of the bridges present in

the municipality has extreme deterioration.

Wearing surface. Ninety percent have scattered cracks and moderate

surface wear with good riding quality.

Conclusions

Based on the study, the researchers found that:

1. Majority of bridges were located at Naval-Caibiran cross country road.

2. Majority of bridges were Standard Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder.

3. All bridges used concrete as its deck.

4. Most bridges used steel for its girder.

5. Most bridges have defects in its components.

6. Most Steel Girder bridge common problems were rust.

29

7. Cracking, growth of vegetation and loss of masonry were common problems

in bridges.

8. Most bridges decks were retrofitted with carbon fiber.

Recommendations

1. There was a need to review and update the maintenance of each bridge

prior to the defects of the components of the bridge. All components must be in

good condition to avoid major repairs and rehabilitation.

2. The DPWH Maintenance section should develop additional procedural

operation in their work applying Statistical Methods to Bridge Inspection Quality

Assurance including reference bridges.

3. The DPWH Maintenance section should develop basis for determining

bridge inspection frequencies combining different levels of inspection intensity with

clear standards for inspector education, training and qualification based on factors

such as safety, condition, age of the structure and engineering judgment.

4. The DPWH Maintenance section should have visual inspection to check

the overall serviceability of the bridge structure. General photos should be supplied

and a report should be generated.

30

LITERATURE CITED

FUNDAMENTALS OF BRIDGE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION (NEWYORK

STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MAINTENANCE) Standard Recommended Practice RP0290-2000, Impressed Current Cathodic

Protection of Reinforcing Steel in Atmospherically Exposed Concrete Structures,

NACE International, Houston, TX, 2000. Houston, J.T., Atimay, E., and Ferguson,

P.M., Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel Embedded in Structural Concrete, Report No. CFHR-3-5-68-112-1F, Center for Highway Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 1972.

Ryell, J. and Richardson, B.S., Cracks in Concrete Bridge Decks and Their

Contribution to Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel and Prestressed Cables, Report No. IR51, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Commission, Ontario, Canada, 1972

Highway Engineering of Ogleshly & R. Gary Hides p.799 Bridge Maintenance

Dynamic Bridge Substructure Evaluation and Monitoring by Khaled M. Sennah, M.ASCE1; and John B. Kennedy, F.ASCE2

31

APPENDICES

32

Appendix A

LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS MAINTENANCE SECTION

_________________

ENGR. ALFREDO BOLLIDO Chief Maintenance Section, DPWH-BiliranEngineering District Naval, Biliran Sir:

Greetings!!

The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering isnow conducting research as one of the requirements of our subjectRES 513 (CE Research/Thesis). My research study is entitled: Bridges in the Municipality of Naval, Biliran.

In line with this, I would like to ask your good Office data pertaining to the

profile of the bridges, themaintenance your department undertakesand the problems your Office encountered regarding the maintenance of the bridges.

These gathered data will give a huge contribution to make my

studysuccessful. Thank you very much. God bless.

Sincerely yours,

SHELOU T. PERIDA Researcher

Noted by:

ROSSINI B. ROMERO, Ph.,D Dean of College of Engineering

Approved:

ALFREDO BOLLIDO, RCE Chief-Maintenance Section

DPWH-BED

33

Appendix B

LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS PLANNIND AND DESIGN SECTION

________________

ENGR. ROSARIO B. ROSETE Chief Planning and Design Section, DPWH-Biliran Engineering District Naval, Biliran Madam:

Greetings!!

The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering isnow conducting research as one of the requirements of our subject RES 513 (CE Research/Thesis). My research study is entitled Bridges in the Municipality of Naval, Biliran.

In line with this, I would like to ask your good Office data pertaining to the

bridges present in the Municipality of Naval its location, and type of bridge, material used, span and width year built.

These gathered data will give a huge contribution to make my

studysuccessful. Thank you very much. God bless.

Sincerely yours,

SHELOU T. PERIDA Researcher

Noted by:

ROSSINI B. ROMERO, Ph.D. Dean, College of Engineering

Approved:

ROSARIO B. ROSETE, RCE Chief-Planning and Design Section

DPWH-BED

34

Appendix C

EVALUATION SHEET FOR THE BRIDGES OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF NAVAL

Instruction: Evaluate the bridge by putting a check mark to the corresponding

box.

I. Profile of the bridge.

A. Bridge Name:

Location:

B. Type of bridge

Beam Bridge

Cantilever bridge

Cable-stayed bridge

Suspension bridge

Truss bridge

C. Material used

Timber

Made of reinforced-

concrete

Made of steel

Both made of reinforced- concrete and

steel

D. Span:____________

E. Width:_____________

F. Year Built:______________

II. Condition of the Components of the Bridge

a. Abutments

Extreme deterioration

Serious deterioration

Minor deterioration

New condition or no deterioration

Not applicable

b. Bearing



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

c. Deck



Minor deterioration


35

Not applicable

d. Drainage



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

e. Beam



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

f. Joints



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

g. Parapets



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

h. Piers



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

i. Wing walls



Minor deterioration


36

Not applicable

j. Wearing surface



Minor deterioration


Not applicable

III. Problems Met

A. Abutments, Piers, Foundations and Wing Walls

Cracking, splitting and spalling

Erosion beneath water level

Growth of vegetation

Lack of effective drainage

Internal scour and leaching of fill

Settlement

Tilting and rotation, in any direction

Weathering and other material deterioration

Others

B. Bearing

Binding or jamming, looseness

corrosion

C. Deck


Corrosion

Others

D. Parapets

Tilting, bulging, and sagging

Weathering and lack of pointing

Evidence of vehicular impact


Loosening of any coping stones

E. Dry stone walls

Partial collapse

Bulging or distortion in isolated areas or widespread cracking of

masonry

37

Loss of masonry

Weathering and leaching of the fabric of the wall both on the face and

internally

Harmful vegetation and its nature

F. Wearing Surface Quality

Good (no visible deterioration)

Poor (extensive or severe deterioration

IV. Rehabilitation used

Steel Plate Construction

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Galvanizing

Repainting

V. Risk Evaluation

Class A (Bridge is Apparently in Good Condition)

Class B (Minor Structural Damages)

Class C (Damage Structure)

38

Appendix D

PHOTOGRAPHS OF BRIDGES

42

o

Appendix E

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CONDITION OF BRIDGES COMPONENTS

SUBSTRUCTURE ABUTMENT

43

BEARING

44

STRUCTURAL DECK

PIPE DRAINAGE

45

BEAM OR PRIMARY MEMBERS

46

JOINTS

PARAPETS OR STEEL GUARDS

47

BRIDGE PIER

WING WALLS

48

WEARING SURFACE

49

Curriculum Vitae

50

Personal Information

Name: Shelou T. Perida

Nick Name: she/ shel/mamhie

Date of Birth: June 8, 1994 Age: 20

Gender: Female

Place of Birth: Brgy. Calumpang, Naval, Biliran

Address: Brgy. Calumpang, Naval, Biliran

Name of Father: Jose B. Perida Occupation: Self-Employed

Name of Mother: Shirley T. Perida Occupation: Self-Employed

Educational Attainment:

Tertiary: Naval State University Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2010-present

Secondary:Naval State University March 2010

Primary:Calumpang Elementary School March 2006

Skills:

Computer literate (MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel)

AutoCAD literate

Seminars and Training Attended:

Transnational Educational

System (TES-UK)

Pre-Employment Orientation

Seminar (PEOS)

October 14, 2013

Naval State University Audio

Visual Room

Naval, Biliran

Employability Skills

Enhancement

September 6-7, 2013

Naval State University Main

Campus

Naval, Biliran

Work Experience:

On The Job Training (OJT) April 1- May 26, 2014 CTC Construction and Supplies Naval, Biliran

51

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Perida, Shelou

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