Performance of PICS Cowpea Storage Technology in Villages ... · 10/6/2010 3 OXYGEN AND CO2 RATE 219 PICS bag in 117 villages checked from 2007 to 2009, COWPEA QUALITY AND BRUCHID

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Ibrahim Baoua1, Venu Margam2,3, and Larry Murdock2,3

1Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN)2Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

3Molecular Plant Resistance to Insects and Nematodes Team, Purdue University,

West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Performance of PICS Cowpea Storage

Technology in Villages in Niger

Outline Release of PICS technology and questions

On-farm PICS bag efficiency

Oxygen and CO2 rate

Cowpea quality

bruchid infestation level

Investigation on HDPE plastic

Germination rate of seed stored in PICS bag

Re-use of PICS bags by farmers

Conclusion

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Release of PICS technology and questions

From 2007 to 2009, more than 433 facilitators trained

More than 160 000 participants from3824 reporting villages

At least70 000 PICS bag sold

But some questions? How PICS technology

work in farmer hand? How the technology can

meet farmers need; How to optimize the use of

PICS bag?

PICS bag rate of O2 and CO2 followed in 107 villages.

283 villages monitored, 518 samples of cowpea from PICS bags evaluated after storage

188 Samples of cowpea sold in 93 marketsare also evaluated

On-farm PICS bag efficiency

Tillabery

Tahoua

MaradiZinder

Diffa

AgadezNorth

Dosso

Study zone

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OXYGEN AND CO2 RATE

219 PICS bag in 117 villages checked from2007 to 2009,

COWPEA QUALITY AND BRUCHID INFESTATION LEVEL

A sample of cowpea is taked in each bag and the

following parameters are noted for 100 seeds:

Number of seed with at least one hole

Number of living adults and larvae of bruchids

Larvae and adult of bruchid in cowpea seed

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COWPEA QUALITY AND BRUCHID INFESTATION LEVEL

• PICS bags are well accepted by farmers

• No reports of cowpea damage due to bruchids

• O2 and CO2 levels comparable to lab experiment

• Quality of cowpea better (283 villages surveyed)

INVESTIGATION ON HDPE PLASTIC

In 47 villages, the inner and external plastics are observed for the presence of holes.

AreaNumber of bags checked

Number of hole in inner bag

Number of hole in external bag

Min Max M±SE Min Max M±SETB 50 kg G. Roumdji 25 0 25 4.44±5.76 0 0 0.00±0.00TB 100 kg Aguié 32 0 565 132.81±150.91 0 24 1.13±4.31

Madarounfa 29 0 151 44.83±37.57 0 8 0.34±1.52Tessaoua 15 0 442 103.47±111.44 0 6 0.67±1.68

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OPEN-THE-BAG CEREMONIES

12th may 2008 at Chadakori

15th may 2008 at DamagaramTakaya

NATIONAL DAY FOR OPEN-THE-BAG CEREMONY

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TESTING GERMINATION RATE OF SEED STORED IN PICS BAG

Lab test:

Select 50 samples from 50 villages at Random; 25 seeds/Petri

dish 100 seeds/sample.

Perform germination test in Petri dishes

Record the germinated seeds each 24 hours for three days from

8th to 11th July 2009

Field test :

Same samples from lab test; count 120 seed , 6 lots of 20 grain

Sowed 6 spots of 20 seed per sample on July 11th after a rain

of 31 mm

Field have been prepare with soil tillage and 50 kg of SSP per

hectare;

Observation begin 3 days after sowing

GERMINATION RATE IN LAB TEST

Samples Day1 Day2 Day3PICS Bag 2007 140 75.31±26.24a 83.68±21.58a 86.45±20.24aPICS Bag 2008 196 74.06±22.23a 83.81±16.45a 87.87±14.93aMarket 136 81.44±19.30a 93.20±9.96a 93.94±9.26aSpring 2009 seed 12 73.66±16.66a 90.57±10.51a 92.28±9.42a

INRAN_SU _2008 28 77.42±13.43a 86.50±12.46a 87.75±12.26aIITA_seed_2008 16 54.25±28.05b 93.00±6.63a 94.00±6.71aseed year 2002 48 0.00±0.00c 2.58±2.79b 5.83±6.17bseed year 2005 48 0.00±0.00c 7.00±9.02b 12.50±10.84bANOVA

524(F=161.12 ;

P<0.01)(F=347.71 ;

P<0.01)(F=374.25 ;

P<0.01)

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GERMINATION RATE IN FIELD

N Day5 Day6 Day7PICS bag 2007 210 59.10±17.65a 58.99±17.70a 59.21±17.71aPICS bag 2008 294 56.53±17.62a 56.63±17.57a 56.91±17.51aMarket 204 53.72±15.18a 53.96±15.19ab 54.31±15.41abINRAN SU 2008 42 46.95±17.15b 46.95±17.15b 47.42±16.96b

IITA_2008 24 54.66±18.26a 54.33±18.97ab 54.50±19.01ab

Spring_2009 18 67.55±11.46c 67.55±11.46c 67.77±11.10c

Seed year 2002 72 0.88±2.24d 1.05±2.59d 1.33±2.92dSeed year 2005 72 10.50±15.09e 10.72±15.24e 10.77±15.21eANOVA (F=177.27 ;

P<0.01)

(F=175.46 ;

P<0.01)

(F=175.73 ;

P<0.01)

PICS BAG RE-USE

A survey on PICS bags re-use have been conducted in 49 villages

during march and april 2010

Two categories of farmers are surveyed:

Person involved in PICS demonstration during 2007 and

2008

Farmers in village who have interest in storing cowpea.

In some villages, the bags are tested for oxygen and CO2 rate;

These bags are opened and a sample of cowpea is took. At the lab

level, these samples are observed and weight, number of holes,

living bruchids larvae and adults per 100 seed are recorded using

our habitual protocol.

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OXYGEN AND CO2 RATE IN RE-USED BAGS

RegionNumber

of use

Number of bags

checked O2 rate CO2 rate

Dosso 1 6 14,25±1,82 4,53±2,54

2 25 13,73±2,68 5,34±2,40

Maradi 2 4 12,71±0,69 3,36±0,43

3 5 10,28±2,09 4,89±2,71

Zinder 2 11 11,34±2,57 5,33±1,91

3 8 11,53±1,87 4,24±0,75

Total

1 6 14,25±1,82a 4,53±2,54a

2 40 12,97±2,70ab 5,14±2,20a

3 13 11,05±1,98b 4,49±1,70a

ANOVA (F=4,232; p=0,01) (F=0,059; p=057)

COWPEA QUALITY IN RE-USED BAGS

Number of bag utilization

number bags checked

samples of 100 seed observed

weight of 100 seed (g)

living adult of bruchid

Living larvae of bruchid

Rate of seed with hole

number of hole per 100 seed

1 6 24 14,30±1,79a 0,12±0,44a 0,00±0,00a 17,45±6,44a 20,66±7,66a

2 40 176 14,85±2,08a 0,14±0,41a 0,28±0,90a 16,92±12,71a 20,88±17,19a

3 13 47 15,50±1,07a 0,59±2,22a 0,19±0,79a 12,38±12,33a 14,89±14,40a

ANOVA(F=1,31; p=0,27)

(F=3,60; p=0,02)

(F=1,30; p=0,27)

(F=2,73; p=0,06)

(F=2,49; p=0,08)

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Other uses of PICS technologyFarmers are experimenting the technology on other commodities:

• Bambara groundnut-Vigna subterranea L. Verdc

• Seed of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle)

• Maize

• Sorghum

A trader from Dan Kassari using PICS bag for voandzou

storage

Bambara groundnut

Callosobruchus maculatus

PICS transitioning ?

Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage

Purdue Improved Commodity Storage

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Conclusion PICS technology is simple, efficient, and easy to use and well adapted to

farmers environment;

Cowpea is safe stored without pesticide

PICS bag is good for storing seed

Bruchids can make holes in inner or external plastic; it will be good to test

plastic bag before their re-utilization

It is possible to re-use the bags 2 or three times

Farmers are trying using them for others commodities

A woman from Say inspecting

storage result

A trader trying PICS bag. Habitually he is

storing cowpea in a drums

Remerciements Fondation Bill & Melinda Gates pour le Financement

Larry Murdock et Jess Lowemberg-Deboer

Equipe PICS Purdue

Equipe PICS Afrique

Les collaborateurs au Labo

Les collaborateurs WV

Les producteurs et Productrices

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